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Currency and Financial Crisis in Southeast Asia, 2004.
This paper analyzes the Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998 in Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
6,090 words (approx. 24.4 pages), 28 sources, MLA, $ 143.95
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Abstract
This study applies ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation procedures, with and without lags, to identify the causes of currency crises in selected economies during the 1997-98 East Asian currency and financial crisis. The author states that the cause of the crisis was attributed to initial macroeconomic conditions, weak macroeconomic fundamentals, financial sector regulation, and policy reaction. The paper relates that the empirical results were consistent with previous literature on currency crises; episodes of depreciation appear to be associated with the depletion of foreign exchange reserves and the increase in foreign liabilities. Equations. Tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Classical Theory
Empirical Research Explaining Currency Crisis
First Generation Models
Second Generation Models
Third Generation Models
Policy Reactions and the Role of the IMF
Conceptual Model
Initial Conditions
Deterioration of Macroeconomic Fundamentals
International Sector and Financial Regulation
Macroeconomic Policy
Ideal and Actual Data
Measuring the Symptoms
Measuring Currency Crisis
Actual Data
Results and Analysis
Conclusion
Appendix I: Summary of Data and Indicators Used in Previous Studies
Appendix II: General F-Tests
Appendix III: Statistical Analysis for Multicollinearity and Heteroskedasticity
Appendix IV: E-views Output of Granger Causality Tests
From the Paper
"Although Korea, the Philippines and Thailand followed the classic prescription of raising their interest rate to defend their currencies, all three saw continued depreciations, well in excess of what would be predicted by the currency crisis models Furman and Stiglitz (1997). From a policy perspective, Goldfajn and Gupta (1998) look the real exchange rate ?undervaluation? episodes in 80 countries following the crises to assess whether tight monetary policy brings about a recovery in the real exchange rate through a nominal appreciation of the exchange rate. They find that in their total sample, tight monetary policy increases the probability of recovery by about 10 percentage points. But among countries undergoing simultaneous banking and currency crisis, as in East Asia, tight monetary policy is associated with roughly 10 percentage points lower probability of success. Both of these differences are statistically significant."
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The Financial Crisis of 1997, 2005.
A discussion on the financial crisis of 1997 and its impact upon Thailand.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the impact of the financial crisis upon Thailand, which then spread through Southeast Asia, and also reviews its present impact upon that nation and whether or not this impact can be considered positive or negative. The paper takes the view that the 1997 crisis was devastating initially for the people of Thailand. However, if there are any lingering effects, they are largely positive ones as the country has remodeled itself and revamped a financial sector that was plagued by a lack of transparency, proper over-sight and inefficiency.
From the Paper
"The 1997 financial crisis in Southeast Asia was a water-shed moment in many ways. Not least of all, the crisis in Thailand brought an unceremonious end to the heady optimism that had spread through the region during the course of the booming 1980s and 1990s. While economic growth in Asia during this period rewarded various groups unevenly - as is generally to be expected in predominantly free markets - there was a general economic healthfulness that offered the promise of still more gains in the future. Suffice it to say, these roseate projections for the future were turned up-side-down by the sudden collapse of the Thai baht and the subsequent currency devaluation experienced in other parts of Asia. This paper will briefly review the impact of the crisis upon Thailand (the nation wherein the problem began)."
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The Asian Financial Crisis, 2008.
This paper explores the causes of the Asian Financial crisis of 1997 and suggests preventative policies.
2,398 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and how its policies and oversights made problems worse in Southeast Asia and looks at Korea as an example. The paper looks briefly at the role of "crony capitalism" in Southeast Asia and focuses on Malaysia and Thailand in particular. The paper also examines structural factors, reviews the inherent irrationality of investors and explains the role of capital control regulations and premature liberalization in producing or deepening the crisis. The paper concludes that the IMF must allow developing nations to take matters into their own hands when looking at structural issues, while those countries must develop comprehensive oversight and "firewalls" that reduce cronyism and incompetence.
From the Paper
"The causes of the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997 are too numerous to be easily synthesized into one neat capsule. Nonetheless, looking at the matter from afar, it appears as though there was excessive foreign borrowing, far too much over-lending (although it is not clear if this over-lending was domestic, it may be inferred that too much bank capital went towards dubious, speculative ventures) and such an over-reliance upon foreign capital that, when the industrial sector began to slow down, the outflow of foreign capital was utterly debilitating."
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East Asian Financial Crisis, 2007.
This paper examines the role of the IMF (International Monetary Fund) in South Korea during the East Asian economic crisis.
3,649 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the 1997 East Asian financial crisis, also termed the IMF crisis locally within the region, that saw the downturn of many East Asian and Southeast Asian economies. The paper explains that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) received much of the blame due to its handling of the crisis. The paper focuses on the IMF efforts in South Korea and reveals that the IMF today is moving toward a less restrictive and more realistic system.
Outline:
Introduction
The East Asian Economic Crisis
South Korea
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The South Korean Central Bank was forced to expand its open market operations (OMO) in order to attempt to stabilize its currency. By elevating the amount of OMO in terms of their own securities, Central Banks attempt to control extreme devaluation in times of stress or manage exchange rates in a more stable fashion (Guille 57). For South Korea, contracting the amount of currency through sales of securities was extremely important in controlling the free-fall of the Won during the extent of the crisis."
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Japan and Southeast Asia, 2005.
An examination of the history of Japan's contemporary relations with Southeast Asia.
3,274 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how history has had a considerable impact on Japan's relationship with Southeast Asia. The experience of the Japanese colonialism and the atrocities of the WWII participated in a persistent anti-Japanese resentment in the region with the result that Japan's foreign policy has had to deal with serious suspicion and difficulties to rebuild mutual understanding between Japan and Southeast Asia. It also looks at how the experience of the Cold War and Japan's submission to the U.S. economic and security interests have constituted an important obstacle to Japan-Southeast Asia interaction.
Outline
The Legacy of the Japanese Military Expansionism in Southeast Asia Before 1945
A Difficult Japan-Southeast Asia Interaction after 1945: The Japanese Foreign Policy Choices in a Confrontational World Order
Balance: Japan and the Challenge of Reconciling History With the Future of a More Globalised World
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Japanese historical presence in Southeast Asia thus can be considered to have participated in the development of forthcoming antagonisms precisely in this region during the Cold War. In this respect, Takashi Inoguchi's analysis of the impact of the Japanese occupation on Vietnam is particularly relevant. Indeed, he insists on the fact that Japan's colonisation of Vietnam led to a considerable exploitation of the country's resources which resulted in the emergence of nationalist movements and doctrines that would be then appropriated and exploited by confrontational ideologies during the Cold War. "
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Casual Leisure in the U.S. and Southeast Asia, 2006.
This paper examines the levels of drug and alcohol abuse by students in the U.S. and Southeast Asia.
2,051 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper predicted that drug/alcohol abuse by students would be more significant among U.S. students than among Asian ones. Asia is relatively conservative in its outlook, while the United States is almost synonymous with experimentation and leisure. However, the research found that the use of currently illicit substances was socially acceptable in Southeast Asia. Also, the major growing areas for poppies and marijuana are located in or very close to Southeast Asia, making transportation easy and cheap. The paper concludes that U.S. students are therefore less likely to be heavy drug/alcohol users than are Southeast Asia students.
Contents:
Introduction
College Lifestyle and Drug/Substance Use in the United States
The Situation in Southeast Asia
Drug Abuse Recorded in Various Countries and Areas in Asia
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In 1989, Rojek recognized that the negative side of leisure is a central factor in society when he said, "an obvious and indisputable fact about leisure in modern society is that many of the most popular activities are illegal" (1999, p. 82). Among college students in the United States, he found that the illegal activities were underage drinking and illegal drug use. Findings reported by Hoover, based on a survey of students at 140 U.S. college campuses, showed that "two in five college students regularly drink five or more alcoholic beverages in a row, which was significantly linked to the frequency with which they encountered secondary effects of alcohol consumption including date rape, scholastic difficulties, and violence (Hoover, 2002, pp. 34-37). A study by Tucker and Shinew (1995) examined the leisure pursuits of college age students, and found that 86% of those surveyed "consumed alcohol at least once a week and 40% used illegal drugs, primarily marijuana" (unpaged study). This material was based on self-reports, however, and might be skewed in favor of more alcohol and drug use, or less."
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Southeast Asia, 2004.
An analysis of several situations in southeast Asia that have the potential of greatly influencing other parts of the world.
706 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a number of critical issues pertinent to southeast Asia that have the potential of greatly influencing other parts of the world. The paper discusses the disturbing growth of the "Al-Qaeda" terrorist organization in this region, illustrating its links to local Islamic radicals. The avian flu virus is examined in the paper, highlighting the potential it has for a human health disaster. The paper also outlines the December 2004 tsunami that devastated parts of southeast Asia.
From the Paper
"One disturbing element in Southeast Asia is the growth of al Qaeda there during the past decade and its link with local radical Islamists (Palmer Pp). The organization has developed strong roots in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Indonesia with Indonesian agents working in close partnership with al Qaeda in promoting terrorism in the region (Palmer Pp). According to Ronald Palmer the "Jemaah Islamiya goal of establishing an Islamic state encompassing Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Southern Philippines is only in its early stages and has been stymied for the time being," however, it appears that the al Qaeda cells which have thus far been discovered may only be the "tip of a terrorist iceberg of unknown dimensions" (Palmer Pp). Local governments face severe challenges to maintain security, requiring a "policy framework much larger than merely fighting terrorism" (Palmer Pp). The Regional Forum on Security was established with its main function being to promote stabilization processes (Security Pp). Any changes and transformations in the countries of the region, "must be effected on the basis of the law," therefore, it is necessary to define, for example, exactly what the term terrorist means and who can be regarded as "a fighter for freedom" (Security Pp)."
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Southeast Asia, 2002.
A study into the economy and society of Southeast Asia
2,552 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the obstacles towards developing civil society organizations in Southeast Asian countries and the role civil society could play in engendering political and social reform in Southeast Asia. The first part of the paper examines the concept of civil society itself. The second part is a comparative study of the various civil society groups in the Philippines and Cambodia, focusing on their problems and difficulty in working with the government. In the conclusion, the paper argues that ?Asian values? have much to contribute towards economic development and democratic growth.
From the Paper
"The term ?civil society? is used to refer to ?the area between the family and the state?the non-state institutions which organize and educate citizens for political participation? (Kumar 366). There is wide disagreement over which groups and individuals are included under this term. Some limit this term to non-government organizations and actors, others include the private sector economy. Others believe that civil society groups may be engaged in goals other than effecting political change. For example, civic, religious and cultural groups may have agendas that are not overtly political."
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Development in Southeast Asia, 2003.
A look at various social and economic factors that contribute to the development of Southeast Asia.
1,358 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at industry, transportation, tourism, and gender and development in the Southeast Asian region and shows that these areas are all related to one another and contribute, both individually and collaboratively, to the development of Southeast Asia.
From the Paper
"Overall, annual average growth in gross domestic product between 1980 and 1993 reveals how active, which a few exceptions, the economies of Southeast Asian countries have been. The strongest growth has been recorded in Thailand, followed by Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Export-oriented industrialization has been at the forefront of Southeast Asia?s economic development. Rapid expansion of manufacturing and exports have sustained economic growth rates that are among the highest in the world. However, there is still a great potential for expansion. Burma, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam have only recently opened up to trade and remain overwhelmingly agrarian. Even in more industrially developed nations, such as Malaysia and Thailand, there is tremendous potential for further development by moving toward more sophisticated and higher value-added manufactured exports."
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International Relations of Southeast Asia., 2003.
A review of "The Quest for Identity: International Relations of Southeast Asia" by Thon Amitav Acharya.
1,855 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
Amitave Acharya is a widely-acclaimed political thinker who specializes mostly in Asia Pacific security. Beginning with the pre-colonial era, he explores how identity can surprisingly explain much of the historical journey of both fragmentation and community-building among the diverse states in the region. The author uses the term regionalism to argue it is unlikely that the convergence of the diverse characteristics of the states in Southeast Asia may lead to a common identity , making one region of its own.
Topics include:
Indigenous Imagining
Constructivist Regionalism
From the Paper
"With these examples, Acharya successfully illustrated the extent to which ?Southeast Asia? is a constructed notion, shaped by the way its actors saw the region and themselves. This then leads to his conclusion, that Southeast Asia as a region has faced many challenges and has managed to adjust its regionalism to successfully survive and even become institutionally stronger (p. 163). His constructivist approach leaves much in the hands of the actors; for the future, the region being an imagined or constructed notion can loosen or tighten according to the political will of the regional leaders. While one can agree that this can explain the prospect of ASEAN?s survivability as a region, this does not explain its continued strength in facing future challenges. It will be too optimistic, if not too na?ve, to expect that the strength of political will of ASEAN leaders alone can help them in, for example, bridging and bringing peace to the relationship between North and South Korea."
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Small Arms Proliferation and Misuse in the Southeast Asia, 2003.
A look at the proliferation of small arms and their subsequent misuse by criminal elements in Southeast Asia.
1,204 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the impact of small arms proliferation in Southeast Asian region. It highlights studies that detail illegal activities that allow rebels access to small arms with which to perpetrate further chaos in the country by undermining vital aspects of basic human security.
Contents
Introduction
Small Arms Proliferation and its Impacts on Human Security in Southeast Asia
From the Paper
"According to the "Small Arms Survey 2002: Counting the Human Cost" published by the University of Geneva, the total number of human lives lost to small arms has reached approximately 639 million worldwide. Relatedly, according to the United Nations, the current number of small arms around the world is estimated to be 500 million to 1 billion. Light weapons are found to be the principal cause of death in conflicts around the world with the vast number of casualties belonging to civilians. It appears that despite the numerous lives lost, small arms and light weapons remain largely available in the world.
Small arms proliferation and their subsequent misuse by criminal elements have not only caused massive deaths but also undermined the equally important aspects of human security. These aspects include economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security and political security. With the increasing level of small arms proliferation and the resulting instability and insecurity it causes, human security is threatened. It serves to prolong the violent intra-state conflicts, and worst, encourage the demand for more arms for more profit to arms peddlers and for self-defense of neglected civilians. It is in this context that human security is examined amidst the proliferation and misuse of small arms in Southeast Asia."
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Economics in Latin America and Southeast Asia, 2005.
An analysis of the economic growth of Latin America and Southeast Asia.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper briefly reviews the relationship between economic growth and the development of poorer nations in Latin America and in Southeast Asia. The paper looks at a number of items, such as government administration, labour conditions, and social inequalities and determines that the new economic growth spurt has not benefited the great majority of South Americans or Southeast Asians.
From the Paper
"Economic growth and national development do not always go together: An examination of Latin America and Southeast Asia It is often said that economic growth fuels socio-economic development in third-world nations. While it seems logical to argue that the creation of wealth will lead to the creation of a healthier and more prosperous society, this is not necessarily the case. In the following pages, some time will be devoted to the checkered impact of economic growth upon governmental administration in Latin America and in Southeast Asia."
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American Business in Southeast Asia, 2004.
Presents a geographic, economic, and sociological profile of the nations in Southeast Asia.
1,085 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper first provides information on the geographies, economies, and societies of the countries of Southeast Asia. It then looks at the current economic situation of the region, including trade aspects and prospects for U.S. businesses there.
From the Paper
"Southeast Asia is a region within Asia that consists of 10 independent member countries. This includes Burma (Myanmar), Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Southeast Asia is bounded by the Indian subcontinent on the west, China on the north, and the Pacific Ocean on the east (Encyclopedia.com). The climate in this Asian region is generally tropical. Monsoon climate is essential in Southeast Asia because a large part of most of its nations? economy depends on agriculture. Southeast Asia has a vast area of forest and mountainous regions. Great rivers, such as Mekong, the region?s longest river, Red River, Irrawaddy, and Chao Phraya, also surround most of its lands."
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Southeast Asia, 2002.
A review of the statement "Although Southeast Asia has not lost its subordinate status in the international system, it has increased its effectiveness in dealing with and managing that status." by Scholar Donald G. McL
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper claims that the Southeast Asian countries have emerged as a power to create a unstable democracy.
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U.S. Military Aid to Southeast Asia, 1996.
Evolution of strategy, assistance, politics in Cold war context, focusing on post-1973 events. Costs, impact on Association of Southeast Asian Nations, U.S. interests.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will discuss the military assistance provided by the United States to various countries in Southeast Asia since 1973. The first part of the paper will briefly describe the history of U.S. military assistance since the end of the Second World War. The second part of the paper will examine the aid given to Southeast Asian countries after the Vietnam War. This section will look at the reasons for such aid and the changes in U.S. policy concerning such aid. This section will also discuss the provision of such aid from the viewpoint of the Southeast Asian countries receiving it. The third part of the paper will use the example of Thailand to show how such aid affects the policies of both the providers and recipients. The last part of the paper will postulate the future of U.S. military assistance to ..."
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