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Crime, Justice, Law and Politics, 2006.
Looks at the misconceptions about crime and how they affect policy making.
1,840 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the misconceptions about crime and how they affect policy making. It looks at myths believed widely by the American public, and the trends in crime in America over the last 30 years. It shows a rise in violent crime, but an overall drop in crime numbers.
From the Paper
"Misconceptions about crime rates can seriously affect the decisions of legislative bodies when enacting crime control policies. Without accurate figures and comparisons they cannot make an informed judgement about which crimes occur most frequently and where .."
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Chinese Media Reportage on Crime, Justice and America, 2006.
An analysis of the the media coverage in China on topics such as crime and justice.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Chinese reportage appearing in English online editions which address matters of crime and justice in the People's Republic of China, and secondly, in the United States. One sees efforts to convince the reader that the PRC offers a fair and effective criminal justice system. One also notices how the United States is presented as an unlawful and unjust country, and that these topic areas are closely related in terms of the wanted impression upon the reader.
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Pursuing Criminal Justice through Law Enforcement, 2008.
An analysis of current practices within law enforcement that demonstrate justice within the American judicial system.
2,124 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses possible definitions of justice in its relation to law enforcement. It particularly discusses how criminal justice is connected to the idea of due process. The paper then focuses on current practices within law enforcement that demonstrate justice. The paper argues that policies and practices created to increase public order or individual rights are frequently seen to diminish that which they were put in place to protect. Finally, the paper discusses how justice as it applies to law enforcement in America has changed since the advent of September 11, 2001 and the direction it will take in the future.
Table of Contents:
Current Practices Demonstrating Justice
Community Policing
Miranda Law
Cross-agency Cooperation
Changes following September 11th
USA Patriot Act
Department of Homeland Security
Airport Security
Future Challenges
Consequences of the Patriot Act
Funding
Racial Profiling
Prediction for Law Enforcement
From the Paper
"Rapidly expanding technologies, including computer networking, the Internet, wireless services of all kinds, and simple access to relatively anonymous forms of electronic communication, signal a new era for the American justice system and more importantly, law enforcement. On the other hand, law enforcement access to high-technology investigative tools has produced enormous amounts of information on crimes and suspects, and the use of innovative investigative tools are beginning to shape many of the practical aspects of the 21st century criminal justice system. Sadly, in my opinion, the criminal justice system of the future will look much like the system we know today."
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Equal Justice under Law, 2008.
This paper discusses law and justice in the US, focusing on the US Supreme Court.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explores the origins and history of the Supreme Court of the United States. The writer traces the early role of the court in the course of the development of the country. The writer notes that the Court is not without controversy, and decisions made have come to be symbolic of the wrongs of society, and the correction of these mistakes demonstrates the ability of the court to adapt and lead modern thinking. Finally the requirements of how a case is brought before the Court are discussed.
From the Paper
"In the constitutional scheme developed nearly two hundred and thirty years ago, the judiciary was established as one of the three co-equal branches of the federal government. Yet, Article III of the Constitution is surprisingly brief as to the establishment of the structure, duties and make up of a very powerful branch of the government. The court has been left largely to its own devices as how it conducts its affairs and what cases it chooses to hear, given the charge of original jurisdiction over a very few cases, the Supreme Court has become an institution equated with the preservation of civil liberties in our modern society. The history of the Supreme Court is the history of the United States and its struggle to maintain the Republic through a wide variety of challenges and crisis. A focus of political angst and a vestige of last hope for the oppressed members of society, whose imperfect judgment has stood the test of time, and corrected its past errors. With little Constitutional direction, this body has shaped modern society."
"The Supreme Court of the United States has jurisdiction over cases involving Ambassadors and other public ministers, cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdictions, controversies between two or more states, between the state and a citizen of another state and appellate jurisdiction over lower courts."
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Youth Crimes and the Criminal Justice System, 2002.
An examination of the way that the criminal justice system treats youth crimes and why this might need to change.
1,024 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the criminal justice system has long treated the young differently from adults, but community attitudes have changed in recent years so that this policy is in question. It discusses the concerns about youthful violence and how this has led to calls for a change in the criminal justice system in order to increase the punishment possible for certain young offenders, especially those involved in violence.
From the Paper
"Other statistics are even more frightening. Webber cites the Children's Defense Fund, which estimates that an American child is arrested for a violent crime every 5 minutes and is killed by guns every 2 hours. Nine in 10 young murder victims in the industrialized world are Americans. Between 1979 and 1991, nearly 50,000 American children were killed by guns, which is more than the number of Americans killed in Vietnam in 25 years. An American child is 15 times more likely to be killed by gunfire in the United States than a child living in Northern Ireland. More than half the people arrested for murder in the United States in 1991 were under age 25, and juvenile arrests for murder and non?negligent manslaughter rose 93 percent between 1982 and 1991. It is more and more common for young people to kill each other, and 55 percent of juvenile homicides in 1995 involved friends and acquaintances (Webber)."
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Race, Crime and Justice, 2005.
Addresses questions relating to racism and justice in the United States.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at three questions of racism and justice in the United States. The paper discusses the concept of restorative justice as penal alternatives, racial profiling and the tendency for non-white youths to have more police interaction than whites, and the increased incidences of violence and police brutality towards non-white juveniles.
From the Paper
"The concept of restorative justice is one that focuses on mediation between the perpetrator of a crime, the victim and the impact of the crime on the community. There are a wide variety of processes that this form of justice can take, but all of them "are based upon recognition that the offender, victim, and community are deeply interdependent when it comes to community safety" (Clear & Karp, 1999, p. 103). Restorative justice is a radical departure from the idea of dealing with crime and victimization. It does not seek to "punish" a "criminal," but instead tries to focus on the impact of every individual's behavior on the community."
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Juvenile Crime and Justice, 2000.
Summarizes and examines three articles on delinquency and relates their ideas to theories in "Juvenuile Justice" by J. Whitehead & S. Lab.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine three articles dealing with crime and delinquency. The plan of the research will be to provide a summary of each of the articles and then to relate what the articles themselves say, as appropriate, to certain theories of delinquency and crime discussed in Whitehead and Lab's text Juvenile Justice: An Introduction, with a view toward providing an interpretation and opinion of them.
Schwartz, Ira M., Rendon, Jose A., and Hsieh, Chang-Ming. "Is Child Maltreatment a Leading Cause of Delinquency?" Child Welfare 73 (September 1994): 639-655.
This article is a forceful criticism of the public-policy focus on juvenile justice as the remedy for and appropriate response to delinquency and juvenile crime, by way of a criticism of..."
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Japan, Crime & Justice System, 1997.
Examines crime rates, types & guns (compared to U.S.), gangs, drugs, police, courts, prisons, rehabilitation and cultural factors (religion, politics, social control).
4,950 words (approx. 19.8 pages), 34 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"JAPAN AND THE JAPANESE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Introduction
This research examines the practice of criminal justice in Japan. The findings of this examination are presented in three major discussions?Japanese society and culture, crime in Japan, and the Japanese criminal justice system.
Japanese Society and Culture
Background information on Japanese society and culture is provided as a basis for understanding the functions of criminal justice in the country. Information is presented within the contexts of (1) population and religion, (2) the political system, and (3) culture and social controls.
Population and Religion
Japan is an Asian island nation whose 122 .."
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Politics and the Criminal Justice System, 2004.
This paper looks at the various ways in which politicians exploit areas of the criminal justice system for politically advantageous ends.
3,802 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper examines both hypothetical and real examples of how politicians exploit the sensitive issue of the public's attitude toward criminal justice to win votes.
This paper is divided into the following areas:
1. Crime as a Political Issue
2. Law Enforcement
2.1 The Police Service
2.2 The Prosecution of Criminal Offences
3. The Judiciary
3.1 Magistrates and the Local Courts
3.2 Judges and the Higher Level Courts
3.3 Political Sentencing
4. Legislative Politics
5. The Attorney?General
From the Paper
"An initial review of the materials discovered to this point indicates that crime is less prevalent than the public are led to believe, mostly by politicians in conjunction with the media. Compared with overseas countries, violent crime in Australia is relatively infrequent, with a Homicide rate of 1.9 per 100,000 for Sydney, as opposed to 2.24 per 100,000 for London, and 24.49 per 100,000 for Los Angeles .
The average citizen is far more likely to become a victim of non-violent property crime, such as a break and enter, or car theft. Statistics show that this type of crime with 521,346 incidents reported in 1999 is far more prevalent than violent crime, with 74,851 incidents reported . Violent crimes are inclusive of all assaults, and robbery, in addition to homicides."
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Law vs. Justice, 2005.
This paper examines three legal cases to explore the issue of law versus justice.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that justice is defined as conformity to moral rightness in action or attitude, the upholding of what is just, especially fair treatment and due reward; whereas, law is a body of rules and principles governing the affairs of a community, the condition of social order and justice, created by adherence to a fixed legal system. The author points out that justice and law both aim at order and stability in society and the promotion of the highest welfare of the individuals in that society. The paper relates that the philosophy of law, which applies to Ann Hopkins' case, is stated by Oliver Wendell Holmes: Justice is subjective and changes according to the viewer's prejudice, viewpoint or social affiliation; however, a set of rules is needed to make society function and these rules must be carried out.
Table of Contents
Case # 1: Paul Cronan vs. New England Telephone Company
Case # 2: Ann Hopkins
Case # 3: Ashland Oil, Inc.: Trouble at Floreffe
From the Paper
"Law is founded on the natural law and positive law. Natural law deals with the doing of good and avoidance of evil, in keeping promises, telling the truth, compensating for injuries. Its standards are fairness and justice. Positive law is the set of rules agreed upon by the authority. It derives from common legal heritage, the court system and decisions, executive decrees and orders, legislative rules and laws and resolutions issued by the bureaucracy. It focuses more on order and stability and less on fairness and justice. However, natural law and positive law sometimes come in conflict, as in the issues of slavery, ownership of property, voting restrictions and racial segregation."
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Law and Justice in Literature and Film, 2004.
An analysis of how the issues of law and justice are presented in works by Martin Cruz Smith, William Shakespeare, Karl Marx, and the film, "Casablanca".
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The 1980?s crime novel, "Gorky Park", by Cruz Smith, Shakespeare?s ?problem? play, ?Measure for Measure,? Marx and Engels's political manifesto, ?The Communist Manifesto?, and the World War II Warner Brothers motion picture, ?Casablanca?, all ask, at their respective narrative and philosophical hearts, the fundamental human question: What is justice? The paper shows that all grapple with the issue of how best to create a truly just society rather than one that is only superficially just. They ask, for example, whether just men and women or a just system of laws produce fair and equitable societies. Also, whether a fair code of laws or good people attempting to do what is right within any particular moral context is more important. The paper shows that, despite having been produced during different times and for different purposes, these four works form a textual unit that may be analyzed as argument by the critically inquisitive reader. Taken as a whole, this package of textual materials argues that the formulaic construction of law and government are meaningless, and the acts of good human beings alone can construct a truly just society.
From the Paper
"Marx and Engels called upon the reader, the member of the working proletariat, to respond to the text out of the outrage of his or her unjust experiences within the capitalist systems. The system must be changed, these authors counsel the reader. However, even these supreme advocates of systemic rather than personal and psychological change, must call forth within the reader a sense of sustained emotional outrage within his or her breast, without which no change would be possible. ?All that we want to do away with is the miserable character of this appropriation, under which the laborer lives merely to increase capital, and is allowed to live only in so far as the interest of the ruling class requires it.? (Chapter 2)"
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Criminal Justice - Crime & Punishment, 2008.
A descriptive perception of the concept of crime and punishment, social control, and defined concepts of justice.
1,646 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper states that only the human species is known to inflict pain purely for retribution. The fact that justice and punishment for rule violations are evident in animals, and that different human cultures have defined justice, crime, and punishment in myriad, and often in mutually contradictory terms, suggests the need to establish objective principles for concepts of justice that are indeed just. The paper concludes that "justice" incorporates objective rules without basis, which reflect the strength to impose the will of the of those more powerful in society, over the less powerful. The paper also states that crime and punishment are exclusive to human societies, notwithstanding our current relative inability to administer those concepts uniformly and justly, in most human society.
Outline:
A Survey of Cultural Variation of Crime and Punishment Throughout History
Toward the Objective Standard of Justifiable Criminal Definitions and Punishment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In particular, purposeful actions on the part of society or dominant group of leaders to address unwanted behaviors or actions of the individual is apparent among many animal species, such as in relation to violations of established social and pair-bonding relationships and hierarchy of access to food and other natural resources (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005). In certain primates, for example, group members risk both physical retaliation and elements of social exclusion if they are discovered by other group members to have hidden or failed to share resources by not disclosing its existence or location."
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Law and Justice, 2005.
This paper discusses law enforcement and how it changed after September 11.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper examines a number of issues. Specifically, the paper provides a definition of justice as it pertains to law enforcement and it examines the extent to which justice and American policing co-exist peacefully. The paper also examines the controversy surrounding various police practices in recent years and explores the issue of whether or not 9/11 is wholly responsible for the changes which have taken place. Finally, the paper briefly concludes with what the challenges facing American law enforcement are in the years ahead and what can be done to overcome these challenges successfully.
From the Paper
"Law enforcement in America is inextricably linked with the administration of justice. For example, if law enforcement is weak, then justice will not be served for victims and for their families. The following paper will define justice as it relates to law enforcement and outline three current practices of law enforcement which demonstrate the "successful achievement" of the aforementioned definition. The paper will also examine whether or not all parties would agree with the contention that the above practices demonstrate the proper administration of justice; additionally, the paper will consider the possibility that they may, in fact, lead to injustice. Proceeding onward, the paper will note how law enforcement has changed since September 11, 2001, whether these changes have been positive or negative, worthwhile or necessary and whether or professionals within the field have been concerned by their emergence."
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Law and Popular Justice, 2004.
This paper explores the relationship and differences between law and the people?s concepts of justice.
1,640 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that laws reflect, not universal, natural conditions, but particular cultural and social constructions. The author argues that one of the reasons that laws exist is to impose an artificial simplicity and order onto human behavior and human belief. The paper points out that, in a democracy, the law shifts from one era to the next, trying to reflect and create as great a consensus as is possible, but always leaving a large number of people outside of that consensus.
From the Paper
"Let us take a recent example of this. Ira Einhorn, who had been convicted in absentia in 1993 of killing his girlfriend, had fled to France. When U.S. authorities determined that he was living in that country, they asked French officials to allow them to extradite Einhorn back to the United States when he could be retried and sentenced. Both France and the United States have as a part of their culture and their laws a prohibition against murder. However, in France, this prohibition against murder includes executions (which opponents often refer to as state-sanctioned murder). In the United States (at least at the federal level and in many of the states), the legal and cultural prohibition against murder does not include execution."
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"Justice, Crime and Ethics", 2006.
An overview of this book by Belinda Rodger McCarthy, et. al.
740 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
"Justice, Crime and Ethics" (B. Rodgers McCarthy, et. al., 2005) centers on the law, the criminal justice system, policing, the courts and all the complex issues that surround the various careers in criminal justice. The paper explains how each section of the text examines a particular part of the system, from an introduction to the peacemaking process, all the way through to policing, the courts, corrections, crime control, and even potential future issues. The paper also explains why this book is not a typical text book.
From the Paper
"The case studies at the end of each chapter also make the reader think quite deeply about these issues, and answer questions in their own mind so they know where they stand on these important and complex issues. It is clear that the criminal justice system is not perfect, and the text gives some good information on what may be done to combat some of the problems with the criminal justice system, and how it may be overhauled in the future. It also uses a crystal ball of sorts to look into the future to see what it holds for the system and those who choose it as a career."
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