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Historical Overview of Four Major Counseling Theories, 2006.
A discussion on the advantages of four counseling theories, primarily by Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner and Carl Rogers.
1,288 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses four major counselling theories and how these can be applied to a patient. It discusses psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud, behaviourism by B. F. Skinner and the humanistic theory by Carl Rogers, as well as a human-centered theory. The paper then discusses the advantages of the concept of multiculturalism in therapy.
Table of Contents:
Psychoanalysis
Behaviorism
Humanistic Theory
Multiculturalism
From the Paper
"One strength of the therapy is that clients tend to enjoy and feel more in control of the process than analysis and behaviorist therapies, and the relationship between the client and therapist is more natural and more akin to ordinary social interaction. Finding one's identity, true feelings, and attitude is also a more social process during the session than the purely individually directed psychoanalytic processes that pre-existed this therapy, or the therapist-driven theory of behaviorism. Client-centered therapy also places a greater stress of finding meaning in one's life in a larger philosophic context."
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Counseling Theories, 2004.
Evaluates counseling theories for adolescent substance abusers.
1,719 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper critically evaluates the integration of Person-Centered, Behavior, and Family Systems theories as they apply to counseling adolescents with substance abuse history. The paper will also reveal the therapy approaches in school, group, and private settings.
From the Paper
"In the United States, substance abuse is a grave dilemma across all sections of the population. Various studies have concluded that substance abuse is the most devastating and the most common mind disorder among Americans. Researchers have established that substance abuse is the foremost enduring health dilemma, and the foremost prison dilemma in the United States. Substance abuse has got a lot of attention in the prevalent, as well as practiced literature in current years. The dilemmas of community statistics with numerous illegal substances receive almost weekly attention in the media (Clayton and Elsie, 1997). Given this observation, the excessive occurrence of substance abuse in the society, the financial expenses, and the costs in human distress, it is very important that counseling specialists are educated on the subject of substance abuse as a disability."
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Personal Counseling Theory, 2006.
This paper discusses the development of the writer's personal counseling theory.
4,920 words (approx. 19.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 125.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a synopsis of the writer's personal counseling style, the development of his/her own personal mission statement and its effects, a comparative analysis of the established theory that most closely resembles this style and a reflection of contemporary research involving this theory. The writer relates that many theorists and theories have influenced his/her path, including Freud and psychoanalysis, Adler and individual psychology, Jung and his analytical psychology, Kohut and self-psychology, existential theories or therapy, Gestalt therapy and finally the cognitive-behavioral therapy. The writer explores the cognitive-behavioral therapy and explains that it is currently used on a national level with many research studies revealing its effectiveness and preference as a therapy model.
Contents:
Introduction
Review of Theories Leading to the Development of my own Personal Counseling Theory
Personal Counseling Mission Statement
An Evaluation of the Effect of the Mission Statement on my Counseling Theory
Comparison of Contemporary Research on Psychoanalysis and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Review of Contemporary Research on Psychoanalysis
Review of Contemporary Research on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Over the semester, my own personal counseling style has been affected by many of the theories presented in Seligman's text. One of the theories presented that has assisted in my development style is Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, which is based on the conflicts that Freud believed were at the core of human existence. Freud believed that these conflicts emerged from attempts to reconcile our biological selves with our social selves. Like Freud, I also believe that there is an internal battle occurring between an individual's mental awareness with their physical awareness. Aspects of these conflicts are unconscious and influence our behavior without our awareness (Strisik & Strisik, 2005). Psychodynamic therapies work to make the unconscious conscious so that we can have greater insight into our needs and behavior and therefore more control over how we allow these conflicts to affect us (Strisik & Strisik, 2005). However, my style is not completely a "psychodynamic therapy," but can be described as having its' roots in psychoanalysis. My style can best be described as finding a path to resolve internal conflicts so that the individual's mind can mature and self-actualize."
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Counseling Theories, 2007.
An analysis of the similarities and differences between the cognitive approach, the psychodynamic approach and the behavioral approach to counseling.
1,990 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on three different counseling theories with respect to their similarities and differences. The paper discusses the cognitive approach, the psychodynamic approach and the behavioral approach to counseling. It then discusses the three approaches' applicability in the twenty first century. The paper suggests that regardless of the theory chosen, the professional must ensure that it is congruent with her own personal values, personality, and professional skills.
Table of Contents:
Cognitive Approach to Counseling
Psychodynamic Approach to Counseling
Behavioral Approach to Counseling
Humanistic Counseling
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Behavioral counselors primarily believe that all learning comes from experience, albeit positive or negative. As such behaviorists believe their primary responsibility is to assist the client in analyzing their behaviors followed by the process of defining the problems brought about by the identified behaviors, and then setting about to resolve the issues through the setting of goals. This procedure is similar to those who don the title of 'cognitive' therapist. Further, like the cognitive therapist, the behaviorist supports a collaborative relationship between counselor and client in the problem-solving arena. Unlike the cognitive therapist the behaviorist follows the position that behavior is changed not by the sole tenet of understanding the exhibited behavior but also through the process of change brought about by reinforcement. For the cognitivist behavior change is strictly a conscious choice. One might look at the cognitive counselor as requiring a client to think oneself out of an action; while a behaviorist wants the client to act oneself out of the situation. So similar are cognitive and behavior theories that they are often lumped together into that which is conveniently termed cognitive-behavioral counseling. In the end the behavioral counselor will likely uses operant conditioning techniques, self-management programs and contingency contract to shape or re-shape a person's dysfunctional behavior. In addition, behavioral counseling has shown to be extremely effective in treating depression, anxiety, eating disorders and anger. As a side bar note it should be mentioned that behavioral counseling is one of the very few approaches that has been scientifically validated through measurable and observable results."
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Career Counseling: Two Theories, 2002.
Explores the two theories of career guidance scholars, John Holland and Donald and Ann Roe to determine the similarities and differences between them.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
Career counseling, from the outside, appears to be little more than an established network of people who maintain binders of job postings and help people with tips about interviews. At the high school level, they are seen as the people who carry binders of college materials and help students fill out applications and write essays. These misconceptions do a significant injustice to the field of career guidance, for they miss the entire point of what it is that the career counselor does. Helping a person discover what it is that they want to define their life with and helping them achieve that goal requires the analytical skills of a psychologist, the patience of a priest and the business eye of a CEO. At the core of career guidance are schools of philosophy and thought which center upon the work of scholars the like of John Holland and Donald and Ann Roe. It is the purpose of this paper to explore these two theories of career guidance and to find their common and uncommon ground.
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A Personal Theory of Counseling, 2008.
Discusses the author's personal theory of and approach to counseling.
2,775 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the development of a personal theory of counseling is an important aspect of becoming a helping professional. The author points out that a personal theory is in itself a process and a tool, which the counselor uses to evaluate the client and his needs and and assess his own effectiveness as a helping professional. The paper relates that the author's own personal philosophy is influenced greatly by the phenomenological and humanistic approaches espoused by Alfred Adler and the existentialists and by the cognitive influences, especially appraisal, choice and responsibility as described by A. Ellis and W. Glasser. The author underscores that the fundamental goal of therapy is not necessarily symptom relief but rather identifying and exploring mistaken goals and ineffective values so that clients can make choices that are more congruent with their true selves.
Table of Contents:
View of Human Nature
Key Concepts
Therapeutic Goals and Objectives
Therapeutic Process
Techniques/Procedures
Multicultural Issues
From the Paper
"Although I believe that humans have strong biological determinants with regard to personality, behavior, thought, and affect, I feel that the complexities of the mind transcend our innate composition such that we can function as unique, healthy, and adaptive individuals in both our internal and external worlds. Unfortunately, we sometimes get side-tracked from living up to our human potential, and our biological determinants then become more dominant. To be human is to be complex."
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Personal Theory of Counseling, 2004.
Discusses a theory of counseling based on one individual's personal belief system.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 0 sources, APA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive explanation of one individual's personal theory of counseling that incorporates behaviorism, Christianity, and person-centered therapy. The main focus of the paper is on the nature of person-centered therapy and how this approach fits with the individual therapist's own personality, beliefs, and values.
From the Paper
"Perhaps nothing is as significant to the success of the therapeutic process and nothing represents the foundation of successful therapy more than one's personal theory of counseling. All individuals in all aspects of life work from some belief system perspective or model of how the world works, how things are and how things interact. Developing a deep understanding of one's own personal theory leads to better decision-making with respect to the therapeutic process including therapist approach and client interaction. Such an understanding also promotes a..."
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Psychodynamic Counseling, 2004.
Discusses the concepts and theories of psychodynamic counseling.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the therapeutic approach of psychodynamic counseling, examining its concepts and its core theory. Included in the paper is the author's personal opinion and emotional response about psychodynamic counseling as well as a discussion of the client's subjective view as opposed to the therapist's objective view.
From the Paper
"This paper presents a discussion of psychodynamic counseling. The core theory and concepts of this therapeutic approach are presented within the context of my personal opinion and emotional reflection. My beliefs about human nature, determinism versus free will, unconscious versus conscious awareness, objective versus subjective, negative versus positive, human nature and behavior, elementalistic versus holistic approaches and beliefs about behavior change are noted."
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Approaches to Multicultural Counseling, 2002.
A discussion of the "Family Systems" theory and its use in multicultural counseling approaches.
1,710 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the multicultural counseling approaches used in the application of the family systems theory. Family Systems theory is defined, and three counseling approaches that utilize the theory in a multicultural context are reviewed. They include family therapy, family literacy and cross cultural marriage workshops.
From the Paper
"Family systems theory asserts that people can change behaviors if they are aware of the impact current and historical family behavior has on the definition of his or her choices. In the context of the family systems theory the word "Family" may be composed of the immediate family that the person presides with, the extended family of relatives and friends, and the community in general. (Bowens Family Systems Theory 2002, 1)
The family systems theory was pioneered by Dr. Murray Bowen, and has many characteristics. First and foremost the theory is a way of understanding present situations in terms of past relationships. The theory seeks to understand the entire family as an emotional unit composed of linked relationships that have existed over different generations. Family system theory claims that an individuals? behavior is directly correlated to how that individuals? family functions. (Bowens Family Systems Theory, 3)"
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Kohlberg's Developmental Theories, 2008.
This paper discusses Lawrence Kohlberg's theories of moral development and their importance for counseling.
870 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in the early 1970s, Lawrence Kohlberg started to work on his theory of moral development, which was an extension of Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory. The author points out that Kohlberg believes that people progress in their moral reasoning through stages and that moral development occurs through social interaction. The paper relates that, in the field of counseling, these theories help counselors to understand the way a client presents his or her problems and later to situate the client within the developmental and moral stages where they belong in order to create the best interventions to help the client. The paper then analyzes the importance for a counselor to know Kohlberg's theory in order to understand the way in which clients will present their problems.
From the Paper
"Kohlberg's theory is becoming more popular because people are searching for a way to deal with today's society. Society is in moral crisis. The violence in schools is escalating, more children are bulling classmates, and many of these classmates are growing up traumatized and abused, teen pregnancy is on the raise, younger girls are getting pregnant, teen suicide is moving into rural areas not just busy urban areas, gangs are taking over neighborhoods, sexual, drug and alcohol abuse are increasing and more social problems are covering the first pages of each newspaper in the world."
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Philosophy of Counseling Therapy, 2008.
This paper presents the writer's personal theory of counseling.
1,612 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
In this article, it is explained that it is the writer's intention in counseling to form a personal realistic approach. The writer's approach is inclusive of Gestalt therapy, existential psychotherapy, and person-centered theory. The writer believes it is important to help the client find self-awareness and gain peace in his or her life by accepting responsibility for any change that is needed. The writer concludes that a dysfunctional person wants to change and can make necessary changes in order to reach self-awareness and find peace by accepting him or her for who he or she may be.
Outline:
Abstract
Counseling Philosophy
Outcome of My Personality Theory
From the Paper
"What is personality? Why study the behavior of people? How can counseling make a difference? These are important questions when it comes to creating an individual philosophy in counseling. Perhaps the best starting place in defining my personal counseling philosophy is to begin with the topic of personality because this is what makes each of us unique individuals. Personality consists of what a person thinks, how a person feels, and the way the person behaves through different situations and events. Knowing our personality characteristics and those of others, it allows us to recognize ourselves and limitations that have emphasized the person (known as the idiographic approach) and his/her unique profile of personality. It is from this perspective that I believe the individuals govern their own life by their own body, mind and spirit. The Gestalt theory of wholeness is an important part of my own philosophy of counseling theory, but it also includes Existential psychotherapy, and Person-centered therapy."
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Career Counseling, 2007.
This paper looks at the value of attachment theory within career counseling.
1,436 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that to be an effective career counselor, a counselor must address the psychological needs and desires of a prospective client, not simply prescribe a career based needupon the individual's education as it fits into the current job market. However, the writer also points out that theories of matching personalities to career paths, or using an individual's hobby to suggest what he or she really ought to be doing, is only helpful in answering the question of what one would like to do. While answering this question is undeniably an important part of a career counselor's task, an equally frequent issue that occurs in counseling is when a person does not feel able to do a particular job. The writer discusses treating issues related to a lack of self-efficacy. The writer concludes that the counselor must help the client unburden him or herself of specific concepts of a lack of self-efficacy related to career skills and goals--but there also must be a more general component of raising the client's self-esteem and efficacy that is essential to fully realize the individual's maximum potential in the workforce.
From the Paper
"Answering this question by empowering the client's self esteem requires a certain basic knowledge of the concept of self-efficacy, one of the core concepts developed from the larger psychological theory of attachment. Attachment theory was the brainchild of the British psychoanalyst John Bowlby who wished to explain the intense distress experienced by infants separated from their parents, even for a short time. Bowlby stated that this response was a necessary evolutionary mechanism to ensure that children were cared for by their parents, and that the separation between child and parent was taken seriously. Bowlby theorized that children who grew up in a household with accessible and attentive caregivers grew up feeling secure and became greater risk-takers and more sociable because their basic needs for secure attachment and attention were satisfied. A child without such an available caregiver who was forced to cry without being comforted developed a sense of learned helplessness, a low sense of self-efficacy or ability to affect the environment, and eventually may sank into despair and finally, depression as an adult. A person whose attachment needs was unsatisfied as a child may be highly avoidant of new tasks that may provoke anxiety, as well as fearful of others."
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"Coming Out": Therapeutic Outcomes, 2007.
A review of counseling theories and therapeutic outcomes for homosexual individuals wishing to "come out of the closet."
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the economic, family, legal and religious stereotypes that often exist against homosexual individuals. It then demonstrates the effectiveness of three counseling theories and techniques in aiding a client wishing to "come out of the closet" - person-centered theory, reality theory and behavioral theory. The paper explores the strengths and limitations of these theories, as well as counseling outcomes, multicultural concerns and the ethical implications of this issue.
Table of Contents:
Client Problem
Counseling Theories
Rationale For Techniques
Implementing Techniques
Effectiveness of Techniques
Strengths and Limitations
Multicultural Issues
Ethic Concerns
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A 17-year-old male is getting ready to attend an out-of-state college in a few months. He reports spending massive amounts of energy disguising the fact he is gay. He currently attends a small, rural high school. He has never told any of his family or friends that he is gay due to fear of isolation and abandonment. He reports having limited homosexual experiences. He declares that he is tired of living a lie and being lonely. He proclaims that he is afraid to "come out" to family and friends but needs some encouragement to do so."
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Book Reports on Counseling, 2004.
This paper studies three books: 'Brief Counseling in Action' by John M. Littrell, 'Counseling Children and Adolescents' by Ann Vernon and 'Career Counseling' by Norman C. Gysbers, Mary J. Heppner and Joseph A. Johnston.
4,725 words (approx. 18.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 167.95
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Abstract
This paper provides book report on three books regarding counseling. The three books discussed are: 'Brief Counseling in Action' by John M. Littrell, 'Counseling Children and Adolescents' by Ann Vernon and 'Career Counseling' by Norman C. Gysbers, Mary J. Heppner and Joseph A. Johnston. The reports examine the author's main points. The writer of this article discusses the validity of these points, critical issues raised, language used, types of evidence (primary, secondary) and looks at what the books have in common. The paper also discusses the relevance of the books to a B.A. degree in Counseling and reveals what was learned from the books.
From the Paper
"This book is an introduction to brief therapy for counselors and counseling students that will enable the reader to establish the mindset for brief counseling. It will help them master the key steps in the solution-focused model and acquire the necessary techniques for speeding up the action. The book uses many vignettes and three in-depth single-session cases demonstrating the use of brief counseling in different settings such as schools, counseling centers and in private ... "
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Successful Counseling, 2002.
A review of the article ?Person-Centered Counseling: The Culture? by Ann Shanks Glauser and Jerold Bozarth about successful counseling.
773 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the article ?Person-Centered Counseling: The Culture? by Ann Shanks Glauser and Jerold Bozarth which explores the conditions that are necessary for successful counseling and focuses especially on the specialty of multicultural counseling. It discusses the argument that person-centered counselling is at the very heart of success in counseling and that the relationship between the client and counselor and the client?s situational and personal resources are the essential variables that determine its success. It provides statistical evidence for the relative unimportance of counseling technique noting that only 15% of the success variance of the counseling relationship comes from technique whereas 30% of the success variance comes from the client-counsellor relationship and an impressive 40% comes from extratherapeutic variables or chance occurrences. It explores the variables of the client-therapist relationship and the extratherapeutic variables of the client and concludes that the article is well-researched and internally consistent.
From the Paper
"The authors then go on to explore the variables of the client-therapist relationship and the extratherapeutic variables of the client. They note that ?most theories consider the (client-therapist) relationship as critical?. A successful relationship is defined by the counselor?s empathy for the client, seen in his or her genuineness with the client, and the counselor?s true respect and value for the client. Glauser and Bazarth note, ?Making judgments about people\'s humanity and its quality due to established criteria is to rely on tired but extremely powerful discourses steeped in oppression.?"
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