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Criminal Law and Terrorism, 2006.
This paper discusses whether the UK's legal response to terrorism is necessary or unduly excessive.
3,507 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses the various legislative responses in the UK to the threat posed to society by modern terrorism. Beginning with the origins of anti-terrorism law in the United Kingdom in response to the troubles in Northern Ireland, the paper subsequently offers a discussion on the Terrorism Act 2000 and the Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act (including the judicial response to the powers conferred under this Act in 'A v Secretary of State for the Home Department'). The writer concludes by attempting to reconcile the two core issues in this matter -namely security of the state versus civil liberties.
Outline:
Abstract
The Origins of UK Anti-Terrorism Law
The Terrorism Act 2000
The Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In December 1995, Lord Lloyd of Berwick undertook an inquiry into the adequacy of the UK's counter-terrorism legislation to deal with future terrorist threats . Two important concepts arose from the report which are of significance to the discussion at hand: firstly, that it was the expectation of the Government that whilst the peace process would lead to the receding of the terrorist threat in relation to the Northern Ireland Troubles, the threat of international terrorism would increase and need to be dealt with; and secondly, that consideration had to be given to the UK's obligations under various treaties in international law, predominantly the European Convention on Human Rights, when creating any new anti-terrorism legislation ; thus acknowledging that a balance would have to be drawn between security and liberties and that the Government did not hold a carte blanche to introduce any anti-terror measure that it wished."
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International Law vs. Terrorism, 2005.
A look at how international law has become faced with the new challenge of terrorism.
3,125 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
How do terrorist threats challenge the current international legal framework? Should the current framework of international humanitarian law be altered? This paper reviews existing international law, challenges to those laws, how countries have responded to terrorism vis-a-vis the implementation of new laws, the justifications used by countries to side-step existing laws, and more.
From the Paper
"In the event that national courts prefer not to assume the role of investigating and prosecuting criminals connected with terrorist acts, other jurisdictions may become involved. One, the Security Council of the UN, under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, "has broad powers to take measures for international peace and security." Also, there is the International Court of Justice (ICJ), a court associated with the United Nations, and the International Criminal Court (ICC). According to its charter statement - the "Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court" - this court was set up on July 17, 1998, by a coalition of 120 states participating in the "United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court.""
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Law in the Context of Terrorism, 2003.
An analysis of the effects of recent terrorist activites on the validity and democracy of the rule of law in Australian society.
2,208 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This research paper outlines some key effects of terrorism on the application of the rule of law. By outlining key historical events in conjuction with the practical analysis of the law and its connotations, one is able to see how terrorism may effect the validity of the law in a social, economic and political context.
From the Paper
"Terrorism is the largest threat to democracy the world has seen. The recent September 11 attacks on the World Trade Centre in New York and the Pentagon are often perceived as the beginning of a ?never ending? war against terror. However, the perceptions of the qualities of a terrorist differ from person to person, which presents a conflict as to who really is a threat, and who is not. For example, the United States Department of Defence believes that a terrorist is a person or group who carries out an attack for a political, religious or ideological purpose whereas, in a time of war, a terrorist would be someone with only a ?remote chance of achieving their aims?."
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Terrorism and Criminal Justice, 2002.
An examination of the impact of terrorism on the criminal justice system.
749 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 have caused numerous changes in criminal policies. It examines three of those effects ? the expanded powers of the President and Attorney General, new policies that could affect local policing and concerns about infringements on civil rights and liberties. It looks at how these policies have relaxed the restrictions on federal and law-enforcement authorities, giving them greater latitude in activities like search and seizure, eavesdropping and the detention of suspected criminals. It also shows how civil rights groups have also expressed concern that such measures are unconstitutional.
From the Paper
"On the downside, some cities have seen an increase in crime rates as a direct result of the terrorist attacks. Generally, the extent of law enforcement authority varies with the nature and size of the criminal environment faced by the police. The terrorist attacks have greatly raised demands on law enforcement in New York and Washington, DC. In other places, police manpower has been diverted towards activities relating to homeland security. These include guarding public events and places as well as responding to reports of possible terrorist threats. As a result of this drain, some cities have seen a corresponding increase in theft and homicide (Stuntz)."
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Transnational Criminal Groups and Terrorism, 2005.
An examination of the connection between transnational criminal groups and terrorist groups in today's world.
1,364 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The increasing relationship between transnational criminal groups and terrorist groups constitutes a complex and fluid situation. This paper broadly examines some of the reasons for the increasing relationship between these two groups and by looking briefly at the organisational structures, actions and motivations of them, attempts to assess the current strength of this linkage.
Outline
Introduction
Traditional Similarities
Growing Similarities
Partnerships
Fundamental Differences
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Prior to September 11 the relationship between transnational criminal groups and terrorist groups was relatively unexplored and it appears that it was a widely held view that the link between the two was limited. In 1996 the United States government reported, 'On the basis of information currently available to the United States Government, it appear[s] that most transnational crime [is] completely unrelated to terrorist crimes or terrorism' . In the mid-1990s Alex Schmid (head of the United Nations Terrorism Prevention Branch) completed a study for the United Nations in which he came to the conclusion that '...despite some common ground, organized crime and terrorism are distinct phenomena that should not be confused. While there is overlap in the modus operandi of terrorists and organized criminals, there are several important differences'."
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Combined Law Enforcement and The Criminal Justice System, 2005.
Investigates the option of combining all the law enforcement agencies under one umbrella organization in the United States.
3,879 words (approx. 15.5 pages), 31 sources, APA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of the United States combining all police agencies into one national police organization, as well as the consolidation of the criminal justice system, based on the current threats of terrorism and other dangers to the United States. Issues discussed in this paper include the role of the police in U.S. society, duplication of laws (between state and federal statutes), local control of police function, training and education of officers' issues, discretion issues and corruption issues.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Dangers to the United States
Combining of Police Agencies to form one National Police Organization
Effects of Consolidation on the Criminal Justice System
Role of Police in U.S. Society & Jurisdictional Issues
Duplication of Laws (State & Federal)
Training & Education of Officers
Control of Local Police Functioning
Discretion & Corruption Issues
State and Federal Judicial and Correctional Systems
References
From the Paper
"Currently the role of the police in the United States is to protect the community, and maintain order while enforcing the laws that have been written. Further the police are responsible for detecting and preventing crime, arresting individuals that have committed a crime and seeking justice for their victims. Police endure specific training in regards to the laws set for the state and community in which they are to enforce the law. This training not only teaches them how to fight crime but how to maintain the safety of all citizens at all times within their abilities."
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The New Anti-Terrorism Laws, 2002.
Examines the anti-terrorist laws put into effect since 9/11 and the infringement upon civil liberties.
1,326 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the impact on American civil liberties of new anti-terrorism laws put into effect by the Bush Administration. The paper focuses on the "Patriot Act" and the "Homeland Security Act". The paper argues that these laws seriously undermine the very freedoms that the U.S. Constitution was designed to protect. Arguments made by the ACLU that support this position are also cited.
From the Paper
"The Bush administration has characterized the U.S.. Patriot Act as ?perhaps its most essential tool in fighting terrorists.? (Lichtblau, 2003). However, they have also used the provisions of this law in criminal investigations that have absolutely nothing whatsoever to do with terrorist security, including ?investigat[ing] suspected drug traffickers, white-collar criminals, blackmailers, child pornographers, money launderers, spies and even corrupt foreign leaders.? (Lichtblau, 2003) The Justice Department has defended these actions as simply making use of all the tools Congress has authorized them to use, and that they make no distinction between suspected terrorist activity and other suspected criminal activity."
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Terrorism and Counter Terrorism, 2004.
A study of the development of international terrorism and counter terrorism, both in general and specifically, since the events of September 11th, 2001.
1,754 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the way counter terrorism and terrorism have changed since 9/11 and the growing role of the U.S. It also looks at the development of 'modern' terrorism and the possible consequences of the continuing War on Terror. It debates whetherr or not September 11th, 2001 can be seen as a day that changed the face of terrorism. It also discusses how since the invasion of Afghanistan, terrorist attacks have become more numerous and high profile although their basic purpose remains the same, to gain attention. It puts forward the view that what has changed about terrorism since 9/11 is the amount of media attention it now controls.
From the Paper
"As well as presenting a recent point of reference for terrorist activity, the conflicts in Palestine and Northern Ireland also show two different ways of dealing with the problem, certain aspects of which have been adopted by the United States. In the case of Britain and Northern Ireland, the conflict is one of territory and security for those who want British rule. In Palestine and Israel however, the situation is based purely on territory. This difference in the foundation for the terrorist action seems to have dictated the way in which terrorism has been dealt with. Because of the presence of British citizens in Northern Ireland, and the small section of society that is involved in the unrest , it has been British policy in recent years to try and settle the situation through political sanctions and increased security measures to prevent terrorism."
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"Criminal Procedure for the Criminal Justice Professional", 2005.
This paper is a book review of John Ferdico's "Criminal Procedure for the Criminal Justice Professional".
2,545 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, according to Ferdico, the law of criminal procedure can be described as rules designed to balance the important government functions of maintaining law and order and protecting the rights of citizens. The author points out that the "plain-view" doctrine is the procedure or rule that guides the officer in making a search of an individual or their property and in making an arrest of an individual; items in "plain view" or out in the open for view, may be seized by police in evidence in making an arrest for illegal possession of drugs and weapons. The paper concludes that Ferdico not only understands but also explains thoroughly arrest, questioning and processing procedures as well as the trial and case proceedings which are required by law enforcement, prosecution and defense in the 'criminal court procedures'.
Table of Contents
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Right to a Fair Hearing/Trial
Double Jeopardy
Arrest Warrant
Probable Cause
Use of Force
The Standard of "Reasonableness"
Plain-view Doctrine
The Carroll Doctrine
Escobedo and Miranda
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Ferdico relates that there exists a conflict since the more "emphasis on maintaining law and order" ends up involving "greater intrusions" in the lives and in relation to the rights of the individual. In other words, policies of the government that are originally focused toward protection of the individual and maintaining law and order in the community may very well result in increased breaking and disrespect of the law that sought to protect. Ferdico next gives the history of the development of U.S. law relating the historical facts concerning the U.S. Constitution and the accompanying Bill of Rights. The laws governing rules and procedures and protecting the rights of the individual are based on the principles of Constitution in the United States of America, which is a country governed by democracy."
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Behind the Criminal Mind: Causes of Criminal Behavior, 2001.
This paper provides an in-depth look at the theories surrounding what causes people to act in a criminal manner, focusing on childhood and upbringing.
3,060 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 7 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This essay examines crime and deviance, looking at the different theories on what causes criminal behavior with the main focus on the family and childhood. The author pays particular attention to the case of serial killer Henry Lee Lucas, exploring his childhood and linking it to his criminal behavior.
From the Paper
"Today, deviance and crime plague American society. There are vast degrees of deviance, from a simple shoplifter, to a car theft, to a killing machine with no conscience, otherwise known as the serial killer. But how is this killing machine created? Where and how does this type of criminal behavior begin? The answers to these questions must be addressed in order to stop the formation of this deviance. This essay will investigate the life of one of the most infamous serial killers, Henry Lee Lucas, to answer these questions. In the search for the answer, the question of nature vs. nurture is inevitably brought up. Scientists and psychologists have debated over whether a child?s upbringing forms their behavior or whether they are born with a personality. Most scientists believe that biological dysfunctions and physical illnesses are the factors that bring on this type of deviance. Most psychologists will argue family, society, environment, and the media cause criminal behavior. While many factors contribute to this frightening deviance, but the root of criminal behavior lies in the home and the family structure of children."
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Law Enforcement vs. International Terrorism, 2005.
This in-depth paper analyzes the changing role of law enforcement administrators and agencies around the world in the face increasing global terrorism.
5,449 words (approx. 21.8 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This well-researched paper opens with a comprehensive and historic look into both the American and British law enforcement agencies. The writer of this paper traces the origins of the British Sheriff's office back to the Norman Conquest which took place in 1066. This paper delves into the significant increase of international terrorism while focusing on the effectiveness of various law enforcement agencies in America and around the world in combating this growing problem. This paper discusses the views and opinions of several historians regarding the increase and decrease of crime and terror from the medieval times and up to the present. The writer of this paper examines specific historic events and their resulting impact on global terrorism including the fall of the Soviet Union, the Cold War and the 9/11 terror attacks. This paper analyzes the manner in which the Bush Administration moved to establish additional intelligence and enforcement cooperation among the existing agencies in order to more effectively face terrorist threats such as al-Qaida. This paper contains detailed and in-depth historical facts and dates relevant to this particular topic. This paper also examines the manner in which recent advancements and progress in technology are assisting law enforcement agencies around the world to thwart off potential threats of terror.
From the Paper
"Various historians have offered various different reasons for the unexpected decrease in the crime rate during the comparatively modern times, and there were some who assumed that perhaps it was industrialization and urbanization and modernization that contributed to this phenomenon. There were some other scholars and researchers who theorized that in actuality crime had not diminished, but had in fact shifted form bodily assaults that were popular in those times, to crimes that were more or less closely related to property, which also indicated that the nature of crime had shifted from an innate scarcity and paucity, to a greater prosperity as well as a free availability of material goods and possessions during modern times. There is also another form of opinion, which states that the decrease in crime seemed to have happened irrespective of industrialization and urbanization."
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Laws to Combat Domestic Terrorism, 2002.
Examines the laws instituted in the United States to combat terrorism after the Oklahoma City bombing.
2,821 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the federal law proposed by Senator Bruce Wayne for the purpose of combating domestic terrorism. It explains how the law proposed that 1) visiting federal buildings be subject to a search of their person and belongings; 2) police detain any individual arousing suspicion of potential terrorist activity in or near a federal building; and 3) sentences be doubled and made mandatory for individuals convicted of terrorist-related activity. The paper examines the social ramifications of the threat of domestic terrorism in the United States.
From the Paper
"In the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing, both press and public hastily assumed that the crime had Mideast origins. "John Doe," however, turned out to hail from the heart of Middle America. One of the lessons learned, as the terrorist's true identity slowly revealed itself, was not to jump to conclusions in assessing terrorism. This is a lesson that should yield even greater pause, as lawmakers eagerly rush to find a solution to the problem of domestic terrorism."
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Low Level Criminal Offenses & U.S. Criminal Justice System, 2001.
How courts process & deal with adults who have committed petty offenses (crimes against public order or property). Common denominators of defendants. Police action. Function of judges. Disposition of cases. Proposed reforms.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 15 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper discusses the way in which the American criminal justice system processes and deals with adult persons suspected of having committed low level criminal offenses.
1. Types of Cases
a. Kinds of behavior involved. Lower level criminal courts process and dispose of petty offenses, usually misdemeanors, crimes involving maximum sentences of less than one year, and sometimes lesser felonies. Crimes involving defendants under the age of 18 are generally handled by juvenile courts. Traffic offenses not involving vehicular homicide are generally handled in summary fashion by special traffic courts. According to Feeley (1979), his study of the operations of the lower Court of Common Pleas in New Haven, Connecticut in the late 1970s showed..."
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War on Terrorism vs. the Bill of Rights, 2002.
Argues that America's new laws to counter terrorism are a breach of the Fourth Amendment.
1,223 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the U.S. Department of Defense and other branches of the federal government capitalized on the fear of another terrorist attack, by erecting a series of security measures since September 11. The most notable of these is the USA PATRIOT Act (HR-3162), passed in October of 2001 which stands for ?Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism.? The paper explains that the USA PATRIOT Act permits wiretapping without judicial orders, deportation of legal residents of the United States based on suspicion, secret searches of citizens? offices and homes and measures. The paper argues that many of the permissible acts included in the USA PATRIOT Act are discriminatory and that there is nothing ?patriotic? about violating Fourth Amendment rights or stripping ordinary citizens from their basic civil liberties. The paper shows that these bills and laws offer a lot of power to the FBI, the police and to other governmental bodies. millions of Americans are still willingly surrendering their personal rights and freedoms in favor of a false sense of security. Finally, the paper argues that the aura of paranoia that currently pervades the United States fuels the fascist-like measures supported by Attorney General Ashcroft, measures which have far-reaching implications for American citizens.
From the Paper
"The problem with this approach is that the civil rights of American citizens, legal residents, and visitors is violated. Most Americans would be willing to undergo enhanced security checks at airports. In fact, Gore Vidal, in his article ?The New War on Freedom,? cites a CNN/Times poll conducted a few days after the terrorist attacks of September 11 which showed that 74% of people believe ?it would be necessary for Americans to give up some of their personal freedoms,? (Vidal). However, in the wake of the terrorist attacks, the federal government was able to sneak the USA PATRIOT act by Congress and the American people. Without protest, Americans are giving up their power to law enforcement agencies, under the assumption that some loss of freedom is necessary."
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"Terror" in the Mind of God: A Study of Terrorism, 2005.
This paper studies the dangerous influence that religion has on some believers-- an influence that ignites terrorism.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
Using Mark Juergensmeyer's book "Terror in the Mind of God" as a reference, this paper examines how religion sometimes influences its believers in such an extreme way that they turn to terrorism in the name of God. The paper examines the origins of terrorism, cultures of violence and the future of terrorism.
From the Paper
"Juergensmeyer's ideas discussed in the book go against what most criminological theories of crime causation tell us. Rational Choice theory, which is the theory used almost exclusively in today's criminal justice field, believes that criminals choose to commit crime by weighing the potential benefits versus the potential risks. (Siegal, 107). This assumption that offenders make a rational informed decision affects crime prevention strategies (Siegal, 129). The religious terrorist, however, is in a cosmic frame of mind where moral religious values override any sense of legal right or wrong."
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