| Papers [1-14] of 14 | Search results on "CRYPTOGRAPHY": |
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Cryptography, 2002.
An overview of the science of cryptography - the creation of a pattern by switching letters around.
2,770 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
Kids decoder rings in cereal boxes, the puzzles in the comic pages of the daily newspapers and high-tech encryption all have something in common, they are all variations of cryptography. The paper shows how, ever since the early days of civilization, people have been trying to encode massages to keep secrets from falling into the hands of the wrong person. Today the science and math of cryptography go way beyond switching letters around according to a certain pattern, but if a person remembers that the basic idea is the same, cryptography can be a fascinating endeavor into math, science, and even into language itself. This paper reviews the history of cryptography and the many things encryption has been used for in the past. It then looks at how encryption is used in modern times and for what purposes. The paper explains cryptography from a mathematical point of view, following the development of encryption and cryptography mathematically. Finally, it looks at the future of this science.
From the Paper
"One of the most important developments came in the form of the Wheel Cipher. The Wheel Cipher was created by Thomas Jefferson, possibly with the help of Dr. Robert Patterson, a mathematician at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1913, Captain Parket Hitt reinvented the Wheel Cipher in strip form. This lead to the creation M-138 -A, used in World War II. Just a few years later in 1916, Major Joseph O. Mauborgne ut Hitt?s strip cipher back into the wheel form, strengthened the alphabet construction, and produced the device that would lead to the M-94 cipher device. These devices, along with encryption courtesy of the Navajo people, helped the allies defeat Germany, Japan, and Italy in World War II."
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Cryptography ., 2002.
An overview of the use of cryptography to secure data.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This five-page paper is on "Using cryptography to secure data". It includes the description, the advantages, disadvantages and the examples of symmetric cryptography, asymmetric cryptography, block cipher and stream cipher.
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Cryptography, 2002.
An insight into the use of cryptography in data security.
724 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes cryptography, the encryption or transformation of data into some unreadable form in order to ensure privacy by keeping the information hidden from anyone for whom it is not intended. It provides a brief overview of cryptography, discusses methods of encryption and description and examines cryptographic protection in Microsoft Windows 2000 as an example of cryptography utilization.
From the Paper
"Cryptography is the study of mathematical techniques related to aspects of information security such as confidentiality, data integrity, entity authentication, and data origin authentication. It is defined as the science of protecting data. Cryptographic mechanisms help organizations provide a complete suite of security services. The fundamental goal of cryptography is to adequately address systems and information security in the prevention and detection of cheating and malicious activities."
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Quantum Cryptography, 2007.
An overview of the use of and the theory behind quantum cryptography.
1,906 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how quantum cryptography is a fast growing form of encryption that is not based upon the difficulty of mathematical algorithms and instead employs quantum physics to encrypt information on the physical level. It emphasizes the need for an innovative cipher as well as the need to inform the IT community regarding the commercial application of quantum cryptography. It also provides a broad overview of the quantum cryptographic protocol and operation using fiber optic media.
From the Paper
"The integrity of information between sender and receiver relies upon secure channels and more importantly the ability to protect the information from unauthorized recipients. The transmission of information can be compromised when a third party listens in on the transmission media measuring the physical object. Consequently, the eavesdropper can effectively intercept the contents of a communication. Certain types of classical cryptography have proven vulnerable to the interception of data and the incident can remain undetected during the entire transmission. This idea of a man-in-the-middle attack on communication media using quantum cryptography is not possible due to the laws of quantum mechanics. Quantum superposition's and quantum entanglement are two properties of quantum physics used to detect eavesdropping. "
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Cryptography, 2005.
A discussion of the history of cryptography.
2,014 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of cryptography, explaining that it can be divided into two branches, transposition and substitution. The writer explains how knowledge of cryptography has spread and its uses today.
From the Paper
"In transposition, letters in the message is rearranged, generating it into an anagram. Transposition has a weakness in that small words have a small number of ways it can be rearranged, which makes deciphering messages with very few letters easy; deciphering messages with a large number of letters would be nearly impossible since there may be millions of combinations that the message can form. The alternative to transposition is substitution. One of the earliest uses of a substitution cipher is the Caesar Shift Cipher, where messages were encoded by replacing each letter in the alphabet with the letter three places along. A cipher or encryption method is a procedure method for altering a plaintext message into cipher text by changing the letters of the plaintext using a transformation."
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Cryptography, 2004.
An overview of the science of data encryption, a technology that provides for a safe, secure, and private information exchange.
4,914 words (approx. 19.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 124.95
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Abstract
The rapid advancement of technology, particularly in the telecommunication and computer sector, has brought a paradigm shift to our communication methodology. The Internet has revolutionized the world of communication, and today we are living in a global village without any geographical limitations. This paper shows that the change in business methodology indicated by the unprecedented growth of e-commerce is not without its problems. The loopholes in the new technology provide a fertile ground for miscreant elements. Hackers are on the increase, and the Net seems not all that safe and confidential. This paper discusses cryptography, which is the science of data encryption, a technology that provides for a safe, secure, and private information exchange. Cryptography has evolved from its primitive form, and today it is studied as a separate subject. Encryption has become an integral part of our security provisions, and it provides for safe transmissions through a path infested with hackers and snoopers and other kinds of offenders who use their technical expertise to intrude into and threaten the privacy and confidentiality of our vital data. The paper discusses the application of cryptography, with a brief overview of the basic mathematics and the different algorithms.
Paper Outline
Thesis
Introduction
Basic Encryption Methods
Transposition
Key Based Encryption
Symmetric Key Encryption
Public Key Encryption
Socket Security Layer
Encryption Standard
Crypto Algorithms
Stream Ciphers
Frequency Analysis
Block Ciphers
Electronic Code Book Mode
Cipher Block Chaining
Cipher Feedback
Output Feedback (OFB Mode)
Key length and Security
Basic Mathematics of Cryptography
Arriving at the Decryptor
Random Numbers and Key Security
The Need for Encryption
Attacks on Medical Records
Attacks on the Pentagon
Future of Encryption Technology
Quantum Cryptography
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Block ciphers operate on a block of plain text and encrypt them with a key of a particular length to yield a block of cipher text. For this purpose the given string is divided into blocks and encryption algorithm is applied to the individual blocks. The DES is currently one of the best-known block ciphers and also the standard followed by the American government for the past twenty years. Obviously problems arise when we try to use the same crypto key for identical blocks of plain text. This reveals clear pattern in the transmitted cryptogram making it easy for the hacker to decrypt the message. The essential property of a successful algorithm is the need to produce cryptograms without any obvious patterns that can be related to the individual blocks of the plain text."
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Cryptography, 2004.
This paper discusses the use of cryptology, the science of writing secret messages using ciphers and codes.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the ancient ?art? of keeping a secret, cryptography, has joined the age of technology, computerization, and intergalactic communication. The author points out that the government agencies entrusted with maintaining security in the United States have not followed a strictly open path in limiting public access to cryptographic methods. The paper relates that, with the Financial Anti-Terrorism Act, passed in October of 2001, restrictions on surveillance have been reduced, while penalties for low-level computer intrusion are greatly increased.
From the Paper
"In the late 1970s, American cryptographers were busy working within the quickly evolving world of the Internet. ?This academic revolution--the development of a public science of cryptography and a resulting colloquy about it--was accompanied by a similar, equally dramatic revolution on the microcomputer front. The result: Ordinary people with desk top PCs could encrypt their messages or data to a degree that only governments could have achieved not long before? (Godwin 45). Maintaining secrets had come to be seen as ?collecting intelligence?, a service provided by a number of government agencies in the United States. Military ?intelligence? has also always had the extra burden of maintaining secrets in order to save lives. Probably every nation on earth gathers information concerning the political and military status of other nations."
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Electronic Banking, 1997.
Examined in terms of its features, uses, advantages of debit cards, smart cards, cryptography, computers. Includes examples.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 13 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"ELECTRONIC BANKING
Introduction
This research reviews the trends in electronic banking. Debit cards, so-called ?smart cards? (such as Mondex), and other trends in the application of information technology are reviewed...'
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Providing for Secure E-mail, 2000.
An overview of the problems of email security, including a description of some methods of cryptography and some products available as a solution.
1,517 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 49.95
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From the Paper
"The increasing number of personal e-mails and file transfers creates corresponding escalating concern for e-mail privacy and security issues. These problems plague individuals as well as companies of all sizes; a recent survey sponsored by the International Computer Security Association indicated that the number of companies spending more than $1 million USD annually on security rose 92 percent from 1999 to 2000. "
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E-Commerce and Security, 2001.
Concerns re: internet security, role of cryptography, how various types function to maintain secure internet transactions.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"As e-commerce becomes integrated into the daily activities of businesses and consumers, there is increased concern about security and the Internet. This research examines the importance of the issue and the role that cryptography can play in computer security.
Importance of Security to E-Commerce
In addition to millions of consumers around the world who buy and sell on the Internet, banking is also becoming an increasingly popular activity for consumers. In 1999, analysts estimated that more than two million consumers (or approximately two percent of all American households) used the Internet to pay bills. It was estimated that there are 5.8 Americans who use the Internet to conduct on-line transactions, and of these, 1.3 million use the Internet to..."
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Information Technology, 2006.
This paper is an extensive discussion of information technology (IT) as it relates to strategic management.
18,275 words (approx. 73.1 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the definition of information technology and the manner in which it is used by focusing on several pertinent issues related to the successful implementation of information systems within organizations. The author points out thriving IT implementations at several corporations, including General Electric, Cisco Systems and Apple, as well as the techniques of three CEOs, who have guided the development of IT within their companies. The paper examines current and future information systems trends. The paper includes several long quotations and charts.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Introduction of Computer Systems
Definition of IT
E-mail
Internet
Extranet
Intranet
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Current Usage of IT
Use of Information Technology in Problem Solving
IT and Corporate Strategy
Relation between IT And Corporate Strategy
Current Theory Relating IT and Corporate Strategy
Success of General Electronics, Cisco systems and Apple computer
General Electric (GE)
SWOT Analysis of GE
Cisco Systems
SWOT Analysis of Cisco
Apple Computers
SWOT Analysis Apple Computer
Strategy of Jack Welch, Carol Bartz and Steve Jobs
Jack Welch
Carol Bartz
Steve Jobs
Effect of Investments on IT systems
Financial Theories
Probability Theory
Real Options Theory
The Strategic Objectives of an ROI Analysis
The Place of the Proposed IT Investment in the Overall Enterprise
Technology Infrastructure
Business Processes
Organizational Environment
External Relationships
Choosing the Right Type of Analysis
Financial
Effectiveness
How the ROI Analysis Fits into IT Investments
Data Collection of ROI in IT Sector
Application of IT and IT Changes
IT for Internal Operation
IT for Business Units and Synergy Effect
IT for Products
Conclusion
Current Trend
Forecasting Future Trend
Improvements
Types of Security
Cryptography and Encryption
Authentication
Network Architecture and Physical Security
Firewalls and Perimeter Security
Wireless Network Security
Benefits of Accepting Dynamic IT System Rather Than Stable Business Environment
Limitations of Study
From the Paper
"The authors explain that there are many different strategies that can be used to integrate IT with the corporate strategy. However the initial step is always to identify the company's business objectives and existing corporate strategy. Therefore SISP is always based on the existing strategy. For instance, a basic tenant of Information Engineering is "if the business objectives do not change then the data the organization needs to use and the functions it needs to carry out will not change . . . therefore we can model the enterprise."' If no strategy is apparent, SIS planners are advised to create one ."
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Cipher Technology and the Enigma Machine, 2002.
A paper about the history of cipher technology focusing on the development, use and detailed description of the Enigma machine during WWII.
4,600 words (approx. 18.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
A study of Crytography, the science of mesage encryption. It discusses the history of cryptography and its development during World War II. It discusses the Enigma machine and carefully details its instructions for use. It also discusses cracking the Enigma and includes examples of this in history. This paper analyzes the Enigma and concludes that all codes will eventually be cracked by dedicated and bright Cryptanalysts no matter how complex the algorithm. Also, security is more than just having a brilliant machine. It was not the Enigma that failed in World War II, it was human error.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background and Early Cipher Technology
The Enigma Machine
Receiving Instructions
Cracking the Enigma
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cryptography can thought of as the science of message encryption. The battle between Cryptographers (code makers) and Cryptanalysts (code breakers) has been waged since 3000 BC as each tries to outwit the other. Cryptography is essential in performing secure transactions, governing countries and commanding armies. The threat of messages being decrypted has been the motivation for cryptographers to develop new, more complex algorithms in hopes of temporarily staying one step ahead of the Cryptanalysts. Likewise, the motivation for breaking codes can be the difference between winning a war and losing it. As a result, the coder breakers and their computers rose to prominence during their battle in World War II versus the Enigma cipher machine."
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E-Money, 2002.
This paper discusses the issues around the development of E-money (also called electronic money, digital money or digital cash), the economic base and monetary policy.
2,825 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper defines E-money as spendable balances represented by digits on a bank's balance sheet. The paper discusses that E-money can not become standard currency until the public understands the concept and feels comfortable in using the technology and until the emergence of cryptography, the ability to make the transactions secure and unbreakable. The author believes that financial markets will have to develop new internal regulations, banks will have to adjust their style of business and the federal government will have to rethink the status of its monetary policy to keep control of the monetary base.
Table of Content
Abstract
Why Did Money Develop?
New Advances in Payment Systems
Why the Advances to get rid of Fiat Currency?
What is E- Money?
E-money and Government Regulation
E-money and Government Taxation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the last thirty to forty years, major advances in payment systems and abilities have revolutionized the way most Americans and Europeans pay for goods and services. In the early 1950's, a new type of card emerged that enabled people to pay for goods and services without actually transferring any type of fiat currency or commodity, the Diners Club payment card. It was the first card that enabled individuals to pay for their lunch or dinner just by signing a piece of paper."
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Bell?s Inequality, 2002.
An insight into Bell?s Theorem (Bell?s Inequality) of quantum theory.
2,115 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the work of the physicist John Bell, who's great recognized achievement occurred during the 1960s when he brought new life into the foundations of quantum theory. It examines how Bell demonstrated that discussion of such concepts as 'realism', 'determinism' and 'locality' could be formed into a rigorous mathematical statement, 'Bell's Theorem?, which is capable of experimental test. It looks at how his work has become a point of interest for scientists throughout the world who have found applications not only in quantum theory, but in investigations of the physical universe as well and how current applications of Bell?s Inequality have been found in the development of quantum computing and quantum cryptography.
From the Paper
"Quantum mechanics, however, fails to satisfy Bell's Inequality. He predicts correlations that cross over boundaries that are delineated by the structure of that inequality. Quantum mechanics predicts ?odd? correlations that seem to defy a common, classical conception of reality, and in fact it is for basically this type of reason that Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen argued in 1935 that it was incomplete. The formulation of Bell's Inequality, however, allowed the possibility for determining, through experiment, which was right: quantum mechanics or a local reality theory of the sort Einstein postulated, because it stated what must be the case in our experiments if a locally real theory is correct."
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