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U.S. Defense Spending, 2004.
This paper discusses that there is no legitimate reason for the United States to increase its defense spending.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that America?s current military spending is exceptionally high and has the country in a downward spiral towards financial disaster. The author points out that the funds are not coming from the wealthy supporters of Bush?s administration, but, instead, they are already coming from cuts to much-needed public programs. The paper concludes that the U.S. government should be focusing its attention on peaceful alternatives to military action because the people of the world want peace.
From the Paper
"What benefit has come from the redirection of fund from the American working class to our military? Our government claims that we have liberated Iraq and that we are currently providing them with invaluable assistance. Unfortunately, this does not seem to be the case. ?Iraq has been reduced to a state of intolerable chaos.? Electricity is only available to some areas for a couple of hours each day, which is far less than was available before the war, which is affecting the ability of hospitals to treat the ill. There is also a lack of clean and safe drinking water, which combined with lack of refrigeration and air conditioning as well as limited vital supplies is leading to soaring death rates. Iraq remains largely unemployed.
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Defense Spending Increases, 2007.
This paper examines and reviews increases in American defense spending.
3,805 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to analyze the recent increases of the national defense budget. The author argues this was plotted by US President George Bush and the US Congress in order to increase economic growth for future generations of American citizens. The writer further argues that these increases are the type of funding that feed capitalism in a negative way by promoting war and war industries. The author concludes that the current spending trends do not consider the average citizen.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Global Military Spending By Country
Background
Importance of the Research
Methodology
U.S. National Defense Spending Facts & Figures
Figure 2 Discretionary Defense Budget
Afghanistan and Iraq Missions and Impact on Defense
-Spending Increases
National Defense Spending Insanity Evidenced in Thoughtless Waste
Analysis of 'Who' is it that Profits from Increased Defense Spending
Counter Argument
Figure 3
Findings of the Study
Discussion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"According to the report entitled: "Recent Trends in World Spending: U.S. Military Spending Compared to World Spending" the United States military spending "...currently makes up 47% of the world military spending. The U.S. budget is also more than 8 times larger than the Chinese budget, the second largest spender." (Recent Trends in World Spending, 2006) In fact the rate of spending by the US military on a global basis rose 11% but if the costs of U.S. operations in Iraq and Afghanistan is subtracted from these figures the global military spending would have totaled a rise of only 4% in the year 2003 instead of the actual 11% rise stated. (Ibid) Additionally stated in the report is the fact that: "Among the four major spenders next to the USA- China, Russia, Japan, and, France. Only China has made any significant increase in its military spending since 1998 (an annual average rate of 10-12 %). Military spending in the other countries also increased but only moderately." (Ibid) The following table labeled Figure 1 shows the "Global Military Spending" by the countries of the United States, China, Russian, France, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, Saudi Arabia, India and South Korea during 2002."
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A Cutback in Defense Spending, 2006.
An analysis of the financial implications of the cutback in defense spending on global defense companies.
5,642 words (approx. 22.6 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 136.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at global defense companies and the adaptations they have been forced to make over the years, in order to survive. According to the paper, defense spending has resulted in increased production of goods and services needed to satisfy the increased demand, a process that contributes to higher income and employment in the economy. The paper discusses how cutbacks influence the general economy.
Outline:
Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter Two: What are the Research and Development (R&D) Options for Companies such as NGC?
Chapter Three: What Options will be Most Beneficial to the Employees and the General Public of the U.S.?
Chapter Four: Can the U.S. Remain a Superpower and Protect Its People from Terrorism while Reducing Its Military?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In spite of these changes in the nature of the threats being arrayed against the U.S. at home and its interests and allies abroad and despite President Bush's articulation of specific campaign promises to "skip a generation" in weapons procurement, all three of the Pentagon's advanced fighter plane programs continued to receive funding; in fact, in 2002 alone, almost $12 billion was allocated to the Air Force's F-22 Raptor, the Joint Strike Fighter/F-35, and the Navy's F-18E/F fighter plane (Ciarroco, 2002). According to Ciarroco, "The F-22 has been described as a costly cold war relic designed for an enemy that no longer exists. The Super Hornet, as the F-18E/F is known, has not been able to meet key performance goals that were used to justify its development" (2002, p. 2). The JSF (also known as the F-35) was considered one of the more likely programs to be cut or scaled back; within weeks of September 11, 2001, though, Lockheed Martin was awarded a $19 billion development contract, and international partners formally joined (Ciarroco, 2002). "
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Public Opinion and Defense Spending, 2007.
This paper examines determinants of individual defense spending preferences in the United States.
3,009 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
The paper's analysis uses national public opinion data to assess the effect of different political opinions on defense spending preferences. The paper offers arguments for why the relationships between different variables and defense spending preferences develop over time. The paper appends several 'Determinants of Defense Spending Preferences' tables.
Outline:
Literature Review
Theory
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Defense budgeting is a unique policy arena in the United States government. Military spending preferences tend to follow different trends than domestic spending arenas when considering the effect of political ideology and other characteristics. Public support for military spending also reacts to the rise and fall of actual defense buildup much like attitudes towards some domestic policy arenas react to the waxing and waning of actual spending (Erikson 107). Major political events and foreign circumstances can also have a significant impact on attitudes towards defense spending."
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The Major Defense Spending Policy, 2002.
An overview of the Major Defense Spending policy considered by the U.S. government.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 11 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Major Defense Spending policy considered by the 106th Congress of the US Government and the outcomes in terms of congressional votes, resolutions, and laws on that policy issue.
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U.S. Health Care, 2009.
Looks at the need for universal coverage in the U.S. health care system.
935 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the only stakeholders profiting from the current arrangement of the U.S. health care system are the insurance companies. For example, the paper points out that Americans spends almost two and a half times the industrialized world's median and yet American life expectancy is lower than the Western average. The paper evaluates the health care position of 2007 presidential contenders Clinton, Obama and McCain and concludes that the economics of the U.S. health care system does not function as supply and demand because the consumers have little control over their demand.
From the Paper
"Unsurprisingly, given the sorry state of health care, which costs most Americans more for less coverage than anywhere else in the world, reforming the system has been a topic of intense debate amongst the current presidential contenders. Hillary Clinton proposes that every American should be required have coverage, as most health care analysts agree that mandated coverage is necessary, so that the care and contribution of the healthy can effectively balance out the care of the sick."
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Keynesian Theory and Five U.S. Economic Situations, 2004.
This paper discusses responses, based on Keynesian theory, to five proposed hypothetical fluctuations in the U.S. economy.
1,570 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that basic Keynesian theory states that, ?in a normal economy,? there is a high level of employment, and everyone is spending salaries as usual, which means there is a circular flow of money in the economy. The author points out that, according to Keynes, if stock market prices rose sharply, this would be an indication that the economy was looking up and that consumers were willing to spend more. The paper responds that, if Congress passes an increase in income tax rates to take effect next year, according to Keynes, the effects of this measure should be salutary, if the increased funds are accrued by the federal government and utilized properly to create jobs by expanding the government programs of public works.
Table of Contents
Overview of Keynesian Theory and the Current U.S Economic Situation
Hypothetical Occurrence 1#: The stock market prices rise sharply.
Hypothetical Occurrence 2#: The Conference Board's Index of Consumer Confidence falls for the fifth straight month.
Hypothetical Occurrence 3#: The rate of capacity utilization rises.
Hypothetical Occurrence 4#: The government institutes a 10% investment tax credit retroactive to the start of the year.
Hypothetical Occurrence 5#: Congress passes an increase in income tax rates to take effect next year.
From the Paper
"Keynes stated that ?in a normal economy,? there is a high level of employment, and everyone is spending salaries as usual. This means there is a circular flow of money in the economy. Individual spending becomes part of total earnings. Total earnings become part of the total spending, generating profits. When something happens to shake consumer confidence in the economy, consumers begin to save their money. Because consumer spending is part of other consumer?s earnings, consumer?s decisions to hoard money cause retailers to spend less and to lay off employees. Responding to these difficult times, ?other consumers resort to hoarding money as well.? "
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U.S. Economy and World War II, 2002.
A comparative analysis of the U.S. economy before and after World War II.
786 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the reasons why the U.S. economy flourished successfully after the WWII compared to the pre-war periods. It examines how pre-war, the stock market crashed due to the overwhelming amounts of speculative trading and investment and how the market and America?s economy went down. It looks at how along with the country?s downfall economically were the severe food shortage, high rates of inflation and nationwide unemployment which gave the name the Great Depression to the time. In contrast, it discusses how post-war America flourished because of increased military spending which paved the way for large-scale manufacturing to develop and how the economy strengthened due to support from international financiers.
From the Paper
"There are several reasons why the Depression in America took place prior to the war, and not at the end of the war, as what might be logically predicted. Take not that in the 1920s, America had also participated in the First World War, and after WWI, a sudden influx of economic and financial resource helped the society recover from the effects of the war. Because of the ?booming? economy of the nations, spending increased, and speculation in the market had also increased due to abundant economic resources. As a result, when the stock market had crashed due to the overwhelming amounts of speculative trading and investment, the market and America?s economy went down."
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Impact of U.S. Policies on the Nation's Economy, 2002.
A discussion on the effects of U.S. anti-terrorism campaigns on the economy of the United States.
740 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The following paper looks at the result of spending billions on security measures in the U.S.A. to combat terrorism. It discusses the ways in which the expenses of security measures affect the GDP and it assesses whether U.S. anti-terrorism policies impact significantly on the nation's economy.
From the Paper
"Bush may be faced with a puzzle. He may be tempted to imitate Reagan?s ?military Keynesianism?, by trying to make use of ?state funds? to get America out of recession. He has declared that ?$75 billion? would be diverted towards the economy of the nation. But ?military Keynesianism? might just provoke huge inflation that could lead to a crash later on. This might result in job losses and a decrease in trade and the working class will have to bear the consequences, as usual. (2) Though the American people may not be expected to be ?bold? enough, the American government is prepared to spend its finds on the fight against terrorism as well as the economic fight they have been pushed into."
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The U.S. Drug Policy, 2007.
This paper argues that the War on Drugs and the U.S. drug policy is failing.
2,810 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the War on Drugs, which began in the late 19th and early 20th century, despite the massive amount of money and time poured into the issue of drug control and criminalization, is ineffective. The author argues that the War on Drugs strategy actually has helped the drug problem become an underground and criminal black market with no protection for the consumers. The paper suggests the ever increasing costs of the War on Drugs could be better used for social programs that help low-income groups plagued by drug abuse and for educational programs that teach the real problems of drugs and the damaging complications they cause society.
Table of Contents:
War on Drugs: Where has it failed?
Narcotics Prohibition: The First National Prohibition Alcohol Prohibition
Table : Arrests for Alcohol, Violent, and Drug Offenses as Percentage of All Arrests in the U.S.
Marijuana Prohibition
The Modern War on Drugs
Effects of the War on Drugs and Inefficiency Spending
Table: Average Sentence Length in Months
Solutions for the Reform of the US Drug Policy
From the Paper
"The 18th amendment to the US Constitution along with the Volstead Act of 1920 prohibited alcohol selling, manufacturing, and transporting. However consumption and possession of alcohol were never made illegal. By 1916 alcohol was banned in about 26 of the 48 states. Then with the new amendment alcohol consumption dropped but within the year consumption was on the rise again through the typical black market that is a continual side effect of any drug's prohibition. It was extrapolated that only within one year after the end of prohibition alcohol consumption would have been above pre-prohibition levels, but with the 21st amendment which repeals the 18th amendment prohibition came to an end."
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U.S. Airways, 2004.
The paper discusses the recent bankruptcy filing by U.S .Airways.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the recent bankruptcy filing by U.S. Airways has led to cost cutting, which includes reducing company contributions to employee retirement plans. The author points out that this action, which is not unique to this airline, threatens the future financial security of employees. The paper relates that more and more companies are reducing employee retirement spending, forcing employees to assume more responsibility for their financial future.
From the Paper
" A recent U.S. Airways decision to cut company contributions to employee retirement plans in order to save costs may be an indication of what employees have to look forward to in industries across the board. In the case of the troubled airline, which recently filed for its second bankruptcy in two years, reducing ... million in retirement payments for mechanics and flight attendants, is part of a last-gasp effort to avoid liquidation and give the company ..."
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Helping U.S. Highschoolers, 2005.
Uses the article "Let Teenagers Try Adulthood" by Leon Botstein to show how teen school goers can be assisted.
817 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The ages between 14 and 18 years old are probably the most difficult for adolescents because they are experiencing several physical and psychological changes. During this period, education plays a very important role since most teenagers spend most of their time at high schools. Using the article, "Let Teenagers Try Adulthood" by Leon Botstein, this paper shows that high schools in the U.S. are no longer useful because students are focusing on the wrong things such as popularity, sports and appearance. This paper argues that students are not the only ones who are making high schools a waste of time; the people who develop part of the educational system are also responsible because they do not interact with teenagers.
From the Paper
"Teenagers could learn so many things from adults at high school. For example, they could learn about different professions and jobs, or maybe about responsibilities and difficulties of the adult life; however, it seems that teachers in the United States have neither the time nor the desire to interact or exchange words and experiences with their pupils. If there would be at least a little interaction between students and teachers, adolescents would see life from a more responsible and mature point of view."
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U.S. Defense Budgeting, 2008.
This paper describes the U.S. defense budgeting process and argues that it is complex and cluttered.
2,630 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the strengths of the U.S. defense budgeting process are that it has many avenues for access and accountability by interested parties, ensuring that the overall military effort is essentially transparent and responsible to society. The author points out that the process allows for much waste and influence, which adds cost rather than value; thereby, the process fails to promote efficiency. The paper relates that the system is not likely to be changed radically soon because the entrenched interests can continue to win favored positions and reforming the system takes great momentum and uncommon nerve. Sources listed are in the form of endnotes.
Table of Contents:
Budgeting Concepts
Budgeting Participants
Budgeting Process
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the main ways that government decides on what to spend each year is through baseline budgeting. It takes what was spent in the previous year as the jumping off point and begins its deliberations on what to spend in the upcoming years based upon that. By using this method, the government can operate according to expectations that have some recent history to support claims that more money is needed or less can be done with. It looks at how things went in the past year and decides where to beef up spending and where to cut."
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U.S. Defense Industry, 1993.
Examines the finances and structure of the U.S. defense industry, discussing primarily work done by Stiglitz in the mid 1980's.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Market Situation
The U.S. defense industry is characterized by a few buyers made up of mostly the U.S. and some foreign governments. Only a few large prime contractors such as Lockheed and General Dynamics and numerous smaller subcontractors make up this industry (Stiglitz, pp. 261-263). This makes for a highly concentrated industry in which free market competitive forces are lacking. In addition, technology is a crucial factor that leads to a greater degree of monopoly power for a given firm with a given technology. Furthermore, because the nature of the demand is for national defense, it tends to be relatively inelastic. Americans have historically been willing to spend whatever is necessary in order to protect this country from foreign adversaries, preferring to ..."
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Financial Implications to Global Defense Companies, 2008.
This paper provides an analysis of the financial implications of a cutback in defense spending on global defense companies.
6,405 words (approx. 25.6 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 148.95
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Abstract
This research paper attempts to determine what will happen to the employees of companies such as NGC if the U.S. government deems it necessary to reduce current spending amounts on military systems. To this end, this study considers the research and development (R&D) options for companies such as NGC, specifically, which options will be most beneficial to the employees and the general public of the U.S. Moreover, this paper looks at whether the U.S. can remain a superpower in order to protect its people from terrorism, while reducing its military expenses.
Outline:
Chapter One: Introduction
Context of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Significance of the Study
Research Design and Methodology
Organization of the Study
Chapter Two: What are the Research and Development (R&D) Options for Companies such as NGC?
Chapter Three:What options will be most beneficial to the employees and the general public of the U.S.?
Chapter Four: Can the U.S. Remain a Superpower and Protect Its People from Terrorism while Reducing Its Military?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In recent years, many pundits have been heard lamenting the loss of the 'good old days of Communism,' when America's enemies were well demarked and neatly contained in known geographic areas. By sharp contrast, today, the terrorist threats arrayed against the United States and its interests at home and abroad are dramatically different than years past, and even the most enthusiastic weapons systems advocates would likely be reluctant to suggest that such innovations would prove effective against these increasingly nebulous threats to America's security. In spite of the growing need for more sophisticated weapons and communications systems on the battlefield, some analysts suggest that the Department of Defense has failed to continue the pace of modernization projects that was historically maintained during the Cold War. One author emphasizes that, "It would be wrong to say U.S. forces have reached the point where they are forced to use obsolete weapons and equipment. On the other hand, according to the department, the need to step up modernization funding is growing with each passing year" (Brasher, 2000, p. 203). This is not to say, of course, that the new types and levels of threats have been ignored, but rather that defense spending is not being used to its maximum advantage today, but the policymakers are trying."
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