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Women in the Criminal Justice System, 2004.
An analysis of women in the criminal justice system from female offenders to female criminal justice professionals.
1,402 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the treatment of women and girls in the criminal justice system. The paper evaluates the recommendations of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration Task Force on Women regarding female offenders, female crime victims, and female criminal justice professionals. The paper describes the nature of the changes that have been taking place regarding gender bias and inequality within the justice system.
From the Paper
"The criminal justice system provides training to police and law enforcement agencies, prosecutors and judges (Legal Defense and Education Fund 2004). The New York State Police Academy, for example, trains its criminal justice professionals through a week-long Sex Offense Seminar. They are taught how to investigate sex crimes; collect evidence from crime scenes; interview suspects, surviving victims and other witnesses; obtain expert testimony; gather and present forensic evidence; screen for drug-facilitated sexual assault and similar crimes; observe Departmental protocol for crime investigations; recognize trauma syndrome and the surviving victim's emotional needs and rights; and coordinate with crisis programs, health care personnel and related agencies (LDEF)."
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Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System, 2007.
An examination of racial prejudices and racial bias in the criminal justice system in Canada and the reasons for this practice.
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes whether Black people are mistreated by the criminal justice system in Canada and if they face discrimination from both the police and the courts. It discusses the failure of the criminal justice system to provide appropriate services to people of minority groups. The paper specifically looks at the over-representation of black people in the criminal justice system. It then attempts to analyze some of the reasons how and why Black citizens are targeted by the criminal justice system.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background on Black Over-representation in the Criminal Justice System
Possible Reasons Behind The Black Over-representation Trend
Arguments Against Criminal Justice System Racial Bias
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is difficult to know how to respond to racial prejudices in the criminal justice system, as the overrepresentation of black citizens is imbedded in socioeconomic factors which cannot be explained by discriminatory practices implicit in the criminal justice system. The most obvious solution to the problem is to have separate justice systems for people of Aboriginal descent, where most of the problems of racial discrimination in Canada lie. However, would not the existence of different courts of law for different ethnicities further encourage racial stratification in society? The solution is not an easy one, and much more research must be done on the topic before an answer is forthcoming. A number of factors must be explored before a solution is implemented, such as what the current statistics revolving around discrimination studies mean, the relationship between social and economic factors and the criminal justice system, and the impact of developing stratification between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal citizens (La Prairie, 2004, p. 277). "
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The Islamic Criminal Justice System, 2004.
This paper describes and compares the Islamic criminal justice system with criminal justice systems of other countries.
3,505 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, unlike other ?law-centered? societies, Islamic law is neither a remnant of history nor ancient origins revisited, but rather an intricate, multi-threaded cluster of thoughts and actions, which the Islamic persons shaped and customized as they opposed and accepted Euro-American colonial endeavors. The author points out that, in Islamic systems, religion plays a vital part so that these countries are categorized as theocratic states; whereas, the majority of English-speaking nations, such as the U.S., England, Australia, and New Zealand, are characterized by a tough antagonistic structure, wherein lawyers deduce, and judicial functionaries are compelled by example. The paper relates that Islamic law, called Shariah law, is all-pervading in governing a person in almost every aspect of daily life.
From the Paper
"Islamic legal system is not a legal system, like the Korean or Indonesian legal system, but instead a legal custom, akin to the common or civil law custom. A legal tradition is a package of identical beliefs, attitudes, and practices relating to the required segments of a legal system, inclusive of the extent and rationale of the law, the way in which regulations are built or explored, the characteristics and function of legal performer and the way in which the law is imbibed, executed, developed and modified. Similar to the common law and civil law traditions, Islamic law does not subsist in a clean form anywhere, but impacts in varying quantities in diverse manner several domestic legal systems of the world."
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The Criminal Justice Act 2003, 2008.
This paper explores whether the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (CJS), which was introduced to modernise many areas of the criminal justice system in England and Wales, has promoted greater fairness in sentencing.
3,251 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that the CJA 2003 has produced to some extent a fair sentencing guideline, but that it has not promoted fairness as fully as it could have. The paper discusses how the CJA 2003 tried to correct the faults of the previous CJA 1991 but the CJA 2003 has also led to complications and disputes between the judiciary and legislature, causing an abandonment of tangible guidelines generally considered necessary to providing a fairer approach to sentencing.
Outline:
Introduction
The Evolution of the Fairness Notion: CJA 1991 and CJA 2003
Fairness to the Offender
Fairness to the Victim
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Criminal Justice Act 2003 is a wide ranging Act of Parliament introduced to modernise many areas of the criminal justice system in England and Wales. The role of sentencing is to ensure the safety of the community, help rehabilitate offenders to prevent them re-offending and reserve imprisonment for a limited range of serious, dangerous and persistent offenders. The goals of the CJA 2003 were to improve case management and reduce the scope for abusing the system by ensuring a more consistent sentencing procedure which reserves prison for the most serious offenders. It has its genesis in several reports and consultations including the Home Office White Paper Justice for All; Sir Robin Auld's Review of the Criminal Courts of England and Wales and John Halliday's Making Punishment Work which is a report of a review of the sentencing framework of England and Wales. Other recommendations of the Criminal Courts Review relating to court procedures were implemented in the Courts Act 2003.The underlying aims of the Act were to introduce reforms in two main areas: improved case management and a reduction in scope for abuse of the system."
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Community-based Incarceration and Criminal Justice, 2008.
An analysis of the media's role in criminal justice issues and a look at community-based alternatives to incarceration.
2,706 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews a number of issues pertaining to criminal justice. Firstly, the paper look at the role of the media in criminal justice issues. It then discusses whether or not the criminal justice system can legitimately be called a "system" or whether another description is apt. The paper also examines community-based alternatives to incarceration and, lastly, examines how restorative and community-based approaches to punishment are preferable to punishment-based approaches.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Criminal Justice: Specific Issues
Issue One: The Role of the Media
Issue Two: Major Components of the Criminal Justice System
Issue Three: Community-based Alternatives to Prison
Issue Four: Community/Restorative Justice Models and their Difference from Punitive Models of Justice
From the Paper
"Going further, the simple reality is that one study after another seems to illustrate the fact that punitive criminal justice (incarceration, long sentences, the de-emphasis of diversionary programs by justices when passing sentence) does nothing to reduce crime on its own (Wilson et al, 2002). Ostensibly, all human beings are blessed with a certain measure of capital - intellectual and emotional capital being the most important - and maximizing this human capital by teaching individuals how to serve others, how to behave responsibly and how to curb darker impulses is the best way by which a society can reduce the likelihood that it will become over-run by crime. It may also be added that the essential reason why community-based and restorative justice models are gaining such favor (they have been, albeit to varying degrees, in favor among academics since at least the 1970s) is because the failings of punishment-based justice - the over-crowding of American prisons, high recidivism rates, the growing cost of keeping people behind bars - have become manifest in the eyes of many close observers and new, more innovative approaches are desperately needed."
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Criminal Justice, 2006.
An extensive discussion on the ethics of criminal justice.
3,815 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
The paper begins by defining the criminal justice system, ethics and morality and then explores the relationships between them. It continues to philosophize over morals, ethics and right and wrong behavior. In conclusion the author summarizes and links the criminal justice system and its ethics.
Table of Contents
Relationships of Criminal justice system, ethics and morality
What are morals and moral behavior?
Morality of law
What are ethics and ethical behavior?
Moral questions in criminal justice
The difference between right and wrong
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Heated arguments went on and the concerned professor went to the dean to find out what action he should take. This led to a discussion among the faculty as the dean himself was not sure. Among the faculty there were many justifications given for lying, and business was compared to poker and people knew that there would be bluffing. Some others felt that there were no absolute values and morality depends on the consequences that follow from the action. According to this logic the executive should have lied. The other action may cause harm to the airline as it may collapse, and then there would be an effect on shareholders, employees and creditors, etc. Others said that telling of truth will lead to an increase in sales later while telling lies will lose sales, and that is the reason that telling truth was a good idea. Among the lot, only two members said that telling truth was essential as it was an absolute moral requirement and that is the reason why the executive had no other option. (When It Comes to Ethics, B-Schools Get an F) This total loss of moral senses is bound to have an impact on criminal justice within the country."
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Conflict Theory in Criminal Justice, 2002.
Conflict theory based on Marxist assumptions and how this can be applied in criminal justice studies.
3,479 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
Conflict theory in criminal justice is based on the assumption that society is grounded in inherent conflict that cannot be resolved. This paper discusses how conflict theorists argue that those who hold power and wealth in a capitalist economy force the less-powerful to abide by their established rules with the purpose of protecting their own property and physical safety. It explains that the theory relies on a Marxist interpretation of the function of a capitalist society. It also shows how the theory argues for a broader definition of crime to include offenses and actions intended to maintain the ruling structure. This paper addresses how the theory and models of punishment based on the theory require an understanding of criminal justice that takes into consideration the social and political causes of crime, particularly models of treatment based on a concept of restorative justice.
Table of Contents
History and Definition of Conflict Theory
Human Nature
Social Order
Causal Logic of Conflict Theory
Conflict Theory and Criminal Justice Policy
Conflict Theory and Criminal Justice Practice
Evaluation
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Before the 1960s, most criminology research and theory was conducted under the rubric of structural-functionalism, which assumed the primacy of the social system and the inter-relationship of social institutions without much focus or consideration for the individuals or groups who made up the institutions. However, critics of these theories argued that by minimizing the social conflict and tension inherent within society, these theories supported a politically conservative agenda within sociology and criminology."
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China and Its Criminal Justice System, 2008.
A discussion of China's criminal justice system and the legal process involved in extraditing American criminals to the US for arraignment.
9,905 words (approx. 39.6 pages), 35 sources, APA, $ 201.95
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Abstract
This research paper examines the criminal justice system of China. It includes such elements as a brief identification of the geographic, historical, political and cultural nature of China. It also examines China's criminal justice system, its development, organization and how it deals with crime. In addition, the paper also takes a look at China's criminal justice system through a hypothetical setting, Jamal T. Kurk. Jamal's background is explored to assess what he did, and the charges brought against him. To conclude, the paper offers a solution to the United States Attorney to allow Kirk to be successfully arrested and extradited to the United States for arraignment. Several appendices, which contain relevant maps, tables, charts and pictures are included with this paper.
Outline:
Introduction
China's Criminal Justice System
Politics
Political Parties
History
Cultural Nature
Development
Organization
How China Deal with Crime
Legal Rights
Crime in China
Legal Age of Responsibility
Punishments
Sentencing Process
Types of Penalties
Prisons
Crime Statistics
Extradition Laws and Treaties
Hypothetical Scenario of Jamal T. Kurk
Counter-terrorism Efforts
Additional Challenges
Interpol
Red Notices
Recommendations
Conclusion
Appendices
From the Paper
"In the past, there was no jurisprudential distinction between criminal and civil law. Civil disputes dealing with land and family matters were generally settled through mediation. In traditional China, the emperor was vested with judicial, executive, and legislative powers. The laws created by the emperor were binding on all of his subjects, but the same law did not bind the emperor. The emperor was the supreme judicial power, and as such, could modify the judgments given by lower judicial authorities, determine the guilt of accused individuals, and dictate the penal sentence."
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Racial Bias in the U.S. Criminal Justice System, 2008.
An analysis of the existence of racial bias and its impact on the outcome of cases in the United States criminal justice system.
2,751 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses racial bias in the United States criminal justice system. It specifically questions whether the race of an individual suspected of a crime impacts his or her experience and the outcome in the criminal justice system. The paper discusses the history of related laws in the United States and discusses skin color ethics.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
In the U.S. Criminal Justice System...
Challenging Past and Contemporary Contentions
Research Purports
Confessions
Skin Color Ethics
Countering the Cycling Racial Bias Challenge
From the Paper
"Federal sentencing guidelines sternly constrain judges' discretion for determining whether an individual being charged will be sentenced to prison or receive probation. Guidelines are also currently in place to "guide" a judge in allocating the length of the sentence. Guidelines, albeit only contain minimal restrictions on the judges' and prosecutors' abilities to reduce sentences "for substantial assistance or acceptance of responsibility." Spohnhttp (2000:482)"
"Ultimately, Spohnhttp (2000:481 - 482) concludes that the reason for the unbalanced number of racial minorities currently incarcerated in the U.S. did not merely evolve from a racially neutral efforts to protect citizens and/or control crime. Earlier refutations of racial discrimination in the U.S. criminal justice system, according to Spohnhttp (2000:482) do not pass the test of time."
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Criminal Justice System in Argentina, 2003.
Explores the criminal justice system in Argentina.
3,450 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the criminal justice system in Argentina. It looks at the historical development of the criminal justice system and examines the series of transformations of the criminal justice system over the decades, resulting in corruption, military uprisings, injustice and a culture of impunity. The paper looks at the junta and human rights oppression and violence.
From the Paper
"The criminal justice system in Argentina like Argentina itself has endured a series of transformations overhauls purges and coups. At present it is impossible to evaluate Argentina's criminal justice system without simultaneously plumbing the murky depths of ..."
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Sense and Nonsense about Criminal Justice, 2008.
A discussion, based on S. Walker's "Sense and Nonsense about Crime and Drugs", of the political nature of criminal justice in the United States and empirical evidence that should be used in making it independent.
3,477 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the link between the criminal justice system and politics in the United States. It suggests that independence for the criminal justice system would have to be paired with strict oversight, but could permit the development of new criminal justice policies that were based entirely on the empirical evidence and not on the political ideologies of politicians. The paper bases its arguments on "Sense and Nonsense about Crime and Drugs" by S. Walker.
From the Paper
"Perhaps the most significant reason why criminal justice policies have had such limited effect is because they have not been based on available evidence and rigorous testing. Evidence-based policymaking is only recently coming into its own in the United States. This trend in criminal justice is perhaps the most important one to date. It should be encouraged without question. Evidence-based policymaking will help actors in the criminal justice system to sort through the current policies and weed out the ones that simply do not work to reduce crime or, worse, actually have an adverse effect on the goals of the system. Additionally, this approach to criminal justice can help design new, more effective, policies that are based on sound science and evidence instead of wishful thinking and faith in commonsense metaphors. It short, the lack of evidence-based testing in the criminal justice system has been a major factor in the limited effectiveness of existing policies. Incorporating empirical evidence and testing into the policy process will improve the quality of criminal justice policies in the future."
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Criminal Justice Policy and Practice, 3006.
A look at disparity and discrimination in the U.S. criminal justice system.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
Based on literature surveyed, this research paper compares and contrasts disparity and discrimination as they relate to the criminal justice system. The paper concludes that racial disparity in the criminal justice system is one of the most challenging problems facing American societies today because the existence of that disparity challenges the basic values upon which the criminal justice system rests.
From the Paper
"Although overt race discrimination in criminal justice processing appears to be a problem restricted to specific spatial and temporal contexts, the fact remains that racial disparities in serious crimes have reached a critical stage in the United States. Homicide currently is the leading cause of death among young black males and females, and the majority of persons in state and federal prisons are black (Bureau of Justice Statistics 1995). With such enormous disproportional in sanctioning, it should be of little comfort that most of the disparity is a result of differential involvement in non drug criminal offending."
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Minorities and the U.S. Criminal Justice System, 2006.
A look at how the U.S. criminal justice system mistreats minorities.
2,727 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to demonstrate that minorities, especially African-Americans, are unfairly treated by the U.S. criminal justice system. The paper cites statistics showing that, while all minorities are afforded less than fair treatment by the criminal justice system, African-Americans seem to be particularly vulnerable to sentences involving capital punishment. The paper further asserts that African-Americans suffer from political, social, psychological and economic exploitation at the hands of powerful whites in this country and, as a result, black people generally are purposefully put into situations where the commission of criminal acts are seen as the most effective solution to their problems. The paper concludes that the problem will only end once white people honestly recognize the racism that exists within the U.S. on all levels of society and end it.
Table of Contents
Race, Ethnicity and the Criminal Justice System
Drug Policies and Racial Disparities
From the Paper
"In 1996, six in 10 jail inmates were racial or ethnic minorities -- 41 percent were African American, 18 percent were Hispanic and 3 percent Asian or Alaska Native, according to the Department of Justice. The Sentencing Project, a Washington-based think tank, reported in 1995 that 32.2 percent of all African Americans men between the age of 20 and 29 are under criminal justice supervision on any given day -- in prison or jail, on probation or parole. Even more unsettling, nationally blacks are incarcerated at a rate of 7.66 times greater than whites. This paper shall demonstrate how minorities, especially African-Americans, are unfairly treated by the US criminal justice system."
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Weaknesses in the Criminal Justice System, 2002.
Questions whether the American criminal justice system has a weak or strong link with other departments.
717 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
In large countries, administering justice is by no means an easy task. This is because there are a great many people, composing a diverse demography amid a never-ending sea of social problems. In order to cope with these problems, criminal justice systems are set up to implement laws that address disorder. But in spite of the criminal justice system being established, intricacies created by social disorder mitigate the efficiency of the laws implemented. In addition to this, there may be other factors, such as malpractice by law enforcers that cause the justice system much embarrassment and dissatisfaction. This paper argues that the American criminal justice system appears to be composed of separate systems with weak links to each other, since they each act almost independently according to the discretion or loopholes in the law. The paper uses a case study to present its argument.
From the Paper
"Another weakness in the justice system is the allowance for law enforcing officers to use discretion. These are actions that are legitimate, but it must be remembered that these actions are allowed because of the fact that if every one had to be judged by the narrow descriptions of the law there would be many more people in jail than there already are. But the problem is that there have been several cases where police discretion has also been used in a negative fashion."
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Criminal Justice Field, 2002.
Presents a general overview of the criminal justice field relating to academic studies and human resources.
1,428 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by addressing the question of whether a B.A. degree should be a prerequisite for promotion in the criminal justice field (law enforcement). It then examines the advantages vs. disadvantages of distance learning in law enforcement. The paper then moves to the sensitive issue of racial profiling in the criminal justice field, as opposed to the civilian world. The writer concludes with a discussion workplace motivation in a law enforcement agency.
From the Paper
"Many would argue that practical learning and field experience is more valuable and practical than a baccalaureate degree in any field for a promotion. The reasoning behind this relates to the idea that practical experience is by far more valuable than classroom experience. Research proves that many a CEO and President of a company or law enforcement agency in fact gained the majority of their experience from on the job training or life experience, not a classroom environment. However, what of a Baccalaureate Degree? Do such candidates truly have an advantage over others in any field?"
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