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Debt-Equity Mix, 2007.
An analysis of why weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is important to an organization.
824 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes a simulation for examining and calculating a debt to equity mix. It includes, for each major phase in the simulation, a description of the scenario and the recommended solutions along with the logic for the decisions. It also details a summary for the different capital structure concepts addressed in this simulation and discusses why weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is important to an organization. It then discusses the impact that WACC has on capital budgeting and structure.
Outline:
Abstract
Debt-Equity Mix
Simulation Scenario and Recommendations
Importance of WACC to an organization
Impact of WACC on Capital Budgeting and Structure
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Every organization must determine the amount of debt and equity used to fund operations. The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is a vital tool for determining the optimal capital structure mix. WACC considers the relative proportions and costs of the debt and equity components to give the overall cost of capital for a firm (UOP Debt-Equity Mix Simulation, 2006 4). Choosing the correct mix of debt and equity optimizes the WACC for the organization. This paper summarizes a simulation for determining appropriate levels of debt and equity. Presented are details of each major phase of the simulation along with a recommended solution and an explanation for the solution. Other capital structuring questions will be addressed such as why the WACC is important to an organization and what affects the WACC has on capital budgeting and structure."
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Debt and Equity Financing, 2005.
An overview of the positive and negative characteristics of debt and equity financing.
2,157 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how choosing which financing vehicle is best for a company is very important and how equity and debt financing are financial mechanisms by which a firm can raise financial capital. It looks at how the characteristics of each of these two groups depend on three variables: investors' claims on future cash flow, their right to participate in company decisions and their claims on company assets in liquidation. The paper examines the benefits and disadvantages of both.
Outline
Introduction
Characteristics of Equity Financing
Advantages of Equity Financing
Disadvantages of Equity Financing
Characteristics of Debt Financing
Advantages of Debt Financing
Disadvantages of Debt Financing
Contrast Between Equity and Debt Financing
The Capital Structure Decision
The Irrelevance Proposition
Conclusion
References
Appendix
From the Paper
"Equity financing is the act of raising money for company activities by selling common or preferred stock to individual or institutional investors. In return for the money paid, shareholders receive ownership interests in the corporation. Equity (or common stock) offers residual claims. On a balance sheet, equity equals total assets less all liabilities. Equity financing is generally recommended for a business that's experiencing very high growth with high investment risk. The major sources of equity financing include individuals starting the business, friends and family, angel investors, venture capitalists, and public equity markets. Equity can take several forms including preferred stock, common stock, limited partnership interest, and project equity."
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Public Debt vs. Federal Debt, 2002.
A comparison of what public debt is vs. what federal debt is, and how it affects the economy.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the government is just as effected at the economic crisis at the public and how both sections of the economy have been thrown into debt. The paper examines the differences between these two types of debts and discusses ways that the government can change policies and introduce reforms in order to end this cycle.
From the Paper
"The gross Federal debt is divided into two categories: debt held by the public, and debt the government owes itself. The first category, public debt, is the total of all federal deficits, minus surpluses, over the years. This is the money that the Federal Government has borrowed from the public, such as notes and bonds of varying sizes and time periods. This debt is held by individuals, corporations, state or local governments, foreign governments, and other entities outside of the US government. This does not include Federal Financing Bank securities. (A side note here: the Federal Financing Bank was established to ?consolidate and reduce the governments cost of financing a variety of federal agencies and other borrowers whose obligations are guaranteed by the Federal Government?.) (Public Debt Online) "
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Brand Equity, 2005.
Discusses the importance of brand equity to a company and how to go about increasing brand equity.
3,850 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the function of brand equity, explains its importance to a businesses' success, reviews literature on how to build brand equity and takes a look at how the concept of brand equity in the past in order to discern how companies can best increase brand equity in the present and future.
From the Paper
"One of the most significant ways that companies can increase their brand equity is through advertising. Research done in the past on the subject of advertising looked at how people reacted to advertisements, in that it tried to determine if these individuals would buy the product based on the advertisement. More recently, other research has focused on the actual affect and whether or not the consumer actually likes the advertisement that he or she sees (Vakratsas & Ambler, 1999). Sometimes, individuals purchase products from companies simply because they are familiar with a certain brand, even if they do not care for their advertisements. However, brand equity can become much stronger if it can evolve from advertisements that a consumer actually likes and feels good about viewing."
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Pay Equity, 2005.
This paper discusses the problems and history of pay equity.
4,080 words (approx. 16.3 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that pay equity is a gender independent pay process, which reduces wage inequity between men and women workers: Same wages for the same jobs. The author points out that pay equity is not a new issue; the National Federation of Business and Professional Women's (BPWs) Clubs, was established in July 1919 to eradicate sex discrimination in workplace, to confirm the principle of equal pay and to legislate a complete equal rights amendment. The paper relates that the wage disparity became apparent in the U.S. because of women and minorities entering the paid workforce; however, its prevalence was not perceived until the large entry of women seeking jobs during World War II.
Table of Contents
Thesis Statement
Introduction
Pay Equity Issues between Men and Women
Pay Equity Organizations and Websites
Efforts of Women's Organizations on Wage Discrimination
World War II and Influx of Women in Workforce
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Irrespective of the promulgation of Equal Pay Act ever since last four decades the wage disparities between men and women obstinately prevails. Women are still failing to earn equal pay for equal work only equal pay for comparable work. Such discrimination not only influences the spending capacity of women but also it costs their retirement security by entailing wide gulf between the social security and pensions. As per the study of 2004 conducted by the Institute for Women's Policy Research, on the basis of the US Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor statistics, it has been brought out that woman employed full time only gets 76 cents in comparison to one dollar for a man in the same time. The real median income of women is observed to have reduced by more than half a million dollar i.e. $523,000 over the last four decades."
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Equity for Gay Students, 2008.
This paper discusses equity in education, and social justice as it relates to gay students.
2,248 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that a commitment to equity in education means a commitment to social justice, which has been an important slogan of the Ontario Ministry of Education for more than 10 years. While one is accustomed to such references applied to the advancement of women or visible minorities, the same general ideal is to apply to persons who are gays or lesbians during their experiences of education. The writer notes that this may be difficult for various schools and educators to assimilate with regard to students who are not heterosexual or espouse support for gay and lesbian fellow students, and notably in Roman Catholic settings that have not been influenced pervasively by contemporary Roman Catholic views on homosexuality, at large. However, the writer maintains that more Ontario Ministry statements on equity and social justice can be expected to refer to matters of gender and sexual orientation in the next years, part of a general social adjustment meant to fully include gay or lesbian persons. The writer concludes that with regard to Roman Catholic education in Ontario one recognizes the need to see equity as social justice realized in more schools' approaches to the gay student.
Outline:
Introduction
Promoting Gay-Accepting School Cultures
Cultural and Pedagogical Lag
Equity, Social Justice and the Gay-Lesbian Student
Skeletons in the Closet
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"The presence of a few gay or lesbian students should be accepted by those who work in Roman Catholic high schools, at the very least, and with teachers and guidance counselors prepared to counsel occasional students to report questions concerning homosexuality including those to state that they realize they are gay. A pastoral message of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops addressed the needs of the parents of gay or lesbian children in a manner demonstrating the hierarchy's acceptance of this phenomenon and the first reactions adults may have to the news that a child is not heterosexual. The general approach is one instructing adults to accept the person who is different, seeing that the person feels supported and does not succumb to depression, alienation or the dangers of these results, directing counseling so that the person does not feel rejected. The general suggestion is that homosexuality is not condemned as much as its lifestyle that may indeed take form if a child is ostracized. In the last years, the Roman Catholic Church has supported research into homosexuality as a human condition and in awareness of gay and lesbian persons who may become vagrant, addicted to drugs or an uncaring promiscuity, if they are rejected by their families and friends."
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Oowner's Equity, 2008.
A review of owner's equity, explaining the safeguards an investor should take.
1,062 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper defines "owner's equity" and explains that the portion in a balance sheet of a corporation relating to the equity of stockholders include the paid-in or contributed capital invested and also the retained earnings. The paper continues and explains the various financial terms in analyzing stockholder's equity and relates the situation of owner's equity.
Outline:
Introduction
Why is it important to keep paid-in-capital separate from earned capital?
As an investor is paid-in or earned capital more important? Why?
As an investor, are basic or diluted earnings per share more important? Why?
From the Paper
"The 'Paid in capital', is often categorised more particularly as 'paid in surplus' 'additional paid in capital' or 'capital surplus'. These are differentiated from 'Retained Earnings' or in terms of its earlier distinction, 'Earned Surplus'. 'Retained Earnings' are differentiated from the 'paid-in-capital' or 'contributed capital', which indicates to the capital obtained in lieu of the stocks, that is often indicated by the 'Capital Stock' or that of 'Capital Surplus' and 'Donatee Stock' or 'Donated Surplus'. The 'Stock Dividends' which is the sharing of extra shares of capital stock having no cash receipt-decrease the 'Retained Earnings' and enhance 'Capital Stock'. The 'Retained Earnings' also known as 'Earned Capital' including the aggregate of all capital accounts appear to be the net worth of a company."
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Discrimination And Employment Equity in Canada, 2002.
Presents an historical overview of employment and labor equity in Canada.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of employment equity. It looks at the essence of employment equity as well as the arguments for or against employment equity. This paper also offers possible solutions to the present system.
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Brand Equity, 2004.
A literature review of articles about brand equity.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews five different articles about brand equity. The paper examines how each article treats the consequences of an organization adopting a brand equity stance. The paper also discusses the different meanings of the term brand equity to marketers vs. accountants.
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Equity of Access: Education and the Digital Divide, 2006.
An examination of the social issues that are emerging related to equity of access to information and technology.
1,574 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the way that the significant drop in the price of electronics over the past decade, mixed with the increasing popularity of the Internet and the emergence of global commerce, have introduced a new group of social issues. The paper specifically focuses on the issues of equity of access to information and technology and the ability to use these tools to better ones life.
From the Paper
"While education is the great equalizer, technology appears to be a new engine of inequality. Technology is being more and more important to society. Most new jobs, especially well paying ones, require IT skills. In order to be upwardly mobile and successful in this new age one needs to be familiar with technology and computers. The American economy needs for people to have technological skills in order for the United States to remain competitive globally. The problem is that not everyone has access to technology because of its cost. Some minorities and the economically disadvantaged are not privy to technology and they will soon be left behind. The American Government is taking this issue seriously and providing a great deal of money to communities and schools to create greater access to technology for everyone. Schools have recently begun to spend more and more on computers and other technology in order to provide a technological education to their students, but teachers need to use it in order for it to work."
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Equity Theory, 2004.
A basic overview of the fundamentals of equity theory as it relates to employee management.
780 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines equity theory, a process theory that focuses on individuals? perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others. It looks at how, while this theory initially related to pay, it can also be expanded and applied to other areas of workplace relations. It attempts to show how equity theory relates to various factors related to employee management and how, for any organization, there is a need to consider how individual employees and departments are treated in regards to salary, praise, awards, and involvement.
From the Paper
"It is also important to note that equity theory applies to areas that go beyond just pay. Firstly, rewards can come in other forms such as praise, awards, and recognition. If some employees receive greater praise than others, this can result in situations that are perceived as inequitable. Issues of equity also commonly arise between departments. For example, consider a situation where the marketing department is always receiving praise for its accomplishments. Other departments may be just as effective but their outputs are not as obvious. This can result in entire departments feeling that their contribution is not appreciated and can also cause conflict between departments. Another issues relates to involvement with the company."
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Policing Equity, 2008.
This paper argues that police departments especially in Toronto, Canada, have an abysmal track-record in terms of equity in the workplace.
2,095 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although there were landmark appointments of women, visible minorities and homosexuals to positions of power within law-enforcement structures especially in the 1970s, today such appointments in Canada are relatively rare. The author points out that, when police forces fail to hire personnel that represent the community in terms of gender, race and sexuality, they also fail to serve properly the community. The paper stresses that equity will not exist until discriminated community members are allowed to gain power by rising through the ranks and attaining the experience needed to run a major police force.
From the Paper
"Toronto, meanwhile, while considered so progressive that some people playfully refer to it as the new Amsterdam, finds its force far behind on equity issues in terms of employment. While the city is reaching out to more diverse communities in terms of recruitment, it is clear that its power structure is bound and determined to continue in the old ways. In fact, the closest thing the force has had to a top cop from equity communities were former police board chairs Olivia Chow (who is of Chinese descent) and Pam MacConnell (an out-lesbian), both of whom were forced out of their positions after daring to be critical of police."
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Equity in Occupational Gender Roles, 2006.
A look at how the disparity between men and women in occupational equity has changed over time.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 10 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the disparity has long existed between men and women in occupational equity, explaining that these changes, for several possible reasons, began to take place during the Neolithic Revolution. The paper also looks at the substantial changes that have been made in the last two centuries through reform acts, legislation, and social movements while also pointing out that, in spite of the great strides that have been made in these areas, women still face difficulties in rising through corporate ranks.
From the Paper
"Men and women have always seemed to occupy different places in the work force. Women have typically taken the role of gatherer, caregiver, nurturer--passive roles, in most cases, in which they stayed close to the family or larger tribal unit. Men, on the other hand, have roamed far from the central group as hunters, warrior, and protectors of the social order. In today's world, the wide gender gap of the nineteenth century has changed substantially to the very narrow spectrum of differences seen today."
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Affirmative Action/Employment Equity, 2002.
A discussion of the morality and justice of affirmative action in the U.S. and employment equity, its Canadian counterpart.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper will examine both the theory and practice of affirmative action (U.S.) and employment equity (Canadian counterpart) on moral and ethical grounds. This paper will argue that while such legislation may be defensible in terms of social engineering, in terms of morality and justice it is indefensible to promote justice to one group by denying justice to another.
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Equity Research, 2002.
A good look at equity financial valuations in organizations.
4,900 words (approx. 19.6 pages), 11 sources, $ 178.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive view of equity financial valuation of organizations and the concept of their basis.
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