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Cultural Constraints of Written Discourse, 2003.
A discussion of the different experiences faced by writers and language professionals based on cultural differences.
7,530 words (approx. 30.1 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 165.95
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Abstract
The project addresses not only the cultural assumptions that are involved in texts used in language teaching, but also the kinds of cultural knowledge and skills that are required by language learners for comprehending and interpreting these texts. The paper looks at the way we conceptualize the world and how it seems to acquire some language-and-culture specific features. The project focuses not only on the different conceptualization of knowledge and experience of the world within different cultures, but also on the way it is fixed in language.
Contents:
General Introduction
Theoretical Assumptions
Practical Implications
Method
Data Analysis
Results and Discussion
References
From the Paper
"The variety of interpretations of culture and its relationship to language is a theme of continuing and possibly endless debate. Generally speaking, language is not transparent and neutral. It is a site in which beliefs, values and points of view are produced, encoded and contested. Language thus reflects culture, and language and culture are inseparable. Sherzer (1987) views language as cultural and claims that it is language use in discourse that creates, recreates and modifies culture."
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Critical Discourse Analysis, 2005.
This paper is a methodological study using critical discourse analysis to interrogate the assumptions underlying critical race theory in educational research.
25,870 words (approx. 103.5 pages), 92 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses critical discourse analysis (CDA) as used to analyze a Critical Race Theory (CRT) case study, which investigated reflective discourses of three co-directors of a Canadian summer institute on multi-culturalism and diversity. The author points out that CDA analysis of the discourses was undertaken using Clegg's six criteria of language-power discourse within groups and organizations as variables for the analysis: (1) Values, (2) rules, (3) power, (4) discretion, (5) organization and (6) paradox. The paper concludes that CDA, when used in its pure form for CRT analysis, represented a very slow and painstaking task; however, using Cleggs criteria was efficient and yielded flaws in the methodology of the case study approach.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Research Question
Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
Assumptions
Limitations
Delimitations
Literature Review
Introduction
Literature on Educational and Qualitative Research
Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Definition, Types, and Uses of Qualitative Research
Overview of Critical Race Theory (CRT): Its Purposes, Assumptions, and Limitations
Descriptive CRT Literature
Origins of Critical Race Theory (CRT)
The Power of Storytelling
Descriptive Literature on Race and Multiculturalism
Enter "CRT-Light": Public Education Trends of the 1970's and 1980's
The 1990's and Beyond
Review of Critical Race Theory (CRT) Case Studies
Case Study 1: 'Thinking the Practice': Academic Adult Educators' Reflections on Mediating a Summer Institute as a Multicultural Learning Journey for Graduate Students'
Patti's Reflections: 'Walking on Quicksand'
Shahrzad's Reflections: 'Marginality of the 'Subject'; 'Subjectivity' of the Margin
Andre's Reflections: 'The Personal is Pedagogical'
Case Study 2: 'A Critical Race Analysis of Latino(a) and African American Advanced Placement Enrollment in Public High Schools'
Case Study 2's Methodology
Case Study 2 Results
Discussion, Recommendations and Conclusions
Case Study 3: 'Understanding Cheating in Nepal'
Case Study 4: 'The Acceptance of a Multicultural Education among Appalachian College Students'
Survey Instrument Content and Methods
Survey Distribution Methods
Case Study Survey Results
Other CRT Case Studies, Briefly Described
Conclusion
Research Methods
Introduction
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as a Method
Origins of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
Conclusions
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) Used to Interrogate Two Critical Race Theory Case Studies
The Case Study: 'Thinking the Practice': Academic Adult Educators' Reflections on Mediating a Summer Institute as a Multicultural Learning Journey for Graduate Students'
Values
Power
Rules
Discretion
Organization
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The researcher for the present study also believed that ethnographic research elements were strongly present within secondary data for the study. This was because various pieces of both descriptive and case study literature, used as data for the present study, consisted of analysis and interpretation of other researchers' observations of day-to-day activities, over time, of particular groups that were observed first-hand (e.g., graduate students attending a summer institute on diversity; middle school students in Nepal; students in university basic writing and college composition courses). In addition, results of previously-conducted (by other researchers) ethnographic research, e.g., participant observation accomplished by the researcher over time were used, within the present study, as secondary data."
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Discourse in a Computer-Mediated Forum, 2004.
An analysis of discourse in a computer-mediated forum, MSN Zone's Spades Rooms (Lobby).
2,716 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The discourse analysis approach to understanding human communication is used to examine the discourse that takes place in a computer-mediated forum. An overview of the forum is followed by a review of how discourse analysis works and how it can be applied to this research project. A description of the analytic technique is followed by a discussion of the findings and a summary of the research in the conclusion. Relevant appendices with original research findings and explanatory notes are also provided.
From the Paper
"The amount of empirical work employing the discourse analysis approach has increased in recent years, as organizational researchers have embraced the methods established in other domains of study to explore organizations (Hardy, 2001). The discourse analysis approach to understanding human communication described by Wood and Kroger and others is used in this research project to examine the discourse that takes place in a computer-mediated forum."
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Classroom Discourse, 2004.
Discusses the structure of classroom discourse.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an introduction and discussion of classroom discourse. The paper discusses the types of discourse situations in classrooms and analyzes current thinking about classroom discourse.
From the Paper
"Teaching is a demanding profession in which no two students are alike and no two days are alike. Teachers are responsible for motivating, liberating, educating and inspiring their students. Ira Shor, in "Empowering Education", suggests that good teachers do not talk at their students they talk with them. Similarly, a good teacher will not impart information unilaterally to students but will dialogue with students and encourage students to share their opinions. Ideally, such discussions will be simultaneously spontaneous and structured. David Reynolds, in "Educational Review" disagrees with..."
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?Theory of Constraints?, 2002.
A review of the book ?Theory of Constraints? by Eliyahu Goldratt.
1,088 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the book ?Theory of Constraints? by Eliyahu Goldratt and looks at how Goldratt, using his main character Alex Rogo, establishes the idea or premise that the goal of any manufacturing organization is simply to make money. It shows how Goldratt successfully in his work creates the idea that a company must make money and turn a profit to succeed and how the path to this goal is recognition of an organization's constraints, or potential bottlenecks to success. It discusses how his ideas are supported in the field by like minded entrepreneurs that are seeking to realize reduced inventory and profit.
Outline
Introduction
Financial Measurements
Conclusions/Assumptions
Dependent Events/Statistical Fluctuations
Support of Goldratt?s Premises/Ideas
References
From the Paper
"Goldratt establishes three types of financial measurements that he believes are necessary to measure the achievement of the ultimate goal, making money (CBPA, 2003). He studies net profit, ROI and cash flow. Net profit refers to the amount of sales after operating expenses are subtracted (CBPA, 2003). ROI measures net profit as divided by investment and cash flow is according to Goldratt, a ?standard measurement of survival? (CBPA, 2003). Goldratt assumes correctly that financial measurements are critical to measuring the success of the company and progress toward the ultimate goal (Goldratt, 1990). They provide insight as to the conditions currently present in a plant environment, and the conditions necessary to provide a profitable and safe environment."
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Academic Discourse, 2002.
An overview of academic discourse through a review of three different articles.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This five-page paper discusses the importance of academic discourse with reference to articles by three renowned scholars. The students are required to learn a particular form of communication in order to merge with the distinctive fabric of a discipline or academy.
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?Discourse on the Origin of Inequality? by Rousseau, 2002.
This paper discusses Rousseau?s ?Discourse on the Origin of Inequality,? a philosophical work that explains how society came to be and how inequality emerged and existed in the society.
590 words (approx. 2.4 pages), 1 source, $ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Jean Jacques Rousseau?s ?Discourse on the Origin of Inequality of Man?, that focuses on how man came to be different from other animals because of two characteristics: Pity and the need for self-preservation. The paper points out that a careful study of Rousseau?s work shows that man?s natural tendency for survival and self-achievement will drive him to want to dominate others, and that inequality will become the product of humankind?s selfish and self- achieving nature.
From the Paper
"Rousseau defends his primary claim about inequality by explaining how inequality came to be. Of course, Rousseau discusses the nature of man prior to the establishment of the society. Prior to Rousseau?s society, humankind is egalitarian in nature, and survival is only the main reason why people live (self-preservation). However, as time passes, and as man become more acquainted with other people, the need to achieve betterment, or perfectibility, arises; man thus aspire to attain superiority above the others (?In proportion as the human race grew more numerous, men's cares increased. The difference of soils, climate and seasons, must have introduced some differences in their manner of living?). Through this kind of thinking and objective, man becomes unfair individual, and the society that Rousseau talks about is created through the inequality of man."
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Rousseau's Second Discourse, 2002.
A close analysis of Rousseau's 2nd Discourse on inequality.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
A close analysis of Rousseau's 2nd Discourse on Inequality, basically a history of man's social evolution and the development of governments, which places private property at the root of all conflict between humans.
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Legal Discourse and Feminism, 2002.
The paper discusses the way legal practices and discourse are still gender biased towards men.
1,279 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the ways the law defines women's rights and sex equality. The paper explains that despite the growing numbers of female lawyers, current legal discourse remains sexist in its continued reference to "man" as the standard. It also shows how the courts consistently refer to women by their biological disposition, which affects the social perception of females as a whole.
From the Paper
"A feminist oriented theory of discourse must explain how social identities are constructed, how power is contested by the marginalized and how to formulate strategies for social change (McDorman, 1998, p. 27). A feminist perspective of legal discourse challenges our history of gender construction and destruction, which can only be examined for the benefit of society as a whole. One of the greatest goals of feminist jurisprudence is to overcome the "separation between women's socially constructed identities and their unrecognized and undervalued potentials" (McDorman, 1998, p. 27). Because despite the significant advancements made by women since the rejuvenation of the women's movement in the 1970s,the law continues to limit women's rights when compared to those accorded to men based on women's perceived limited physical capabilities (McDorman, 1998, p. 27)."
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Canada's National Discourse, 2006.
A closer look at the Canadian discourse and ethnic, religious and racial minorities.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Canada as a nation that is characterized by its remarkable religious, ethnic and racial diversity. This paper explores how the national discourse of inclusion and tolerance has shaped Canadian politics with respect to immigration, multiculturalism, Aboriginal Canadians and the French Language.
From the Paper
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Bob Dylan and Social Discourse., 2002.
An overview of the Habermasian theory of social discourse and application to the songs od Bob Dylan.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 11 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the Habermasian theory of social discourse and whether or not Bob Dylan fits in its mode. Habermasian is identified and outlined to understand this theory. Bob Dylan's song lyrics are looked at so as to understand whether or not Bob Dylan fits into this theory.
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Fred Block's "Postindustrial Possibilities: A Critique of Economic Discourse", 2007.
This paper analyzes Fred Block's book "Postindustrial Possibilities: A Critique of Economic Discourse", which focuses on economic sociology.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Fred Block in his book "Postindustrial Possibilities: A Critique of Economic Discourse" states that today's society has passed the industrial stage and has moved onto a new nameless stage. The author points out that, according to Block, the postindustrial trends are the increasing importance of services and decreased importance in goods, computer-based automation and a less patriarchal society. The paper relates that, in addition to including traditional economists such as Marx, the social economist Karl Paul Polanyi is referenced often in this book. The author underscores that the book includes ideas of Ruth Cowan, who believes that domestic work is not taken into account in the GNP, which makes the output status somewhat inapt. The paper agrees with Block's conclusion that society desires objects of qualitative over quantitative.
From the Paper
"The chapter on labor showed that skill has actually increased since the 1970s even though robots and computers have been replacing human labor. People today become extremely knowledgeable on very little - we are all specialized. The capacity to work is a socially produced - it is not instinctive. The argument that economists do not properly analyze contemporary production is based on theoretical, empirical, and alternative views to the efficiency of labor."
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Discourse Analysis, 2005.
Explains what discourse analysis means and looks the many different approaches to the subject.
2,681 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there is more than one approach to the subject of discourse analysis and that these approaches are very different with regard to their focus, purpose and techniques.
From the Paper
"As far as focus is concerned, discourse analysis may concentrate on the conclusions of the discourse itself or on the social processes and structure in accordance to which the discourse is constructed. Systemic linguistics approaches are appropriate for the first category, as there is always a very well defined boundary between language and society, with emphasis on the former. On the other hand, the common discourse analysis in sociology and social psychology has a broader focus and usually rejects the artificial distinction between discursive and social actions - since "all discourse is action and all action is discursive"."
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Machiavelli's "Discourse 35", 2005.
This paper discusses the premise that absolute authority corrupts absolutely from Machiavelli's "Discourse 35".
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 0 sources, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, for leaders to be kept subordinate to republican rule, absolute authority must never be concentrated in the hands of one leader or one group of leaders. The author points out that absolute authority can be prevented by setting up a system of governance in which the leaders' powers are checked by other bodies. The paper stresses that Machiavelli understands that, under extraordinary circumstances, absolute authority may need to be granted to a leader for the survival of the republic.
From the Paper
"One way that an office or leadership role can be protected from corruption is to require the person who fills the role to be elected (though not necessary by a popular vote by the plebs). Machiavelli writes, "authority that is seized by violence, not that given by votes, harms republics" (76). In other words, even if an average citizen seized control of a republic, it would be less good for the republic than having a noble elected to the position. If a person seizes control through violent measures, then all power is concentrated in him. He is no longer bound by any other authority, because he has the power to resist it without endangering his position."
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Racist Discourse in Europe, 2002.
Examines Euro-supremacist discourses of expansionism and conquest as a form of racism.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
While the age of empires is apparently long past, this essay will argue that the racist discourse that came into being to reinforce this imperialism remains in existence today. This issue of imperialist/racist discourse, it will be seen, is important, since it functions just as powerfully, yet more subtlety, as the racist colonialism of the past in casting people of non-European backgrounds as inferior.
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