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The Decline in Voter Turnout, 2006.
A paper describing the reasons for low voter turnouts in recent elections.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the reasons why citizens often choose not to vote in elections in the United States. The paper addresses the issue of minority voting, and what has been done to assure that minorities have the right to vote. The author describes a variety of reasons for the fluctuations in voter turnouts in United States history, and includes a section on how voters choose their candidate.
From the Paper
"According to these authors, (1998), the passage of the Voting Rights Act (VRA) in 1965 served as a powerful tool for overcoming many past obstacles to voting for minority groups that existing in the past. "Initially and dramatically," they say, "the ban on literacy tests, poll taxes, and other obstacles to enfranchisement led to the registration of over a half million new southern black voters within two years of the VRA's enactment in 1965" (Cain & Miller 141). Notwithstanding the progress made to date in reforming the voting laws that prevented marginalized citizens from actively participating in the electoral process, a number of constraints continue to preclude many people in the U.S. from voting; these issues are discussed further below."
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Voter Turnout in Canadian Federal Elections, 2007.
An analysis of the reasons for low voter turnout in Canadian federal elections and strategies for improving the turnout.
2,113 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the nature of the apathy in voter participation rates during the past two federal elections in Canada. It discusses the nature of the reasons used to explain low voter turnout rates in Canadian federal elections. Additionally, the paper proposes useful strategies that could be (and are being) employed in order to combat low voter turnouts.
Table of Contents:
Introduction: Low Voter Turnout
Underlying Roots and Causes Behind Low Voter Turnout
Strategies for Improving Voter Turnout
Conclusions: The Way Forward for the Canadian Electorate
From the Paper
"With more people turning out for the 2006 federal election than did in 2004, the call for electoral reform has become somewhat muted. It is important, however, that the process of reform continue so that Canada can improve its standing among other democratic nations with regard to voter participation. Targeting potential youth voters to impress upon them the importance of the political process and dismantling the winner-take-all electoral system are important first steps in this regard. Federal transparency and oversight of political actions may be the only means that can restore voter trust in politicians. Only time and concerted effort will reveal if it is possible for Canada to avoid a potential voter crisis in the coming decades."
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Voter Turnout, 1999.
Examines the impact of rain on voter turnout, the motor voter bill and causes of low turnout.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 17 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
Voter turnout should be lower on days with inclement weather because people are reluctant to go out in the rain to vote. However, this may not be the case, and indeed this may not be an issue which can be determined with any certainty, given the number of variables involved. Very few studies deal with the issue, though the public and the press seem to believe that bad weather means low voter turnout. Voter turnout has been declining for some time. Turnout seems best for presidential elections, which might be expected because of the higher level of interest in that election over off-year elections, state and local elections, and special elections. Presidential elections are analyzed and debated for a long time before election day and are also accompanied by huge expenditures on advertising and ..."
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Voter Turnout, 2002.
A look at some of the processes by which voter turnout could be increased to over 75%.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss why the voter turnout will increase by 75% as a result of the changing laws and meaning behind voting and political agendas by candidates that are running for office. The different variations of method and influence will be analyzed in the proceeding that brings voters into the field of politics.
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Voter Turnout, 2001.
A statistical survey analysis of the relationship between a voter's age and voter turnout.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 8 sources, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper corroborates a statistics survey analysis that enumerates the relationship of voter?s age with primary election. The author discusses the main reasons for the increased number of older voters as opposed to younger ones. He concludes that older people are more familiarized with voting procedures, have free time to vote and more importantly, have more political power. In addition, the author proposes that baby boomers, race, gender, sex and socio-economic factors also have an influence on voting turnout.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. Literature Review
III. Methods
IV. Results
V. References
VI. Appendix
From the Paper
"Over the decades, the numbers of election voters have been seen to be on the decline. Although, polls show that there is an increase in the number of voters of the older generation, there is still a decrease in the number of overall voters. Discrepancies especially occur between primary election and general election turnouts.
According to a survey and analysis conducted by the Star Tribune it was indicated, ?61 percent of people who voted in Minnesota's 1998 primary election were age 50 or older.? [1]Voters 65 and over comprised 17% of the total turnout while that of the general election was 14%. These figures show that older age groups drive a large percentage of primary elections, indicating its importance. There seem to be a variety of reasons for the number of the decreasing voters, which makes it all the more imperative to study its variables which ranges from age, sex, race etc."
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Voter Turnout in Different Countries, 2004.
A look at the main factor that affects voter participation in different countries.
2,161 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the effects of diminishing marginal returns on voter turnout by comparing voter turnout in various countries. The paper looks at countries with both high and low voter turnout and attempts to explain the differences in the importance of the vote.
Outline
Voter Turnout in Established and Less-Established Democracies
A Comparison of the United States and Other Countries
Voter Turnout in Single-member Districts vs. Proportional Representation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While the leaders in turnout during the past few decades have been mainly new democracies, when one looks at broader figures there does appear to be a difference in turnout between "established democracies" and ?less-established democracies. Political scientist Arend Lijphart, categorized established democracies as all countries that are democratic now, and have been democratic for the last 20 years, and which have a population of at least a quarter of a million people (International IDEA, 2000)."
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Voter Turnout, 2002.
This paper explores ways of improving voter turnout in U.S. elections.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of the decreasing number of citizens who vote in U.S. elections and suggests various reforms in order to adapt to a changing society. The paper begins by discussing the issue of election timing, looking at the options of changing the election day and declaring election day a national holiday. The paper then suggests utilizing the method of proportional representation, in order to motivate people to vote. It also mentions other countries where proportional representation has been successful. Next the paper deals with the proposal of mandatory voting, listing advantages and disadvantages of the method. Finally, the paper looks at the idea of online voting, raising the many benefits of this method of voting.
From the Paper
"Since 1788, political campaigns and elections have been an essential aspect of AmericanNational Government. Subsequently, presidential elections have been scheduled and have occurred each four years. The United States has had 43 Presidents authorized to serve according to the U.S Constitution, while the 1788 population of about 4 million has increased to over 281 million in 2000. In recent decades, the percentage of citizens who vote in elections has been decreasing. In order to significantly increase voter participation in elections, reforms must be made to the system to suit the changing society. Concepts such as election timing, mandatory voting, Proportional Representation and online voting are key ideas that, if implemented, could have a major influence on increasing the amount of citizens who vote."
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Increasing Voter Turnout, 2000.
A look at how to increase voter turn-out.
818 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 0 sources, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the problems involved with getting voters out to the polls. The author provides many suggestions in an attempt to get more people to the polls -- especially younger voters.
From the Paper
?My vote doesn?t really count.? Though there are others, this is one excuse often used by non-voters. Even with all of the excuses, there are ways to increase voter participation. Some ways include limiting the length of time a candidate can run, not allowing the media to tally votes until all votes are in, stopping negative ads, incentives, changing the voting day, getting students and younger people involved, and most importantly, a combination of suggestions.
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Causes and Consequences of Pollinator Decline, 2005.
A discussion about the importance of pollination services and the causes, consequences and possible counter-measures of pollinator decline.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the importance of pollination services. As the author explains, the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. This paper evaluates the importance of pollinators, provides statistical evidence for vertebrate and invertebrate pollinator decline and examines causes and consequences of pollinator decline. The paper also demonstrates the consequences of pollinator decline in terms of plant pollinator interactions and corresponding research, including figures. The paper concludes that that the functional diversity of the pollination network is critical to ecosystem sustainability and productivity.
I. Introduction
II. Importance of Pollinators
III. Pollinator Decline
A) General Pollinator Decline
B) Honey Bee Decline
C) Decline of other Pollinators
IV. Causes of Pollinator Decline
A) Pesticide Misuse
B) Loss of Habitat and Forage
C) Diseases and Pests
D) The "Killer Bee Hype"
E) Light Pollution) Monocultures
G) Climate Change
V. Consequences of Pollinator Decline
A) Plant Pollinator Interactions
B) Decline of Genetic Variability and Effect on Plant Populations
VI. Reduction and Prevention of Future Pollinator Decline-
A) Possible Actions
B) Future Research Needs
VII. Conclusion
VIII. Literature Cited
IX. Figures and Data
From the Paper
"Green plants represent the primary food source for a large portion of the worlds living biota. Many plants reproduce sexually and require pollination agents to ensure genetic diversity and other adaptive advantages through cross-pollination. During the search for nectar, pollen, oil, or mates, pollinators transfer pollen from male anthers to female stigmas and hence perform pollination (Cane, 2001). Due to co-evolution among angiosperms and pollinators, many primary pollinator- plant relationships are highly specific. Therefore the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. In recent decades human activates have decimated biodiversity in many different species-rich groups, including invertebrates (Cane, 2001). Declines have been recorded in many groups of pollinators including: insects, bats, birds and mammals. This decline represents less frequent flower visitation, gradual decrease of seed and fruit production, and reproductive losses in additional taxa within the community and could eventually disrupt community function (Cane, 2001)."
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Tourism Decline for Canada, 2007.
An examination of the decline in tourism for Canada in the last year, a decline that occurred even as tourism for the world increased over the same period.
1,654 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the challenge of changing a tourist's perception of Canada to make it a more desirable destination. The paper explains the need to reverse the trend and increase the tourism business for Canada. and looks at why Greece is a successful tourist destination. The writer suggests that more could be made of the skiing areas in Canada to attract tourists. The writer also notes that much of Toronto has been used for filming in lieu of New York City, for instance, and suggests that the names of those films be featured in tourist advertising.
Outline:
Introduction
Findings
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The percentage of loss for Canada was exceeded only by the loss for Montserrat, a region suffering from volcanic explosions since 1995; Aruba, in decline since the Natalee Holloway disappearance; and Uruguay. While the drop for these other regions can be explained by various unusual circumstances, the decline for Canada appears to be more basic and to relate largely to the perception the world has of Canada as an unexciting destination. Certain specific issues can be cited with reference to tourism from the United Sates, however, such as changes in travel rules so that in the near future, a passport will be required."
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Imperial Spain in Decline, 2002.
This paper reviews the book "Spain in Decline: 1621-1700," by Reginald Trevor Davies.
995 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the book "Spain in Decline: 1621-1700," by Reginald Trevor Davies that outlines three factors for the decline of Imperial Spain: Economic and financial debilities, a military decline and a decline of patriotic and religious feelings. The paper describes the revolution in the Basque Provinces. The author states that this book of history reads like a novel.
From the Paper
"These revolts helped in Spain's decline by weakening the government's position and creating unrest in the people, so they did not trust or follow government reforms meant to strengthen the country. Too many people wanted autonomy from Spain's government, and this division left the remainder of Spain weak and unprepared for further problems, inside or outside the country. Clearly, this was an important juncture for Spain; and had they handled it with more aplomb, they might have avoided some of the unrest and division that separated the country, and helped lead to its decline in world exploration and domination."
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Voter Ignorance, 2001.
Discusses studies on uninformed voters; poorly informed and fully informed voting behaviors. Low voter turnout in U.S.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"The political ignorance of the adult American is one of the best-documented features of contemporary politics (Bartels, 194). For example, a 1995 survey conducted for The Washington Post by Harvard University and the Kaiser Foundation found that nearly half of all adults could not answer basic questions about U.S. government, much less specifics about issues and officeholders or candidates (Chavez, 14A). In particular, the survey found that 40 percent of adults could not name the vice president, and almost half failed to identify the speaker of the House (Chavez, 14A).
Consequently, many political theorists argue that many voters neither know nor care enough about the democratic process to cast intelligent, informed votes (See Chavez, 14A). They argue that democracy entails more than a willing electorate. Those who vote have a ..."
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The Decline in Egyptian Civilization, 2004.
The Egyptian Society declined rapidly from the end of the Eighteenth Dynasty. The relationship between this decline and economic conditions, the position of weakened pharaohs and warfare is examined.
3,451 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the causes of the decline of the ancient Egyptian civilization and argues that a number of factors played a role. Among these are a shift from economic prosperity to poverty, the weakening power of the pharaoh (related to the rise of the priesthood and royal instability) and continuous warfare with neighbouring societies.
From the Paper
"From the Egyptian state?s origins in the Old Kingdom, circa 2575 B.C., it flourished in relative isolation from other civilizations. It was protected by the Mediterranean in the north, the desert in the east and west, and by an ?ethnic frontier? in the south (Adams, 1984, p. 38). During this time of remoteness, the Egyptian state built complex pyramid structures, developed a unique religion and established a political system based on the supremacy of the pharaoh and a hereditary bureaucracy (Fagan, 2004, p. 385). However, the prosperity and stability of the Old Kingdom (circa 2575 to 2180 B.C.) could not last forever, and since several succeeding pharaohs lacked leadership Egypt entered a period in which the central power of the government declined and local leaders became independent rulers within their own territories (Fagan, 2004, p. 389). In conjunction with this decline in power, came a prolonged drought cycle, but this led to improvements in agriculture and eventually to a rapid increase in population, though famines continued to strike for over three hundred years. Trade networks were vastly expanded during the Middle Kingdom (2134 to 1640 B.C.) and parts of the desert lands of Nubia were conquered, the first signs of imperial ambitions (Fagan, 2004, p. 390). The second intermediate period, occurring between 1640 and 1530 B.C., brought political instability and economic disorder to Egypt once again. However, in the same way that the first intermediate period brought improvements to the Egyptian civilization, this new period of instability brought several innovations that preserved Egypt?s role in the eastern Mediterranean world (Fagan, 2004, p. 391). The New Kingdom, 1530 to 1070 B.C., brought with it periods of extensive wealth, an expansive empire, and political stability, though these qualities were quickly dissolved with the last of the long-lived pharaohs Rameses III (Fagan, 2004, p. 391; Ibid, p. 395). The last years of the Egyptian dynasties were marked by a ?succession of short-lived, sometimes competing and generally unremarkable kings?(Rice, 1997, p. 1980). After this time political weakness opened the door to the rapidly evolving civilizations crowding Egypt?s borders. By about 1000 B.C. the country was bankrupt and the influence of other ancient civilizations, Assyrians and Persians followed by the Greeks, came to dominate the Nile Valley (Clayton, 1994, p. 173). The decline of the Egyptian civilization resulted from the complex interplay of several factors including economic conditions, a weakening of the pharaohs? power, and warfare with other complex societies."
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Cognitive Decline, 2004.
A critical examination of cognitive decline in late adulthood.
1,698 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses cognitive decline in older people. The paper contends that understanding the correlation between aging and cognitive decline requires in-depth research taking into account the numerous variables and theoretical perspectives. The paper agrees that while there is certainly a parallel between the onset of late adulthood and cognitive changes, these changes need not always be severely negative. The paper examines various factors that affect cognitive change.
Outline
Introduction
Overview
Methodical Issues
Retardation of Cognitive Decline
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cognitive decline in older people is most likely to be measured and seen in terms of declarative or episodic memory. (Wilson et al., 1997. pp 7-14).This refers to the ability to learn and retain new information. Other factors that are measured in this age group, and which show evidence of decline, are mental processing skills and perceptual speed. This refers to simple perceptual comparisons which are unusually measured with accompanying time-related tasks. (ibid) People, who are diagnosed as having ARCD or Age Related Cognitive Decline normally are perceived as suffering from deterioration of memory and learning abilities as well as limited language attention span and concentration problems."
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Decline of Sparta, 2005.
This paper discusses Sparta's decline as a military power.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer looks at Sparta's decline as a military power. The writer discusses the multiple manifestations of shortsightedness that caused the decline. The writer describes that this decline was caused by factors ranging from attitudes, to tactics, to lack of diplomacy with its allies.
From the Paper
"Although historians offer a panoply of possible reasons for the decline of Sparta essentially its downfall was the result of one glaring fault. This fault, although it manifested in a number of disparate ways, could be summed up in one word shortsightedness. This shortsightedness occurred in areas such as its attitudes, its failure to modify the rigid Lycurgan system, its tactical naivety, its failure to adapt when opponents began hiring mercenary armies, its wrongdoing, its lack of diplomacy ... "
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