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Cross-Country Mergers, 2002.
Examines the cultural variables of cross-country mergers, using Gilette as an example of a successful merger.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
Cross-country mergers occur when a company acquires another company that is based overseas. When this occurs, it becomes necessary for the company that is coming into the foreign country to learn about the local culture and adapt to it in as many ways as possible. If a company ignores local culture, it is courting failure. Gillette is a prime example of a company that has been successful with cross-country mergers and has created international success for itself. By adapting to local cultures and promoting Gillette as a local company in whatever areas it does business, Gillette has followed the principles of international success, and its worldwide brand name recognition and billions of dollars in annual sales are proof that this strategy works.
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Cross-Cultural Mergers, 2007.
This paper explores the elements involved in a successful merger between companies.
2,098 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper examines culture influence as well as strategic management practices that are necessary in order to achieve a winning merger between companies. The paper looks at why cultures clash and explains the difference between high and low context cultures. The paper also discusses the need for a strong cross-cultural management that cultivates cultural intelligence and diversity awareness. The paper looks at the GLOBE project that tries to predict, understand and describe the impact of culture and leadership across the world through particular cultural variables. Finally, the paper utilizes the case of Alcatel-Lucent, a telecommunications company that merged out of two companies, Alcatel and Lucent Technologies, in 2006. The paper shows how they succeeded in merging two separate cross cultural companies into one single successful French-American company.
From the Paper
"A merger can be defined as two companies that combine to form one single company to reach lower costs and higher productivity. A merger may be sought by companies for a number of different reasons. Companies may want to increase their market share by merging with their major competitors to dominate the market. Companies may also want to merge with each other to create different or complimentary products (Beck 1)."
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Cross-Country Merger, 2002.
Discusses the merger between the two automobile companies, Daimler and Chrysler.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper reports on the success of the merger bewteen Daimler and Chrysler and why it considered succesful.
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Cross-Border Negotiations and Mergers, 2007.
An analysis of the effect of culture in cross-border negotiations, mergers and acquisitions.
3,379 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 25 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, as the world has evolved into a global marketplace, companies are increasingly looking outside of their borders for business opportunities and how more and more companies are conducting business abroad to achieve their financial aspirations and growth. This paper examines how culture plays a major part in cross-border negotiations and mergers and acquisitions. Several ways that culture can affect negotiations are discussed and several types of training and awareness of different cultures are presented. Geert Hofstede's dimensions of culture are also explained. Finally, the paper examines four countries whose negotiating styles are vastly different from the negotiating styles of United States business persons.
From the Paper
"Although negotiations between the same or very similar cultures may be difficult, negotiations with a different culture are more difficult. Business environments differ, including differences in local laws, regulations, foreign exchange rates and government controls. International deals also cross cultures. Cross-border deals include both opportunity and risk. Factoring cultural differences into the negotiation process to increase the likelihood of success has long been a critical issue with international deals. Globalization has led to cultural differences to be more important (Cellich & Jain, 2004, p. 11). It is imperative that negotiators conducting business abroad be familiar with the culture of the country they are doing business with. "
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Country-of-Origin Labeling, 2006.
An examination of country-of-origin issues in marketing.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper studies how country-of-origin (COO) issues impact marketing. The paper uses the merger between Chrysler and Daimler as a case study. The paper asks how COO issues have affected decisions by consumers to purchase American brand cars.
From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the subject of country-of-origin labeling in marketing terms The plan of the research will be to set forth the historical context in which this topic has taken on significance to marketers..."
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Mega-Mergers, 2004.
An extensive analysis on the merger and acquisition phenomenon in the financial services industry.
7,864 words (approx. 31.5 pages), 37 sources, MLA, $ 170.95
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Abstract
This study, while focusing on mega-mergers, examines the merger and acquisition phenomenon and proposes an explanation for the same. This research evaluates why stakeholders support mergers when the post mortem data suggest that most mergers are failures. Where applicable, the paper points to other industries that have parallel issues to the financial industry but the financial services industry seems to be ahead in the merger mania.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE - Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Hypotheses
Purpose of the Study
CHAPTER TWO - Literature Review
Mergers on the Rise
Is There Actually a Problem?
Why We Undertake Mergers
Globalization
Deregulation
Technological Changes
Scale Economies
Mega-Mergers
Bank Mergers and Acquisitions
What Can Make Mergers Fail
What Happens When Mergers Fail
Definition of Terms
CHAPTER THREE - Methodology
Data Gathering Method
Limitations and Validity Issues
Validity of Data
Originality and Limitation of Data
References
From the Paper
"For various reasons, continuous growth is esteemed a desirable goal by company decision-makers. It seems to be very nearly a universal law that biological life begins to end when an organism's period of growth ends; it's all downhill from there. It follows that continuous growth will ensure a firm's eternal life. In other words, no firm can succumb to countervailing forces if it is always growing. Whether this is actually true is debatable; however, it seems true, and this is what makes it an important motivator for management. Growth itself can be undertaken not only for its own sake (the company should always be growing, no matter what) but also to solve certain business problems."
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Cross-Media and Foreign Ownership Laws, 2007.
This paper discusses Australia's relaxation of cross-media and foreign ownership laws.
4,270 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that 2007 Australian business reforms welcome foreign media players and allow local media groups, already in place, to merge into cross-media ownership: the simultaneous ownership of television, radio and newspaper licenses and other media platforms. The author points out that the main purpose of these reforms are to maximize the business benefits of the operations of media. The paper stresses that media ownership around the world is seen as a reflection of a nation's political conditions, such as democratic countries by rights allow pluralism of ownership as exemplified by the more liberal foreign ownership laws and cross-media mergers in U.K., Canada, Germany, New Zealand and Japan.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Foreign Ownership of Media
Cross-Media Transactions
Rationale for Reform
Framework of Reform
Global Trends in Media Deregulation
Discussion and Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are no existing restrictions on media ownership for both foreign and local entities in New Zealand, Sweden and Finland. Japan previously prohibited a single firm from owning more than one TV stations but this law had been lifted. Italy and Germany are an interesting study since both countries have sternly avoided the concentration of media ownership in a few hands but this rule is followed more in the breach than in the observance. In the US, cross-media ownership of a TV license, radio franchise and newspaper is not allowed for a single person, especially in markets with three TV stations or less."
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Mergers and Acquisitions, 2007.
Presents an overview of mergers and acquisitions, looking at what they are, their advantages and disadvantages and why they take place.
870 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper defines mergers and acquisitions and their benefits and costs. The paper examines reasons behind these transactions and the advantage of using cash as opposed to stock as the currency for the acquisition. The paper details the financial risks of merging with or acquiring an organization in another country and explores how those risks could be mitigated.
Outline:
What Are Mergers? What Are Acquisitions?
Benefits and Costs of Mergers and Acquisitions
"Sensible" and "Dubious" reasons for Mergers and Acquisitions
Financing: Cash versus Stock
Financial Risks of Merging With or Acquiring an Organization in Another Country
From the Paper
"When one company takes over another company and clearly established itself as the new owner of the larger entity, this is called an acquisition. The swallowed-up entity has officially and legally ceased to exist. During an official merger, both companies' stocks are surrendered and new company stock is issued to shareholders, although quite often, rather than a merger of equals, one company dominates the other company during and after the merger."
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Merger and Acquisition, 2008.
A discussion on the impact of mergers on organizations and organizational cultures, specifically in the case of the Sears-Kmart merger.
2,496 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This article discusses mergers and acquisitions relative to their impact or effect on organizations and organizational cultures. It describes the need for organizational leaders to devise an effective strategy for mitigating the negative effects that mergers or acquisitions have on one or both organizations prior to the combination, as well as the effect on the resulting single organizational entity. The paper presents the case of the merger between Sears and Kmart and relates its discussions to that merger.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Merger and Acquisition: Combination Cultures in Combined Organizations
Overview
Product Life Cycles and M&A
Organizational Complexities
Sears-Kmart Merger
Conclusion
From the Paper
"With its long history and many mall anchor locations, Sears, prior to the merger, was increasingly suffering from a drop in traffic and had already been experimenting with off-mall locations, such as the Sears Grand concept: "Several hundred premium Kmart stores...will be converted to stand-alone Sears stores. Sears has been interested in locating stores away from its traditional mall sites and moving closer to customers" (Smith, 2004, para.9). Clearly, Sears' leadership, even prior to the merger, recognized that its department store format and business model was, while perhaps not dead, not particularly relevant in a global economy that had changed the way the retail industry transacted business."
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Cross-Dressing, 2004.
An explanation of the psychology of cross-dressing and how it effects the cross-dresser, family, and friends.
1,407 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
A discussion of the human sexuality of cross-dressing as it relates to psychology. The paper investigates the findings published in several books and journals concerning cross-dressing. The research also focuses on the treatments that are available for individuals that cross-dress and their families. The paper begins by defining cross-dressing and the psychological factors that can lead to the behavior.
From the Paper
"Defining Cross Dressing can be a rather arduous task because it is a complex subject. One of the main topics that come to mind when addressing the subject is gender identity. (Bullough) A book entitled, Cross Dressing, Sex and Gender, explains that gender identity ?is the total perception of the individual about his or her own gender. It includes a basic personal identity as a boy or girl, man or woman, as well as personal judgments about the individual's level of conformity to the societal norms of masculinity and femininity.? (Bullough). The author goes on to explain that gender roles or the way that men and women are seen in society, can also contribute to cross dressing behavior."
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"The Cross of Christ", 2006.
This paper examines Stott's book, "The Cross of Christ" that explores the meaning behind the Cross and Christ's death.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper maintains that Stott's book, "The Cross of Christ," is an important book. For those Christians who want to further explore the meaning behind the Cross and behind Christ's death, it is a thought-provoking resource. The paper explains how Stott makes a very good case for the Cross being more than simply important, but rather that it is a vital part of Christianity. Without the Cross, Stott argues that Christianity as we know it would not exist. The paper is of the opinion that after reading this book, it is difficult to argue with this perspective.
From the Paper
"John R. W. Stott takes the position that the Cross is essential to Christianity. He makes his convincing argument by dividing the discussion into four parts, discussing the Cross as a symbol, the need for forgiveness, the spiritual benefits that the Cross has provided to believers and finally, on the practical and earthly teachings that the Cross can offer. Stott does not have all the answers on the subject of Christ's Cross. However, the book is a thoughtful and complex study offering suggestions on the subject of the Cross upon which Christ died. The Cross is important, Stott states, because it performs more than the single function of being the method of execution favored by the Romans."
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Merger Activity, 2001.
This paper discusses reasons why firms may find it advantageous to merge and consequences of merger activity.
2,099 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 9 sources, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates and explains why firms find it advantageous to merge, and also provides the consequences of merger activity. A definition and types of mergers are discussed along merger motives and there disadvantages. The author provides examples of different companies in different industries throughout the paper to support the arguments.
From the Paper:
"In order to discuss why firms find it beneficial to merge, as well as looking at the potential consequences, it must be understood what the term merger means along with the different types in existence. The term merger is loosely used to indicate any combination of two companies. However a more detailed definition would be that a merger allows the assets and liabilities of the selling company to be transferred to and absorbed by the buying corporation. Mergers are a significant part of corporate strategy."
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Sprint and Nextel Merger, 2007.
A analysis of the implications of the merger of communications companies, Sprint and Nextel.
2,111 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the merger of the two telecom companies - Sprint and Nextel into Sprint Nextel - a major communication provider. It describes the merged company's aim to offer a wide-ranging array of innovative products of both wireless and wire line services to consumers, business and government customers. The paper also discusses the reasons for the merger and its expected outcomes and describes the financial implications of the merger for the companies involved.
Table of Contents:
Merger Acquisition Of Sprint And Nextel And Current Partnership
The Reason For The Merger And The Expectations They Had And The Outcomes Of The Expectations
Companies Financial Position
Financial Position Before Merger
Financial Position During Merger
Financial Position After Merger Which Is Its Current Position
Appendix
From the Paper
"The merger between the two companies augured well which was reflected in the second quarter of 2006. During that period, the combined revenue earnings were reported to be $10.0 billion which is a rise of 76% on a reported basis compared to the corresponding figures for the previous year. The consolidated adjusted OIBDA of $3.2 billion went up 10% compared to the second quarter of 2005 pro-forma results. During the quarter, the company recorded robust sequential and year-to-year improvements in the adjusted OIBDA margins in wireless and long distance businesses. The year-to-year consolidated free cash flow provided by continuing operations was $1.6 billion. During the quarter the diluted Earnings per Share -- EPS from the existing operations were 10 cents as against 22 cents per share for the second quarter of 2005. (Sprint Nextel Reports Q2) The financial highlights of the merged Sprint Nextel showing Sales, Income, Net Profit Margin, Return on Equity, Debt Equity Ratio & the Revenue earnings are stated in Annexure -'A'.(Sprint Nextel Corporation Highlights)"
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Mergers and Acquisitions, 2006.
A look at mergers and acquisitions (M&A) as a competitive strategy that enterprises undertake for varying reasons.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 0 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and how they are financed. Particularly focus is paid to financing via stock swaps, cash and stock, and leveraged buyouts as well as hostile takeovers. The Sears-Kmart merger is used as an illustrative example of M&A activity while risk mitigation is included at the conclusion of the document. In the final analysis companies need to be prepared to walk away from a cross border merger or acquisition.
From the Paper
"From one perspective they are viewed as an excellent way to achieve growth and market share without extensive resources dedicated to organically growing the enterprise, while on the other hand they can also be viewed as a competitive strategy to remove a market threat (Mastracchio & Zunitch, 2002). In any event, M&A has come to be associated with a specific category of corporate finance and management that involves either merging two companies into one or in an outright purchase of another company. In either case, M&A requires extensive due diligence that involves extreme examination of the each company's accounting records and financial reports in an effort to avoid any liability concerns following the M&A activity."
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Hewlett Packard-Compaq Merger, 2002.
A look at the merging of two companies - Hewlett Packard and Compaq Merger.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the merger of the aforementioned companies. It looks at the history behind the merger and opposition to it. It mentions the corporate staff involved and lists the events leading up to the merger. It deals with the position of stock holders and lists the benefits of the merger. The paper concludes with a look at how the merger has been accepted by the market.
From the Paper
"Hewlett Packard is a Houston based corporation that has a reputation for selling computer accessories, such as printers, calculators, electronic notebooks, computer software, etc? Compaq headquarters is a Dallas based corporation, headquarters in Plano TX, that sells mainly computers. Carly Fiornia, HP?S CEO, decided that in a rapidly changing economy, the company would be more productive by merging together and combining into one big company."
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