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Death Penalty for Juvenile Offenders, 2005.
This paper discusses the arguments for and against the juvenile death penalty.
1,470 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the U.S. Supreme Court decision "Roper v. Simmons" (2005) holds that the death penalty for juveniles is "cruel and unusual" and as such, the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the US Constitution forbid the execution of offenders who were under the age of 18 when their crimes were committed. The author points out that the advocates for juvenile death penalty argue that a murder committed by a 16 or 17 year old is as gruesome as that committed by an adult and that individuals exhibit different ranges of maturity thus some 17 year olds may be more "mature" than other 20 year olds. The paper states that, in opposition to the juvenile death penalty, psychologists and behavioral scientists have long known that adolescents do not yet have a brain ability to reason as adults do, are 'wired' to behave more irrationally than adults and are subjected to hormonal instability.
Table of Contents
Arguments for Juvenile Death Penalty
A Murder is a Murder
Case-to-Case Basis
Deterrence
No Consensus
Arguments against Juvenile Death Penalty
Brain Development
Raging Hormones
Adolescents are Similar to Mentally-Retarded People
Death Penalty is no Deterrent for Juvenile Offenders
No Death Penalty does not mean Complete Clemency for Offenders
Public Opinion
International Stance
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The alleged evidence quoted by anti-capital punishment advocates that death penalty is not a deterrent is inconclusive. The threat of being put to death as a result of committing murder has always proved to be a deterrent throughout human history. There is no reason to assume that such deterrence does not apply to juveniles. As an example, Christopher Simmons (of the Roper v. Simmons fame) was 17 at the time when he and a 15-year old broke into the home of the victim (Shirley Crook) in Missouri; they bound up the woman with electrical wire and pushed her into a river to die. While planning the burglary and murder, Simmons told his friends that even if he were caught, nothing would happen to him because he was a juvenile. If he had known that he would be facing the death penalty he would surely have not committed the crime."
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The Death Penalty: Juvenile and Adult Offenders, 2002.
A comparative analysis of the application of the death penalty to juveniles and adults in the United States with an emphasis on the difference in public support.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts how the death penalty is applied to juveniles and adults in the United States, and focuses upon the theme that there is much less public support for imposing the death penalty on juveniles than on adults.
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Death Penalty on Juveniles, 2007.
An analysis of the history and effectiveness of juvenile capital punishment.
3,310 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of juvenile death penalties. The writer explores the issues of the past and the recently handed down Supreme Court mandate declaring the death penalty for juveniles as unconstitutional. The writer proposes research through the use of literature reviews and concludes that the death penalty is not an effective method of punishment for juveniles that commit capital crimes.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History
Literature
Juvenile Death Penalty in Context
Methodology
Data Collection
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The case that was the eye of the execution of minors storm was 17-year-old Christopher Simmons. Simmons admittedly planned and executed the murder of an area woman just to see what it would feel like. He and his friends broke into her home, tied her up with duct tape, took her to a bridge and threw her over the side to let her drown. She died and they were arrested for the crime. The victim had recognized Simmons which was why Simmons said the final decision to murder her came, however, he had talked openly to friends before the incident of wondering what it would be like to murder someone. He would brag to others that if he wanted to commit a murder he would not be given the death penalty because he was a juvenile."
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The Death Penalty and Juveniles., 2002.
An argument against the use of capital punishment on young offenders.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper argues against the death penalty for juveniles. It contends that the death penalty is unjust in and of itself. Moreover, it is especially barbaric when applied to children. Individuals under the age of eighteen should never be tried and punished as adults in this society, especially when the punishment is state execution.
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Juvenile Death Penalty, 2007.
An analysis of the history of the death penalty for juvenile offenders.
731 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the possibility of enforcing a juvenile death penalty for youth that have committed serious violent crimes. The paper discusses the history of the death penalty for underage offenders and the change in the laws in the United States with regard to its implementation. The paper also discusses the aims of juvenile justice and how the death penalty does or does not further these aims.
From the Paper
"Regardless of the source of the ethical view there are rising tides that express the evolving attitude that the death penalty, in any case is not a deterrent and is ethically wrong, regardless of the crime or the circumstances of it. The ethical implications of this ruling clearly create issues surrounding age of consent, as the determining factor of the decision, if an individual is not of the age to consent to vote, join the military, or even buy alcohol, cigarettes or even a lottery ticket in most states they should therefore not be of the age to consent to an understanding of or a level of legal responsibility for their violent actions."
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Juvenile Death Penalty, 2002.
A history of the death penalty and how juveniles are a part of it.
2,467 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the death penalty focusing on both the history of adult and juvenile capital punishment. It provides arguments in favor of the death penalty such deterrance and capital punishment and arguments against such as wrongful convictions for both juveniles and adults-racial prejudice, cost and execution of the innocent. It analyzes current law and looks at such issues as the minimum age for the death penalty in different States and the house bill introduced to take the decision for the death penalty out of the judges hand and let the jury decide if the it should be received.
From the Paper
"The death penalty in the United States is viewed as a way to deter criminals from committing similar acts of violence. People in favor of the death penalty believe there is always a risk some innocent people will be executed, and there is no legal system that doesn?t have flaws. There is no unmarred justice no matter how evolved the legal system is. When the principles for a developed legal system are followed the risk of the innocent being executed can almost be avoided. It must be beyond all reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty. The defenders of the prosecuted should be seasoned in criminal cases where the outcome can be a death sentence."
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Juvenile Death Penalty, 2005.
The argument that juvenile death penalty sentencing is a cruel and unjust punishment.
1,540 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The American criminal justice system executes a larger number of children than the rest of the world combined. This paper contends that the juvenile death penalty is completely blatantly racist in its structure, design, and application and is legally more arbitrary and capricious than the death penalty for adults.
Outline
Juvenile Death Penalty Is Racist
Juvenile Death Penalty Is Irrational
Juvenile Executions Contradict Treatment of Juveniles Generally
The Human Element of Juvenile Executions
Supreme Court Finally Strikes Down Juvenile Executions
From the Paper
"But most critically, the error of executing children cannot be fully comprehended until one examines the individual cases of children who have been executed by the various states in America. Invariably, the children the state executes have four common characteristics: (1) they were often mentally ill or mentally retarded at the moment they committed they crime; (2) they were themselves the unfortunate victims of horrifying sexual and physical abuse; (3) they were victimized by a society which has one of the most stifling child poverty and infant mortality percentage-rates on Earth and which assigns many minorities to existences of hopelessness and grinding poverty; and, (4) they were represented by inexperienced, unskilled, uncaring and incompetent attorneys."
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The Juvenile Death Penalty, 2007.
This paper presents a detailed exploration of the juvenile death penalty.
3,346 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the death penalty as it pertains to juveniles and discusses the importance of the issue. The writer cites several recent juvenile death penalty cases heard by the Supreme Court and provides analysis into their issues. The writer then provides a well reasoned conclusion and proposal regarding the death penalty as it pertains to juveniles.
Outline:
Introduction
The Juvenile Death Penalty Debate
Pros and Cons
Cons
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"In recent years Americans have watched in horror as teenagers committed more grisly crimes than ever before. Shooting sprees at high schools, acting as a sniper on the freeway and murdering neighbors for the sake of a few dollars worth of jewelry are just some of the juvenile cases that have received national attention. The American judicial system is faced with the task of punishing the teenagers who commit these crimes, while at the same time trying to remain fair to the United States Constitution. Over the past few decades, juvenile defendants convicted of various violent crimes have been sentenced to death. This has created heated debates in many sectors of the public as well as the legal profession. Should juveniles be put to death? That is the question that has haunted society for decades. The Supreme Court recently ruled that using the death penalty for a juvenile is no different than using it on a mentally retarded individual and should be considered cruel and inhumane punishment. Though the decision has been made and juveniles convicted of previously capital punishment cases will now serve life in prison the debate rages on about the correctness of that decision. Some believe that juveniles do not have the mental or emotional capability to understand the seriousness or the consequence of their crime. "
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Juvenile Offenders, 2002.
A discussion of whether juvenile offenders should be tried as adults.
2,634 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines, through a literature review, the issue of whether juvenile offenders should be punished in the same way as adults in light of the increase of crimes involving juvenile offenders and also the level of violence associated with such crimes. In response to the perceived skyrocketing in juvenile crime, states throughout the country have passed a variety of measures to send more juvenile offenders to criminal court. Historically our criminal justice system has encouraged law enforcement officials and prosecutors to focus on rehabilitation when it comes to juvenile offenders since law enforcement officials, prosecutors, and researchers believed that youths often make mistakes and are more able to learn and re-train their behavior than adult offenders who are often more jaded and violent. It evaluates how the decision to prosecute a juvenile offender as an adult has momentous consequences for the individual involved, with the juvenile offender frequently being confined with the general adult inmate population, arguably increasing the likelihood of recidivism since the juvenile offender will be exposed to ?new? crimes as well as techniques for avoiding punishment.
From the Paper
"There is a large array of literature concerning juvenile offenders and the issue of whether juveniles should be tried as adults. Presently there are three possible mechanisms used to allow juvenile offenders to be tried as adults. Judicial waiver involves a juvenile court judge transferring an adolescent to criminal court based on, among other things, the seriousness of the crime, the offender?s history, and the chances of the offender repeating his or her act. (Steinberg). Direct file policies allow the prosecutor to decide whether to file charges against a juvenile offender in criminal or juvenile court. (Steinberg). Finally, under statutory exclusion, certain categories of juveniles are automatically tried in adult criminal court. (Steinberg). Statutory exclusion is generally determined by a combination of age and the seriousness of the offense. (Steinberg)."
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Juvenile Offenders, 2006.
A review of how the US legal system handles juvenile offenders.
2,178 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the American perspective on juvenile offenders. According to the paper, the USA is one of a very few countries that will sentence a juvenile offender tp the death penalty.
The paper further discusses how this is not true for all US states. The nature of the American justice system, is that each state establishes its own policy regarding the punishment of criminals.
Outline:
Introduction
Juvenile Law
Supreme Court Ruling
Public Sentiment
Missouri
The Psychology of Adolescence
From the Paper
"Recent research into the structure and function of the brain suggests that it may be more appropriate to treat even older teens as juveniles rather than adults. Brain imaging has confirmed that the human brain is still undergoing significant development and structural changes at the ages of 16 and 17 and that this affects the ability to make sound decisions and to resist impulsive actions (Beckman, 2004).
Much of this newer information is available because of advances in brain imaging techniques. Researchers are still exploring whether brain development finalizes around the age of 20 or at 25, but the changes that take place before that point are viewed as crucial to the ability to make good choices (Beckman, 2004). However, brain scans of teenagers show gray matter still being covered in a fatty protective coating called "white matter). Researchers found that just before puberty the amount of gray matter increases substantially, followed by a period called "pruning, where gray matter cells are pared away, while the amount of white matter increases. "
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Intervention for Juvenile Offenders, 2004.
An analysis of the option of intervention with juvenile offenders.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a study examining the possibility of intervention for juvenile offenders. The variables that are used as a focus in this study are age and violence and the serious as opposed to the less serious offender. The purpose of the study is to ascertain to what extent the available literature can be utilized to work effectively with juvenile offenders.
It should be noted that correlating factors cannot be excluded in a study of this nature. For example, the correlation between age and gender should be considered in ascertaining the efficacy of intervention strategies.
From the Paper
"In a study of psychosocial variables in juvenile crime, the authors state that "in 1997, juveniles accounted for 37% of all burglary arrests; 30% of robbery arrests; 24% of weapon arrests; 14% of murder attempts and drug arrests respectively." (Katsiyannis et al, 2004) There are also numerous studies that establish that the number of juvenile offenders are increasing and in dire need of intervention policies. "The increased volume and changing composition of juvenile delinquency caseloads have overloaded the juvenile justice system ... the juvenile justice system must be equipped to address the full range of juvenile problem behaviors. Often the presenting offense is merely the 'tip of the iceberg' ". (Provide Immediate Intervention) "
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Juvenile Offenders, 2005.
A look what programs for treatment are available for juvenile offenders and how effective those programs are.
1,916 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a literature review regarding juvenile offenders and what treatment options exist for them. The writer also analyzes how effective the treatments are for those offenders.
From the Paper
"Early studies have already established the fact that a precursor to juvenile offenders is the lack of life skills that they possess. Juveniles who do not have basic life skill maturation are twice as likely to become juvenile offenders than those who do have life skills maturation. "
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Juvenile Offenders and School, 2005.
A look at how obtaining a high school diploma plays a significant role in reducing the rate of recidivism in the juvenile offender population.
4,073 words (approx. 16.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the recidivism rate of youthful offenders and their attaining their high school diploma. The author uses journal articles and other sources to discuss whether juvenile offenders obtaining a GED have any impact on the recidivism rate that they hold. The author also explores the importance of encouraging at-risk juveniles to get their GED so they have opportunities to stay out of problem lifestyles.
From the Paper
"Recently the focus on juvenile offenders has intensified. Media coverage, combined with seemingly more violent offenses have placed juvenile offender issues in the spotlight nationwide. Legislators have been faced with how harshly to punish such offenders, school systems have had to deal with their attendance and parents have to spend countless dollars and hours working to try and get their teen turned around before he or she reaches adulthood. Many experts feel if youthful offenders could be rehabilitated before the age of majority they have a good chance of leading productive non-criminal lives. Juvenile offenders often turn to crime because they do not feel there are other options. Violence, drug deals and other acts of crime find themselves in juvenile circles nationwide. "
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Juvenile Sex Offenders, 2007.
A review of the theoretical basis and causes of adolescent sexual aggression as addressed in academic literature.
9,746 words (approx. 39.0 pages), 80 sources, MLA, $ 198.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how sexual aggression perpetrated by adolescents has represented a growing concern in the United States over the past decade and how adolescents account for the vast majority of cases involving rape and child molestation perpetrated by minors. It highlights the need to find a way to curb sexual aggression and in order to understand the causes and potential solutions for this problem, turns to the extant body of academic research.
Outline
Theoretical Basis of Sexual Aggression
Early Attachment
Childhood Attachment Styles
Adult Attachment Styles
Affect Regulation, Empathy, and Attachment
Fathers and Attachment
Adult Attachment
Adolescent Attachment
Etiology of Adult Male Sex Offenders
Classifications of Adult Male Sex Offenders
The Juvenile Male Sex Offender
Legal Definition of Sex Offenses
Current Research on Juvenile Offenders
Victims of the Juvenile Male Sex Offender
Demographic Characteristics of Male Juvenile Sex Offenders
Etiology of Male Juvenile Sex Offenders
Mental Health Issues of Male Juvenile Sex Offenders
Attachment and the Juvenile Sex Offender
Why This Study?
Aim of the Study
From the Paper
"Attachment theory, as proposed by Bowlby (1969, 1973), serves as a conceptual framework for explaining variations in mental health, emotional regulation, and interpersonal relations. According to Bowlby (1969, 1973), the attachment system is designed to help the child maintain proximity to significant others as a means of coping with stress-inducing events. A child's attachment behavior becomes activated by hunger, pain, fatigue, or anything frightening (Bowlby, 1988). The significant other functions as a "haven of safety" that individuals seek out for support and relief in times of stress. Additionally, the significant other serves as a "secure base" from which to explore the world and pursue other goals unrelated to attachment (Mikulincer, et al., 2003). According to Bowlby (1988), if the caregiver is consistent, there is a sense of security in this relationship. "
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Juvenile Offenders, 2002.
A discussion of whether juvenile offenders should be charged as adults.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper presents sound arguments for and against the heated issue of whether the juveniles should be charged as adults or not. We will present each argument in a separate paragraph and a refuting argument in the successive paragraph.
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