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Criminology Theories, 2007.
This paper discusses four criminological theories and explanations for crime.
1,824 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews, in chronological order, four significant criminological theories - early biological theory as championed by Cesare Lombroso, ecological theory as made popular by the Chicago School, Merton's Economic Strain theory, and feminist criminological theory emphasizing a "gendered" approach to understanding crime - and illustrates how each succeeding theory was either indebted to the one before it or produced in response to the one which came before. Every bit as meaningfully, the paper takes a closer look at the social or intellectual trends/fashions which made it possible for new, divergent theories to achieve prominence even when pre-existing theories seemed unshakable in their primacy. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the field of criminology is fertile, evolutionary and ceaselessly dynamic.
Outline:
Abstract
Criminological Theories: The Emergence and Evolution of Four Theoretical Explanations for Crime
From the Paper
"Quite simply, whatever its shortcomings, early biological theory was a welcome respite from doctrinaire "free will" explanations of crime which had largely dominated the intellectual landscape up until the last quarter of the nineteenth century. In light of this fact, his work should be understood and appreciated within its historical context and not judged wholly by the criminological standards of today."
"Although his contribution to criminology was most welcome, it was not long before a number of academics began to call his findings into question. The most famous of all these dissenters was not an individual, per se, but a school. Specifically, criminologists in the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago became the chief advocates of a new criminological theory known as ecological crime theory ..."
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Criminology Theories, 2007.
This paper discusses criminology theories and looks at how they help prevent crime and reduce criminal behaviors.
1,122 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two criminology theories and holds them against the current social phenomena of adolescent substance abuse. The writer explores the relevant theories. The writer notes that as mankind continues to study the criminal element, it continues to develop theories that can be applied to criminal behavior. The writer then explains that two well known criminal theories are labeling and social bonding. In each of these theories there are markers to help explain some of the behavior patterns when it comes to adolescents and substance abuse. The writer points out that it is important to understand how these theories impact the problem, so that future attempts can be made to proactively prevent substance abuse.
Outline:
Introduction
Labeling Theory
Social Bond Theory
Relating Theory to Social Issue
Influence
From the Paper
"In a recent study regarding the labeling theory, adolescent participants were asked if they had received labels from professionals and asked if their families and friends had labeled them, and if so what the labels were. The adolescent's encounters with juvenile courts, social workers and substance abuse programs were also recorded to determine if the label theory supported the participants' background and labeling.
The study concluded that being labeled with a negative label, can create negative behaviors in adolescence.
In addition, the participants did record a higher level of drug use if they had received negative labeling from professionals and personal interactions."
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| Term Paper # 55772 |
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Criminology Theory, 2002.
How criminology theories help police work.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This seven-page undergraduate paper discusses the existence and history of criminology theory and how it can be utilized by police professionals in today's society.
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Criminology Theories, 2002.
A look at various theories expounding why juveniles commit violent crimes.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This research paper critically examines and contrasts a number of appropriate psychological and sociological theories concerning why young people perpetrate violent crimes.
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Criminology Theory, 2008.
This paper discusses criminological theory and family patterns of substance abuse, focusing on the article "Drugs in the Blood" by Adrian Nicole LeBlanc.
1,670 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the author relates that the occurrence of community crime is very rarely isolated or phenomenological. The author goes on to say that the involvement of individuals, communities and demographics in drug-dealing, substance abuse, gang violence and legal maladjustment of all variety does not occur in a vacuum, but is likely to be the product of patterned conditioning and sociological stimuli. Additionally, the author explains that a set of circumstances contextualizing a person, a family and a neighborhood will not just have a formative impact on the way the individual is able to integrate into mainstream society, but will likewise influence the decisions, behaviors and consequences shaping his future. The writer then discusses these points through an examination of Nicole LeBlanc's 2002 article, "Drugs in the Blood", and the young man, Drew, around whom the article centers.
From the Paper
"Such models as Merton's Strain Theory help to provide a sociological basis for articulating the circumstances facing Drew and many individuals found in environments similar to his. His family life is distinguished, according to LeBlanc's article, by the chemical dependencies afflicting his mother and his father. Likewise, the only form of institutional structure which seems to consistently appear in his life is correctional incarceration. With his mother in and out of prison for drug-dealing and he himself occasionally ensnared on offenses of the same nature, it is apparent that exposure to criminality is commonplace for Drew. This commonness serves to categorize Drew's condition under the Merton model, implying that there are contextual reasons rather than individual ones for the deviance from accepted social behavior which will be displayed by the person in question."
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Criminological Theories, 2005.
A review and discussion regarding four different criminal theories: differential association theory, strain theory, routine activity theory, and a feminist theory.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines four critical theories that have been developed in order to study criminal behavior in human societies. Each of the theories discussed in this paper have been chosen from a wide list of options and are part of a separate classification group. The four theories that this paper identifies are differential association theory, strain theory, routine activity theory, and a feminist theory.
From the Paper
"Criminology is a wide field devoted to the theoretical study of crime, of its causes, of its relationship to the law, and of its relationship to human communities. In a way, crime affects all human societies at very fundamental levels. That such a powerful force should spawn a critical discipline devoted to its study is not surprising. Once it became an academic discipline it is even less surprising that critics and theorists have been unable to agree upon a theoretical framework that encompasses all aspects of criminology. Instead, criminology has been divided, over the years, into a number of critical theories that sometimes complement one another and other times are at odds with each other."
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Criminological Theories, 2007.
An analysis of the various theories of criminal behavior and their implications.
1,904 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses some of the theories of criminology that attempt to discover the nature and causes of criminal behavior. It describes and discusses the classical approach of criminal behavior, the so called hard-determinism theories, the neo-classical theory, the positivist theory, the functionalist explanation and the labeling theory. The paper concludes that there is still much need of research and interpretation in order to find satisfying answers.
From the Paper
"Opposing this view is the labeling theory. It takes a distinctive approach from the functionalist models by emphasizing the negative consequences categorizing human actions in the criminal system. One of the most important figures of this theory, Leslie White, considers that attaching different labels to humans has deep consequences over future behavior. (White, 1969) It has a double role. On the one hand, it shows the way in which the society perceives him as an individual and on the other, the way in which he interprets the meaning of the symbol. Mead argues in this respect the fact that there can be certain contradictions between the two perspectives and thus conflict may arise. (Mead, 1934) However, there are opinions that do not consider labeling to be a source for criminal behavior, Triplett arguing that labeling alone does not cause delinquent behavior, but must be associated with the reward system in which the individual operates. (Triplett, 1990) A moderate stand is taken by Lemert who considers that labeling cannot offer an explanation to primary deviance but to secondary ones. (Lemert, 1967) Labeling encourages the definition of certain attitudes in consideration of subjective norms that can alienate the individual and can push him towards recidivating."
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Criminological Theory, 2005.
An application of the criminological theories of several thinkers.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an application of the criminological theories of Glueck, Shaw, Mckay, Cullen, and Marx to a real world criminological issue facing a police department. The paper concludes there are a variety of approaches to understanding the manifestations of crime.
From the Paper
"This paper will attempt to solve a real-world problem facing a police department by analyzing it through the spectrum of some of the seminal minds in the field of criminology. The problem that will be analyzed is as ..."
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Personal Criminological Theory, 2007.
A description of the writer's personal criminological theory, explaining the occurrence of crime and why people commit crimes.
724 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the writer's perspective of criminological theory. It focuses on why people commit crimes and why people act the way that they do. It then describes the variables that the writer would consider and the methodologies he would use in order to evaluate his theory. The paper concludes that there are many theories that can assist in determining the reasons why things happen and there will be many more theories that will either agree or disagree with previous theorists.
From the Paper
"Criminological theories in my perspective are theories from various individuals who have experience or education in criminal justice, sociology, psychology, science or biology. This is due to being able to read people behaviors and understand the mindset of why individuals would commit crimes. I believe everyone who had a theory studied and observed different cultures, communities, and family parenting to get the proof he or she needed to show that their theory has some merit. "Then others tested the theory and either added or improved the findings by using more sufficient information through their research. In other words, criminological theory is the study of criminal thinking and criminal behavior. If criminological and theory is broken down, it gives the definitions of theory is a speculation or abstract thought or contemplation, an ideal of or belief about something arrived through speculation, and a scientific principle to explain phenomena (Webster's New World, 2002). Criminological is the sociological study of crime, criminals and punishment of criminals (Webster's New World, 2002)."
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Theories of Criminology, 2008.
This paper discusses and explains different theories of criminology.
1,134 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that in the field of criminology, various theories have been advanced to explain why people commit crimes. The writer notes that more manageable and more conventional is the listing of theories provided by Victor Jupp, which posits four theories: biological, social bonding, social structure and psychological bonding. Jupp points out that these four theories reflect the learning of different intellectual disciplines and come to widely different opinions about the individual criminal, but are all directed to the common question - why do people commit crimes? The writer concludes that while each of these theories offers some insight, there is a frustrating difficultly in criminology. The writer maintains that although criminology may be able to explain why certain people have committed certain crimes, it is frustratingly less effective at discerning how one might commit crimes and how to prevent them.
From the Paper
"The biological theory and the social bonding theory both assume that the individual develops into a criminal because of inborn factors. Lombroso and his followers contend that the stigmata mark the atavistic criminal, and these cannot be changed. Eysenck and company contend that, certainly in the adult, the personality is largely unchangeable, and in the case of the criminal, the psychoticisms cannot be removed. By contrast, social structure theories contend that the individual is more of a blank slate, shaped by his surroundings, so that if these surroundings can be manipulated, criminality will not develop."
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Theories of Criminology, 2006.
This paper compares theories of criminology.
1,545 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that criminologists believe that all theories that attempt to explain criminal behavior must contain dimensions relating to the society's conception of criminal behavior, some type of treatment and a particular research methodology. The author focuses on the biological theory, the psychological theory, the feminist theory and integrated theory, all of which share many similarities and differences while supporting each other in relation to the causes of crime and criminal activity. The paper concludes that the overall causation of criminal behavior does not draw upon only one of the theories in this paper; however, the integrated theory helps to fill in the gaps created by other theories and may help to shed new light on how the other theories might be improved.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Specific Criminological Theories
The Biological Theory
The Psychological Theory
The Feminist Theory
The Integrated Theory
From the Paper
"In essence, this approach leans heavily toward reinforcement, or in other words, "positive reinforcement or reward which increases the likelihood of the behavior which follows." Obviously, the psychological theory supports the assumption that genetics, particularly regarding brain development, is closely tied to criminal behavior and motivations; however, the psychological approach to crime causation contradicts itself in many ways, especially when one considers that fact that "all aggressive persons are not criminals and all criminals are not aggressive.""
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Bentham, Utilitarianism, and the Classical Theory of Criminology, 2004.
An examination of the contributions made by Jeremy Bentham towards criminology theories.
1,987 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the criminology theories of Jeremy Bentham. It begins by providing a biographical background of Bentham and explains how his love for law and criminology pushed him to develop new theories. It discusses why these theories were controversial at the time and looks at some critiques of the theories.
From the Paper
"Bentham?s contribution to the classical theory came in the form of an idea he advanced called utilitarianism (Siegel, 2000). The theory of utilitarianism is based around the idea that lawmaking should be done with the goal of providing the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people (Siegel, 2000). Bentham believed that empirical calculations could be derived to judge what laws would provide the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. As for the criminal application of this theory, he believed that individuals weigh the probabilities of present and future pleasures against those of present and future pain. This balancing of outcomes served as the deciding factor of whether or not an individual would commit an illegal act. Accordingly, Bentham believed that if the proposed pain was in excess of the pleasure derived from the crime, then no crime would result. This is utilitarianism in its simplest sense. In order to understand in a deeper sense (one that explains contexts, applications, and criticisms) one has to look deeper into Bentham?s ideas on legal duties, obligations, and powers, and how these contributed to utilitarianism, and finally, how utilitarianism contributed to the classical theory as we understand it today."
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Theories of Criminology, 2003.
Presents five theoretical explanations of criminal behavior.
5,175 words (approx. 20.7 pages), 9 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
Examines classical or "choice" theory, strain theory, cultural deviance, social processing, and conflict theories. Applies the theories to seven scenarios of different types of criminal acts, including insider trading.
From the Paper
"The purpose of this report is to employ five theories of criminology to a series of seven scenarios involving some type of criminal behavior, identifying which of the theories is either most or least ..."
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Deviance Theory and Criminology, 2008.
This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of deviance theory and its impact on the field of criminology.
1,392 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that although the theory of deviance helps to shed light on some of the reasons people engage in criminal actions, the theory is a social construct and is thus inherently flawed. The paper maintains, that this theory should, therefore, occupy only a minor role in the field of criminology. The paper also asserts that this theory only be employed as a means of interpretation of the criminal mind when there is no possibility that the root cause of deviance may lie within the society and not the individual.
Outline:
Introduction
Strengths
Weaknesses
Deviance and Criminology
From the Paper
"The theory of deviance is not organic. Broadly defined, deviance is behavior that violates the norms of a particular society. Thus, the theory is a creation of society, and a social construct that labels persons within a society as outcasts because they tend to display certain behaviors that society deems reprehensible. Deviance, then, is best understood as an artificial creation, which fits neatly into the realms of academic disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, psychology and social psychology to explain the unexpected actions of individuals. Most of all, the theory helps us to understand the most reprehensible among us: the criminal. "
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