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Crime and Gender, 2002.
Patterns of crime and gender relation in Canada.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
A great deal of ambivalence has surrounded the female offender throughout history. This is primarily because gender differences have made the punishment of women a difficult task. Though times may have changed, even in terms of women's crime and punishment, the relationship between gender and criminality remains controversial and poorly understood. This paper looks at the historical patterns of crime between men and women in Canada and seeks to explain the differences and similarities where appropriate.
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Organized Crime, Hate Crime, and Ritualistic Crimes, 2006.
A paper examining police responsibility in investigating hate crimes, organized crime, and ritualistic crimes.
1,767 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of community policing. The author says that for certain types of crime, such as hate crimes, mob-related crimes and ritualistic crimes, police must look at the underlying causes of the crimes rather than just dealing with the perpetrators after the fact. The paper explains why these particular categories differ from other crimes, and why these categories require a different kind of approach from police.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Organized Crime
Hate Crime
Ritual Crimes
Law Enforcement Perspective
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Community policing is a term that is becoming increasingly common in police studies and practice. This is a natural result of the increase in the responsibility of the police in a complex and modern environment. This means that policing has to deal not only with the effects of crime but also with the underlying causes of criminal acts in order to be effective. This is especially the case with regard to forms of crime such as hate and ritual crimes which have sensitive and far-reaching social implications. In this regard the responsibility of the police is being shared with other institutions and the community in order to provide a more adequate and comprehensive solution to contemporary crime issues."
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Natural Crime vs. Legal Crime, 2007.
This paper compares and contrasts the concepts of "natural crime" and "legal crime", using each of the crime classifications on the FBI's crime index.
1,409 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the seven classifications of crime listed in the Uniform Crime Reporting Program. The paper determines which crimes might be considered "mala in se", crimes that are inherently dangerous or "mala prohibita", crimes not inherently wrong, but are considered criminal because their prohibition is necessary to regulate the general welfare. The paper asserts that the crimes in which human life is lost, in threat of being lost or violated in any way, should be considered "mala in se." The paper posits that crimes in which property or belongings are lost or taking away, should be considered "mala prohibita" because property is less valuable than human life.
From the Paper
"Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, as defined in the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program, is the willful (nonnegligent) killing of one human being by another. (www.fbi.gov) There are some homicides that are reduced to a lesser crime because there was no intent evident in the act. The intent to kill is where the defendant consciously desired to cause death or where the defendant intended to cause great bodily harm. There are other crimes of murder that are justified or excusable. An example of this is if an intruder entered a home with a gun, the occupants could murder the intruder and not be charged with a homicide. The occupants could argue that they were protecting their family from being murdered by the intruder."
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Natural crimes and legal crimes, 2006.
Looks at the distinction between natural crimes and legal crimes.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the distinction between natural crimes, also known as mala per se crimes, and legal crimes, also known as mala prohibita crimes. It looks at the FBI crime index and assesses whether these crimes are mala per se or mala prohibita.
From the Paper
T"here are two major types of crimes natural crimes and legal crimes which are now referred to as mala per se crimes and mala prohibita crimes respectively. Crime A crime is defined by law as an act ..."
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Hate Crimes: Crimes Against Man or God?, 2006.
A discussion regarding hate crimes and the reasons that such acts are incited.
1,139 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at hate crimes. The paper defines hate crimes, provides statistics and provides modern day examples of hate crimes. The paper further explains that hate crimes are not only against the laws created by man, but also that of God.
From the Paper
" We now know the term "hate crimes" was introduced in 1985: clearly an act of commission, but how far back do we need to go to realize that these hateful acts have been apart of society since the beginning of mankind. In the bible, when we read about "The Parable of the Good Samaritan" (Luke 10:25-34); dating back to about A.D. 62, which has me to believe as a Christian, to be in a state of omission, and do nothing about a crime that has taken place is just as much a sin as the crime itself. It's printed in black and white for me in 1John 4:20, "If a man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar: for he that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen but love God whom he hath not seen?" When we read Gospel passages like those in the bible from Luke and 1John, Jesus' message is direct and uncomplicated: love God, love neighbor....Go do it. Looking at the details in these passages can help us understand how Christianity and hatred get mixed up together. It provides us with clues about how to stay clear and focused on God's calling to love. "
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White Collar Crime and Organized Crime, 2006.
A look at the reality of organized crime.
1,980 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at how organized crime is heavily involved in activities that are traditionally considered white collar crimes. The paper also discusses how there are several misconceptions surrounding the concept of what types of criminals are considered white collar. The paper goes on to describe the symbiotic relationship between organized crime and the surrounding society.
From the Paper
"Perhaps the most worrisome group of organized criminals is composed of the various terrorist organizations that operate within the United States. While they have some of the same goals as other criminal organizations, terrorist groups are not motivated by profit, but by a desire to harm individuals. This makes them more dangerous than other groups of criminals. In addition, terrorist organizations often use traditional means of criminal activity to develop their incomes. Most notably, Al Qaeda's funding has been linked to illegal drugs and weapons distribution."
"Fraud takes a tremendous toll on society each year; millions of people are victimized and billions of dollars lost each year to schemers and hucksters. Furthermore, modern technology has made fraud increasingly possible and profitable. Any person with an e-mail inbox should have an understanding of how pervasive fraud is on the internet. In fact, internet and telephone fraud is a tremendous underground issue, which "victimizes hundreds of thousands of consumers annually and indirectly affects our entire society by causing a loss of confidence in the e-commerce economy of the 21st century." (Morgan and Johnson, 2005). In fact, telecommunications fraud may be the most lucrative white collar criminal enterprise."
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Street Crime and White Collar Crime, 2002.
A comparative analysis of the harmfulness of street crime and white collar crime.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines whether street crime is more harmful that white collar crime. The author discusses psychological and physical aspects of these crimes and analyzes short-term and long-term harm in evaluating which is more harmful.
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Cyber Crime, 2004.
An analysis of the relationships between Internet crimes, intellectual crimes, and cyber-crime.
824 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Internet crimes, intellectual crimes, and cyber crimes are related to a large extent. It provides a definition of each of the terms and attempts to show how, in actuality, the use of the term 'cyber crimes' subsumes both the Internet crimes and the intellectual crimes. The intellectual crimes can occur without having the Internet, but with the application of the Internet, the intellectual crimes occur faster, often leaving no physical trace of such crimes.
From the Paper
"Cyber crime is an umbrella term that covers both the Internet crime and intellectual crime. In other words, cyber crimes are those crimes that can be done with or with the help of the Internet. For example, to gain unauthorized access to someone?s computers in order to deleting files, altering web pages, posting stolen credit card numbers, and making unauthorized purchases. In addition, the cyber-crime involves child Pornography or exploitation, computer fraud, Internet harassment, and Internet bomb threats. Cyber crimes also include money laundering and unlawful banking transactions, use of organized crime records or books, and bookmaking. For example, in one case, a suspect committed murder by changing a patient's medication information and dosage in a hospital computer."
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Gender and Criminal Theory, 2007.
This paper explores gender-based theories of criminal behavior.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the origins, strengths and weaknesses of gender-based theories of criminal behavior and whether they are consensus-based or conflict-based. The paper discusses how gender-based theories of crime are often neglected in investigation into crime theory. The paper explains that such dismissals are erroneous, not only because they ignore the role women play in crime but because they dismiss discussion over why males are so proportionally involved in crime.
Outline:
Introduction
The Birth of Gender-Based Crime Theories
Contemporary Gender-Based Crime Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses of Gender-Based Theories of Criminal Behaviour
Gender-based Theories of Crime as Conflict or Consensus-Based Approaches
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The lack of theoretical investigation into gender-based schemas of crime has been noted by contemporary criminologists. This is strange, given that gender is clearly a notable factor in criminal and delinquent behaviour: only 7 percent of prison inmates and 11 percent of jail inmates are female, and women comprise only 14% of sworn officers in large police departments (Flavin, 2003, p. 225). So why is gender and its relationship to crime so often overlooked in academic circles? Past inattention to the issue has been somewhat redressed in recent times based on a growing number of gender-based theories of criminal behaviour. The sum of these theories generally relate to the "invisibility" of women in a patriarchal society defined by paternalism, sexism and traditional notions of chivalry. Gender theories of criminal behaviour generally revolve around two schools of thought: that of criticizing traditional male approaches to crime study and of developing "gender-sensitive interpretations of deviance and a consideration of the nature of female criminality" (Williams & McShane, 2004, p. 254)."
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G. Nettler?s ?Explaining Crime?, 2002.
This paper is a review of G. Nettler?s ?Explaining Crime?, which defines crime and its causes rather than ways of stopping crime.
1,230 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains Nettler?s analysis of crime and the response of society to crime, beginning with definitions of crime and continuing through an analysis of different types of crime leading to a consideration of socio-psychological explanations for crime. The author states that morals change over time, so the precise definitions, even of generally accepted crimes like theft and murder, will vary at different times, as reflected in the criminal code of a society. The paper points out that Nettler addresses the question of crime statistics, both how crimes are counted and reported and how society reacts to a rise and fall in numbers.
From the Paper
"The concept of rational crime is interesting as defined by Nettler--rational crime includes the wrongs we do one another in order to get what we want. Crime is thus defined as rational because it has a purpose, even though that purpose may be immoral. A rational act is something done consciously, and crime is something done from volition and so consciously. Rational crime can also be seen to have some reason for existence, and Nettler states that an "immediate implication of the conception of some crime as rational is a challenge to the popular psychiatric assumption . . . that crime is a 'symptom' of social and personal sickness". This is thus a counter to the medical image of crime and instead sees crime as a rational choice, a balancing of possible punishment against potential gain. Certain kinds of crime more readily fit into this view than others. Organized crime as it is usually envisioned would be a rational choice balancing these competing interests, while a crime of passion would not fit into this mold. A medical symptom would not explain high crime in poverty areas, but a sociological view of a symptom as a social lack that crime seems to fulfill would."
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The Criminal Justice System, Society and Crime, 2008.
An investigation into the correlations between race and crime, as well as the discrimination that occurs when classification of crimes and its perpetrators come into account.
2,840 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
The paper explains and clarifies the perceptions of crime by gender and race in the belief that in crime, white males will likely fare better in the Criminal Justice system than minorities and women. The paper affirms that there is a need for further research regarding perceptions about men and women of various races regarding how they view crime by minority groups. The paper further states that there is a need to investigate why these perceptions have not been studied extensively over the past decade.
From the Paper
"Other research, which has been conducted utilized a sample used for studying white-collar criminal careers. This research identified the broad range of white-collar crimes and criminals prosecuted in American federal courts. Researchers benefited form this method by, careful sampling techniques and rich data collected in their study. However, in the same token, researchers added detailed information on the number, timing, and types of other criminal events attributed to these offenders both before and after the offense that was the focus of the previous Yale study."
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Natural versus Legal Crimes, 2007.
This paper describes and contrasts natural crimes with legal crimes.
917 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of natural crimes compared to legal crimes. The writer explores the difference between natural and legal crimes, gives examples of both and discusses which crimes are wrong in themselves and which ones are only crimes because they are deemed illegal.
Outline:
Introduction
Natural Crimes
Legal Crimes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In civilized society there are natural crimes and legal crimes. While they are all crimes when held against the state, local or federal statutes they are viewed differently in the eyes of those who are mandated to uphold and obey them. For the purpose of discussion natural crimes are crimes that are morally and ethically wrong and would be wrong regardless of what the law said about them, while legal crimes will be discussed as crimes in which the only obvious rationale for them being deemed illegal is that the government has deemed them as such. "
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Criminology and Gender, 2007.
This paper examines gender-based theories of crime.
989 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper examines gender-based evaluations of crime. The paper explains the difference between conflict theories and consensus theories and shows how John Hagan's power-control theory of gender and delinquency seems to be primarily a conflict, anti-feminist theory. The paper argues that gender-based theories are a most welcome innovation in the field of criminology, rectifying a profound insensitivity to the fact that women exist and allowing policies that actively combat sexist biases and stereotypes. The paper relates that many feminist theories of crime must be conflict theories, due to the fact that feminism itself is arguably built upon a conflict theory view of the world.
From the Paper
"In the broadest sense, sociological and criminological theories tend to fall into two very different camps: conflict theories and consensus theories. Criminological conflict theories emphasise the political nature of crime, and view society as being based on conflict, as opposed to consensus. Conflict theories posit the existence of two or more groups in conflict, such as two different classes, or many different groups vying to achieve their own ends. An appearance of consensus is created by using laws to enforce consensus, by for example enforcing the law. On the other hand, consensus theory focuses on the stability of society, and sees the maintenance of this stability as a central endeavour - in which most people participate willingly, while some have to be coerced by law enforcers."
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The Dark Figure of Crime, 2004.
Discusses the dark figure of crime, the volume of crimes that get committed, but go unreported, in Britain and Europe.
2,315 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper talks about the distorted picture created of the crime conditions in Europe and, in particular, in Britain, as a result of the volume of crimes that are committed, but unreported. The paper explains some of the reasons that crimes go unreported and how these unreported crimes, commonly referred to as 'the dark figure of crime', affect the overall picture of crime in a country. An example is given of U.S. crime rates, where violent crime rates have always been perceived to be high, but, in actuality, are lower than violent crime rates in industrialized nations in Europe.
From the Paper
"The amount of crime in society gets known when it is reported to the police, through public response to victim surveys and studies of offenders who admit committing crime, and when transmitted to other agencies, such as hospital accident wards, battered women?s refuge centers and similar ones (Young 2001). Other than these, the amount of crime committed is unknown. That unknown volume (of crime) that does not get reported, thus not registered, in criminal statistics, constitutes the dark figure of crime."
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Crimes of War and against Humanity, 2005.
This paper examines the aspect of war crimes and looks at crimes against humanity.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 10 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This fifteen page undergraduate paper examines war crimes and crimes against humanity, which are universally condemned as the most extreme violations of fundamental human rights. The writer notes that tragically, history has proven that atrocities and genocide are rarely prevented, for the international community is usually incapable of taking action, unwilling to intervene, or unaware of the scope of the crimes. Further, the writer points out that just as tragically, the infamy of war crimes and crimes against humanity is compounded by the fact that the perpetrators usually escape justice. In order to analyze why this is the case and assess what this demonstrates about the nature of international governance, the writer explains that it is necessary to acknowledge the inherent conflict between international law and state sovereignty, for independent laws and policies often prevent effective prosecution.
From the Paper
"War crimes and crimes against humanity are universally condemned as the most extreme violations of fundamental human rights. Tragically, history has proven that atrocities and genocide are rarely prevented, for the international community is usually incapable of taking action, unwilling to intervene, or unaware of the scope of the crimes. Just as tragically, the infamy of war crimes and crimes against humanity is compounded by the fact that the perpetrators usually escape justice."
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