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Crimes vs Civil Wrongs, 2006.
A comparison between civil wrongs or torts, and crime.
1,291 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the issue of a civil wrong versus crime. According to the paper, a civil wrong is also referred to as a tort, which is covered by the tort law, a branch of civil law. The paper further reports that a crime is the violation of a public law and covered by criminal law.
From the Paper
"In the case of Bill and Joe, Bill's action fulfills all the four elements required to prove a criminal threat. If Bill became successful with his threat, he could have killed or severely injured Joe with the bat. His words conveyed his intent to kill Joe. The intent was clear and complete from his utterance. The threat was fatal. Second, Bill's utterance expressed a specific intent to kill Joe and that he meant Joe to receive it as such. Bill may or may not have been able to carry his threat out, but his intent was clear and complete from his very statement. Third, the context and circumstances in which Bill made the threatening statement also convey the same fatal intent. Bill had been giving Joe a hard time about the latter's tardiness for several days. Bill could have taken suspected that Joe intentionally retaliated when Joe accidentally hit him with a ball. And fourth, the verbalized threat was unmistakably clear, unconditional, immediate and specific. The words were precise and to the point. They sounded immediate, as Bill already held the bat in his hand and charged at Joe. The threat of death or grave bodily hard was specific upon Joe. Bill's clear words and the act of charging Joe and with the bat in hand also presented the factor of immediacy. The weapon was present and visible and accompanied the verbal threat. Bill need or need not demonstrate the immediate ability to carry out his threat. But the words he used were of an immediately threatening nature and conveyed the immediate performance of the fatal or serious threat. Bill's verbal threat and act of charging Joe with a bat were enough to evoke sustained fear in Joe. The conditions were enough to prove a criminal threat against Bill."
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Organized Crime, Hate Crime, and Ritualistic Crimes, 2006.
A paper examining police responsibility in investigating hate crimes, organized crime, and ritualistic crimes.
1,767 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of community policing. The author says that for certain types of crime, such as hate crimes, mob-related crimes and ritualistic crimes, police must look at the underlying causes of the crimes rather than just dealing with the perpetrators after the fact. The paper explains why these particular categories differ from other crimes, and why these categories require a different kind of approach from police.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Organized Crime
Hate Crime
Ritual Crimes
Law Enforcement Perspective
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Community policing is a term that is becoming increasingly common in police studies and practice. This is a natural result of the increase in the responsibility of the police in a complex and modern environment. This means that policing has to deal not only with the effects of crime but also with the underlying causes of criminal acts in order to be effective. This is especially the case with regard to forms of crime such as hate and ritual crimes which have sensitive and far-reaching social implications. In this regard the responsibility of the police is being shared with other institutions and the community in order to provide a more adequate and comprehensive solution to contemporary crime issues."
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Natural crimes and legal crimes, 2006.
Looks at the distinction between natural crimes and legal crimes.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the distinction between natural crimes, also known as mala per se crimes, and legal crimes, also known as mala prohibita crimes. It looks at the FBI crime index and assesses whether these crimes are mala per se or mala prohibita.
From the Paper
T"here are two major types of crimes natural crimes and legal crimes which are now referred to as mala per se crimes and mala prohibita crimes respectively. Crime A crime is defined by law as an act ..."
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Hate Crimes: Crimes Against Man or God?, 2006.
A discussion regarding hate crimes and the reasons that such acts are incited.
1,139 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at hate crimes. The paper defines hate crimes, provides statistics and provides modern day examples of hate crimes. The paper further explains that hate crimes are not only against the laws created by man, but also that of God.
From the Paper
" We now know the term "hate crimes" was introduced in 1985: clearly an act of commission, but how far back do we need to go to realize that these hateful acts have been apart of society since the beginning of mankind. In the bible, when we read about "The Parable of the Good Samaritan" (Luke 10:25-34); dating back to about A.D. 62, which has me to believe as a Christian, to be in a state of omission, and do nothing about a crime that has taken place is just as much a sin as the crime itself. It's printed in black and white for me in 1John 4:20, "If a man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar: for he that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen but love God whom he hath not seen?" When we read Gospel passages like those in the bible from Luke and 1John, Jesus' message is direct and uncomplicated: love God, love neighbor....Go do it. Looking at the details in these passages can help us understand how Christianity and hatred get mixed up together. It provides us with clues about how to stay clear and focused on God's calling to love. "
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Natural Crime vs. Legal Crime, 2007.
This paper compares and contrasts the concepts of "natural crime" and "legal crime", using each of the crime classifications on the FBI's crime index.
1,409 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the seven classifications of crime listed in the Uniform Crime Reporting Program. The paper determines which crimes might be considered "mala in se", crimes that are inherently dangerous or "mala prohibita", crimes not inherently wrong, but are considered criminal because their prohibition is necessary to regulate the general welfare. The paper asserts that the crimes in which human life is lost, in threat of being lost or violated in any way, should be considered "mala in se." The paper posits that crimes in which property or belongings are lost or taking away, should be considered "mala prohibita" because property is less valuable than human life.
From the Paper
"Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, as defined in the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program, is the willful (nonnegligent) killing of one human being by another. (www.fbi.gov) There are some homicides that are reduced to a lesser crime because there was no intent evident in the act. The intent to kill is where the defendant consciously desired to cause death or where the defendant intended to cause great bodily harm. There are other crimes of murder that are justified or excusable. An example of this is if an intruder entered a home with a gun, the occupants could murder the intruder and not be charged with a homicide. The occupants could argue that they were protecting their family from being murdered by the intruder."
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Habeas Corpus - Civil Liberty or Civil Right, 2008.
An analysis of civil liberties and civil rights and which of them applies to habeas corpus.
3,137 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the origins and history of habeas corpus, from its roots that predate the Magna Carta through to the present day, where it is being employed to the benefit of hundreds that wrongly languish in prison. The paper also explains the distinction between civil right and civil liberty and discusses which applies to habeas corpus. Lastly, the paper looks at the historic ups and downs of habeas corpus and discusses its unique place in the Constitution, separate from provisions contained in the Bill of Rights.
From the Paper
"Rights and liberties need to be at their strongest when public support is at its weakest. Civil rights are decreed by law, civil liberties are God given, and the actions of legislatures are inevitably governed by the politics of the time. Habeas corpus is a civil liberty included among the "self evident truths" of the Declaration of Independence, and alone one of the civil liberties that can be suspended by acts of the government during times of crisis. The president judged by history as one of the best, sought to suspend these liberties in time of extreme crisis in the nation's young history. It was circumvented to increase support during a world war, to intern "dangerous" citizens during another, and to grant due process rights to perpetrators of the war for the new millennium. It is now freeing hundred of wrongly convicted people of a crime. The future of habeas corpus is uncertain in the short term, but solid in the future as all inalienable rights bestowed upon the common man by his creator."
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White Collar Crime and Organized Crime, 2006.
A look at the reality of organized crime.
1,980 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at how organized crime is heavily involved in activities that are traditionally considered white collar crimes. The paper also discusses how there are several misconceptions surrounding the concept of what types of criminals are considered white collar. The paper goes on to describe the symbiotic relationship between organized crime and the surrounding society.
From the Paper
"Perhaps the most worrisome group of organized criminals is composed of the various terrorist organizations that operate within the United States. While they have some of the same goals as other criminal organizations, terrorist groups are not motivated by profit, but by a desire to harm individuals. This makes them more dangerous than other groups of criminals. In addition, terrorist organizations often use traditional means of criminal activity to develop their incomes. Most notably, Al Qaeda's funding has been linked to illegal drugs and weapons distribution."
"Fraud takes a tremendous toll on society each year; millions of people are victimized and billions of dollars lost each year to schemers and hucksters. Furthermore, modern technology has made fraud increasingly possible and profitable. Any person with an e-mail inbox should have an understanding of how pervasive fraud is on the internet. In fact, internet and telephone fraud is a tremendous underground issue, which "victimizes hundreds of thousands of consumers annually and indirectly affects our entire society by causing a loss of confidence in the e-commerce economy of the 21st century." (Morgan and Johnson, 2005). In fact, telecommunications fraud may be the most lucrative white collar criminal enterprise."
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Natural versus Legal Crimes, 2007.
This paper describes and contrasts natural crimes with legal crimes.
917 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of natural crimes compared to legal crimes. The writer explores the difference between natural and legal crimes, gives examples of both and discusses which crimes are wrong in themselves and which ones are only crimes because they are deemed illegal.
Outline:
Introduction
Natural Crimes
Legal Crimes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In civilized society there are natural crimes and legal crimes. While they are all crimes when held against the state, local or federal statutes they are viewed differently in the eyes of those who are mandated to uphold and obey them. For the purpose of discussion natural crimes are crimes that are morally and ethically wrong and would be wrong regardless of what the law said about them, while legal crimes will be discussed as crimes in which the only obvious rationale for them being deemed illegal is that the government has deemed them as such. "
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Crimes of War and against Humanity, 2005.
This paper examines the aspect of war crimes and looks at crimes against humanity.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 10 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This fifteen page undergraduate paper examines war crimes and crimes against humanity, which are universally condemned as the most extreme violations of fundamental human rights. The writer notes that tragically, history has proven that atrocities and genocide are rarely prevented, for the international community is usually incapable of taking action, unwilling to intervene, or unaware of the scope of the crimes. Further, the writer points out that just as tragically, the infamy of war crimes and crimes against humanity is compounded by the fact that the perpetrators usually escape justice. In order to analyze why this is the case and assess what this demonstrates about the nature of international governance, the writer explains that it is necessary to acknowledge the inherent conflict between international law and state sovereignty, for independent laws and policies often prevent effective prosecution.
From the Paper
"War crimes and crimes against humanity are universally condemned as the most extreme violations of fundamental human rights. Tragically, history has proven that atrocities and genocide are rarely prevented, for the international community is usually incapable of taking action, unwilling to intervene, or unaware of the scope of the crimes. Just as tragically, the infamy of war crimes and crimes against humanity is compounded by the fact that the perpetrators usually escape justice."
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Hate/Bias Crimes in New Jersey, 2006.
A look at some of the hate crimes committed in the state of New Jersey and legislation for combating hate crimes.
2,381 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the various hate crimes that take place throughout the U.S. on a regular basis, focusing particularly on the state of New Jersey. The paper also describes some of the legislation that has been enacted in an effort to fight hate crimes and discusses the need for even harsher laws for curtailing such crimes. The paper further explains that the present hate laws are ineffective as a deterrent and, therefore, are not helpful towards solving the problem of hate crimes. Finally, the paper outlines a plan for curtailing hate crimes that would include proper training for members of law enforcement in how to recognize and respond to hate crimes, the creation of a multi-agency task force on hate crimes, and sufficient state and federal funds for fighting hate crimes.
From the Paper
"Cross burning is one of the hate crimes that occur in the state of New Jersey on the regular basis. Cross burning can, in fact be traced back in history right up to the time of the infamous 'Ku Klux Clan', which was a group of people who were dedicated totally to the perpetration of hate and bias related crimes on minorities, mostly African-Americans living peacefully in that state. According to an eyewitness of the cross burning carried out outside an African-American's house in new Jersey, "Few things can chill free expression and association to the bone like night-riders outside the door, and a fiery cross in the yard". (O Say! Can you see: Free expression by the light of fiery Crosses) An African-American couple, Russ and Laura Jones, started to experience trouble with so called 'skinheads', as soon as they had shifted their place of residence to St.Paul, in Minnesota. They were, in fact, the only Blacks living in that all-white neighborhood, and this was indeed a neighborhood that was known for its racist culture and its hatred of blacks."
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Hate Crimes, 2002.
This paper examines the issue of hate crimes, acts of violence directed against people because of their racial, religious, ethnic, gender or sexual identity.
7,565 words (approx. 30.3 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 165.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes why hate crimes are more harmful than traditional crimes, the problems with reporting and the changes necessary to determine the true scope of the problem with an emphasis on hate crimes committed on college campuses. The paper includes a legal discussion based on the idea that proponents of hate crime laws argue that additional penalties are warranted because crimes, motivated by bias, cause a greater harm to the victim and to society than crimes where the victim?s status is not a factor. The author feels that the data on hate crimes is so woefully inadequate that it is worthless for comparative purposes and for making policy recommendations.
Introduction
Hate Crimes Defined
Why Hate Crimes Matter
How Bias Crimes are Measured
Hate Crimes Data
Hate Crimes on College Campuses
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Of course, those definitions are just the beginning. Many groups push for a more expansive definition, or argue that this definition includes crimes that the FBI does not count. For example, some argue that rape is a hate crime. Other groups counter that the definition should not include sexual orientation. Regardless of what is included, it is important to note that the crime is based on the attacker?s perception. Thus, if the attacker hates Jews, and attacks someone based on the belief they are Jewish, the attacker is still guilty of a hate crime even if the victim turns out not to be Jewish."
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Hate Crimes Exist in America, 2002.
An overview of the origins of hate crimes in the U.S. and the Hate Crimes Prevention Act.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper is on "Hate Crimes in America". It gives a brief introduction to the term "hate crimes". It further explains how racism and hate crimes were introduced in America, and how these two terms attach to one another. It also explains how the Hate Crimes Prevention Act is treating this issue.
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Battling Hate Crimes in America, 2003.
Examines activism against hate crimes in America, looking at hate crimes and legislation up to 2003.
3,128 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 24 sources, APA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the groups working towards a better world by battling hate crimes in the United States. The paper covers the activities of such groups as the Human Rights Campaign, National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, National Organization for Women, and New Light Media. The paper examines statistics of hate crimes and also covers legislation passed in recent years in support of this battle against hate crimes.
From the Paper
"June 14, 1998, in Jasper, Texas, three men offered James Byrd Jr. a ride. They then beat him, chained him to the back of a pickup and dragged him two and a half miles. His head and right arm were found in a ditch a mile from his body. Byrd was black, his killers were white. Solely because he was black, these three men exemplified James in an attempt to start a hate group in Jasper, Texas. Instead, attention brought to this incident has caused the world to take a close, hard look at hate and its removal from the new millennium. Along with their efforts to educate on diversity and acceptance, the Byrd Family has established the James Byrd Jr. Foundation for Racial Healing and has worked attentively on hate crime legislation."
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Punishing Hate Crimes, 1998.
A discussion of how the punishments for hate crimes are more severe than the underlying offense would normally prescribe.
6,475 words (approx. 25.9 pages), 34 sources, APA, $ 149.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that in recent years many states and the federal government have enacted penalty enhancement statutes to punish bias motivated crime, or hate crimes. These statutes punish the motive behind the crime, thereby punishing the offender's thoughts. Further, the paper argues that we should punish hate crimes through enforcement priorities and recording statutes which are responsive to the community and do not punish thought. The paper concludes that penalty enhancement statutes are wrong and provides several interesting alternatives that would possibly be more effective. The paper cites numerous cases as evidence for its assertions.
From the Paper
"Hate crimes: the definition varies from state to state and person to person. However, a standard definition is any ?offense[s] motivated by hatred against a victim based upon his or her race, religion, sexual orientation, handicap, ethnicity, or national origin.? It may seem that hate crimes are nothing new to American culture, and in most ways they are not. Hatred has been almost as much of a contributor to the development of the United States legal system as has tolerance. The two are in a constant battle for superiority. Hatred and bigotry is what allowed slavery?s survival, the Japanese internment camps of World War II, and the strength of the Ku Klux Klan and segregationists less than a century ago. But until recently, the government has been able to control the negative factors of our society without infringing on the rights guaranteed by the first Amendment."
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Hate Crimes and The Law, 1999.
Examines the nature and incidence of hate crimes and adopted or proposed legislative solutions, focusing on the Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1997.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 17 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"HATE CRIMES AND HATE LEGISLATION
This research paper discusses the nature and incidence of hate crimes in the United States and laws which have been enacted or proposed to deal with them. Although the evidence is not conclusive that the number of hate crimes has actually increased in recent decades, their frequency suggests that racial, ethnic and other minorities have been threatened by them. The response has been a rash of legislation at state and federal levels, much of which is of questionable effectiveness. This legislation should be understood as being an outlet for society's frustration with hate crimes and as an exercise in political symbolism rather than as a serious attempt to deal with the underlying problems involved."
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