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Credibility of Eyewitness Testimony, 2008.
A discussion of the reliability of eyewitness testimonies in the conviction of criminals.
2,410 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews research into eyewitness identification credibility. It points out that, with the advent of DNA testing, many innocent people that were convicted primarily on eyewitness testimonies, have been exonerated of their crimes. The paper also adds that the courts are very suspect of expert testimonies by psychologists, and precedent is strongly in favor of limiting this type of testimony. The courts are in favor of letting the jury determine the accuracy of witnesses, not having psychologists testify as to their believability. The paper concludes that though there is research on both sides of the issue, there is clearly a need for additional research.
From the Paper
"The research conducted by Ebbensen and Konecni go directly to these most vital aspects of the criminal justice system in the paper entitled "Eyewitness Memory Research: Probative v. Prejudicial Value". The conflict between psychology and the legal system appears at an impasse. The legal system thrives on eyewitness or first hand knowledge of events, it is at its very Constitutional foundation. Psychologists have made numerous scientific inquiries into the fundamental unreliability of memory and how memories can be tainted by prior events and by subsequent events. Memories fade, but nobody is sure how fast this occurs, and if there is a practical way to measure it. The legal system depends on facts presented to juries to arrive at justice, psychologists have generated numerous studies to present the facts of human memory, yet the courts rarely allow this testimony into the courtroom. In the Libby case, the core of the case was the reliability of Libby's memory when recounting events to federal investigators. Libby was accused of lying to the federal investigators, and was prepared to offer scientific evidence of his poor memory. The judge in the case excluded the testimony, again citing the Daubert rule, not wanting a psychologist to tell the jury how to rule on the guilt or innocence of Libby (Erickson, 2007, n.p.)."
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Utilizing Eyewitness Testimony in Court, 2002.
The paper discusses the use of eyewitness testimony in the American judicial system.
1,066 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
In the American legal system, eyewitness testimony is admissible in court as substantive evidence in both civil and criminal cases. In criminal cases, it is admissible to weigh toward the guilt or innocence of a defendant. The paper shows that eyewitness testimony given in court has its benefits and detriments, but all things considered, it is a valuable and necessary component of the American justice system. The paper focuses on the problems of eyewitness testimony and offers solutions. It also uses the Supreme Court case of Kumho Tire v. Patrick Carmichael to illustrate points in the paper.
From the Paper
"Specifically, the reliability of eyewitnesses and their memory should be tested by the trial judge. Psychological studies have repeatedly shown that memory is flawed and often even illusory. For this very reason, law enforcement professionals are specially trained to remember specific details of the scene of a crime as it occurs, because memory is notoriously fickle.
To test eyewitnesses' memory and reliability, trial judges should use the factors similar to those utilized for expert witnesses, such as scientific testing and error rate testing in regard to memory recollection.
This is the only reliable way of determining whether eyewitnesses' accounts should be admitted in a court of law."
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Eyewitness Testimony, 2006.
A discussion on the reliability of the eyewitness testimony.
3,504 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper gives an extensive study of literature on the topic of the inaccuracy on recovered memory. It draws an alliance between this information and the reliability of the eyewitness testimony. The author highlights the caution juries should take in overestimating the validity of eyewitness accounts.
From the Paper
"Handberg notes that jurors often overestimate eyewitness identification accuracy because they are unfamiliar with the possibilities. They assume a confident witness to be accurate, an assumption research has found to be not necessarily true. They also lack information regarding the effects of stress on eyewitnesses. Handberg notes that "Many people believe that a witness subjected to great stress is reliable because the stressful experience 'burns; an impression of the event into the eyewitness's memory" but in fact, the opposite is true because the stress reduces the witness's ability to focus on the event (Handberg, 1995, p. 1013-1064)."
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Eyewitness Testimony, 1992.
A look at the factors affecting testimony including mistaken identity, prosecution and defense attorneys, findings and research and the future.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"Although eyewitness testimony is often unreliable, its quality is not always poor. Previous research shows that the type of testimony indicating the most accurate identification involves the unstructured recall of actions. Eyewitness testimony is still a human phenomenon, and as a result, it is subject to many external and internal factors. For instance, whether the "witnessing" took place in light or dark conditions, whether the lineup is live or on videotape, the capacity of short-term memory, unconscious transference, and a host of other psychological and external factors may all affect the degree of accuracy of the eyewitness testimony. This report will take a close look at these factors affecting eyewitness testimony, in addition to illustrating how innocent bystanders can sometimes be identified by eyewitness testimony as the suspected criminal(s)."
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Eyewitness Identification, 2005.
This paper discusses the problems of eyewitness identification.
1,123 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in general, eyewitnesses are less accurate because the eyewitness can make mistakes from the time a crime occurs, through the investigation, during lineup identification, and even on the witness stand. The author points out examples in which eyewitness identification was racially biased. The paper concludes that, although racial bias can interfere with eyewitness identification, there are circumstances in which it does not; therefore, it is important that eyewitness testimony not be stricken from the courtroom, but the procedures by which it is permissible ought to be made more stringent.
From the Paper
"Mistaken identification can help to put innocent people in prison. In a 2000 study of seventy-four wrongful conviction cases, 81 percent were due (at least in part) to mistaken identification. Mistaken identification can be caused by the factors discussed in the preceding paragraph, but it can also be caused by cross-racial identification. This problem is called "racial skew". Racial skew was the cause of the wrongful conviction of Johnny Frederick and David Keaton in Florida in 1971."
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Crime Eyewitnesses, 1990.
This paper discusses psychological views about the use of eyewitness testimonies in court trials: Accuracy, line-ups, juries' attitudes, hyperamnesia and recall ability.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 31.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will discuss recent psychological views pertaining to the use of eyewitness testimonies in court trials. Studies in the past have shown that "eyewitness testimony is particularly persuasive for juries, even though eyewitnesses may be inaccurate reporters of events". This conflict between eyewitness credibility and eyewitness accuracy has led to a controversy over whether or not such testimonies should be allowed in court. From this perspective, recent studies have sought to show the extent to which eyewitness reports may be considered accurate, as well as the conditions under which accuracy may be improved.
For example, ... conducted a study in which a group of subjects were shown a videotape of a violent crime and then tested on their ability to recall details about ... "
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Eyewitness Recall and Familiarity Biases in Memory, 2006.
A look at familiarity biases and its implications for eyewitness recall.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In many facets of life particularly in the justice system people are called upon to assess the likelihood of events and their complements. Probability theory assumes that belief ordering over events and their complements should mirror each other. This paper examines how, in court cases, it often doesn't happen exactly this way, particularly when people are asked to retrieve information about familiar and unfamiliar events. This is known as the familiarity bias, a common component of eyewitness recall. This paper examines familiarity bias and what it means for eyewitness recall.
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Alan Greenspan's Testimony, 2004.
Examination of Alan Greenspan in Congressional testimony on July 16, 2002.
727 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This research paper is about the Congressional testimony of Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan on July 16, 2001. The paper mainly discusses the importance of the rate of interest to the entire economy and to the market, respectively. Although, in his testimony, Mr. Greenspan left the rates unchanged, there is discussion of what interest the financial market players had in having a new cut rate.
From the Paper
"The Congressional testimony of Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan on July 16, 2002 proves how consequential interest rates are. In fact, control of interest rates is Federal Reserve's main device for encouraging economic expansion and deterring the slumps in the economy. In this instance, despite the stock and bond market players' disappointment at the interest rates remaining unchanged in the short-run, the Chairman decided that rates would not be cut in the then near future even though it may have helped markets to cut rates. It should be noted, however, that Mr. Greenspan was basing his decision to not cut rates at the time for the benefit of the entire economy ("Wall Street Journal")."
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Forensic Psychologist Testimony, 2002.
This paper discusses the effect a Forensic Psychologist testimony affecting the outcome of a case.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The following summary and analysis is actually of two different cases involving gang action as an example of the expert witness, Lewis Yablonsky's, process of developing testimony in these cases and the subsequent outcome. Yablonsky has been an expert witness in a number of gang related cases and not only do his credentials in sociology and psychology prepare him for this work, but he also grew up in the gang atmosphere and has studied and worked with gangs as well as written several books on the topic. His viewpoint and opinions affected the criminal justice process and outcome of these cases.
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Testimony Against Gang Crimes, 1999.
Analyzes a California law admitting statements against gang members made by witnesses no longer alive. Examines the background, rationale for, implementation, amendments and witness protection.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 23 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"GANG EVIDENCE: EVIDENCE CODE SEC. 1231
This research paper discusses the provisions of California Evidence Code section 1231, the reasons for its adoption and opposition to it. Section 1231 is a narrowly crafted exception to the hearsay rule in California pursuant to which certain in vivo statements made by witnesses are admissible in criminal trials involving prosecutions for gang-related crimes even though the witnesses themselves are no longer alive. The provision, which was enacted into law by the legislature in 1997, has not yet been tested in the courts, but it appears to be a reasonable legislative response to the threat posed by gangland's code of silence and its propensity to silence hostile witnesses. This law is, however, only a partial solution to the problem it addresses."
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Child Testimony in Sexual Abuse Case, 1997.
Case study of "Maryland v. Craig" & the ruling that children can testify out of the defendant's presence.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 12 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
" Maryland v. Craig
The Child Victim as Witness
Prosecutors in child sex abuse cases must often require the child victim testify at trial. Child abuse usually occurs in private and is rarely accompanied by long-lasting physical evidence. Consequently, faced with the prospect an offender cannot otherwise be prosecuted, most prosecutors will try the case using the child witness. However, given that the child may have to testify, child-advocacy groups, prosecutors, and state legislatures have agitated for measures aimed at avoiding the child having to give direct on-the-stand testimony. The most common of these are statutes authorizing the use of screens or closed-circuit television so the child will not have to see the accused or admitting the child's out-of-court statements in lieu.."
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"Testimony: Death Of A Guatemalan Village:" ( Victor Montejo ) & "Child Of The Dark" ( Carolina Maria De Jesus ), 1997.
Reviews books on causes & effects of poverty & political & military power in Guatemala & Brazil.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Two books to be considered here address issues of poverty and power in Latin American countries where the lives of the poor are made more onerous by government action and where the military often views life as cheap and the life of the poor as expendable. One of the books was written by a member of the poor and downtrodden class in Brazil, while the other was written by a primary school teacher who witnessed the events he recounts concerning an Army attack on a Guatemalan village. The two books come under the heading of personal narratives and stand as eyewitness accounts of life in a certain class in Latin America. Victor Montejo's Testimony: Death of a Guatemalan Village is told by an observer, a man from outside the community who was present when the attack on the village occurred, while Child of the Dark is the diary of Carolina Maria de Jesus, a woman who.."
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Battle of the Little Big Horn, 1996.
Analyzes historical reporting of battle between General Custer's troops & Native Americans. Historiographic background, eyewitness testimony, modern interpretations, myths, revisionism, battlefield monument.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 16 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"Every year over 200,000 people visit the site of the Battle of the Little Big Horn in Montana. Long known as the Custer Battlefield National Monument, the name of the site was changed in 1991 when Congress made it the Little Bighorn National Monument and the monument to the Indians was planned. This shift in emphasis at the popular tourist attraction is the result of changes in the perception of the battle's meanings for both Native Americans and white Americans. The change represents an outward sign of the re-thinking of history that has slowly recognized how both popular myths and supposedly objective history serve hidden agendas. Feminist and ethnic groups' critiques of the way all kinds of history has been written have gradually produced wider recognition of the fact that these underlying interests need to be brought out in the open and..."
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Tales, Testimonials and Translations, 2002.
Critically analyzes ethnography methodologies in connection with pertinent feminist theories about difference, culture, and colonialism.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In this paper, issues of translation are discussed with reference to women who are not ordinarily privileged with the authority to speak of their experience. This paper also considers the dominant Western perspective in anthropological methods and raises questions about international perspectives from women in relation to ethnicity, race and class. This paper is primarily concerned with oral histories and the feminist theories that are relevant to this methodological approach.
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The Cross-Race Effect, 2004.
This paper discusses, using specific legal cases, the problems of the cross-race effect as related to the criminal justice system.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the cross-race effect occurs when people have difficulties recognizing members of a race different from their own, which has a negative effect on criminal justice. The author points out that, although often ignored by courts and law enforcement agencies for fear of appearing racist and discriminatory, the problem is allowed to thrive throughout our criminal justice system, but the United States Supreme Court has acknowledged the problems associated with eyewitness testimony. The paper examines specific cases, such as the State of New Jersey vs. McKinley Cromedy, and concludes that new policies and procedures for law enforcement agencies and related jury instruction must be adopted.
From the Paper
"Historically, eyewitness identification has always been viewed as faulty, but it has been found to be particularly problematic when observations are made by victims experiencing a great deal of stress or fear during a crime. In the 1976 case of United States v. Russell, Judge McCree spoke of the "potential for misidentification when a witness identifies a stranger based solely upon a single brief observation, and this risk is increased when the observation was made at a time of stress or excitement." According to a 1999 National Institute of Justice report titled Postconviction DNA Testing: Recommendations for Handling Requests, approximately 75,000 people annually become criminal defendants based on eyewitness identification."
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