| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "COST POWER": |
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The Cost of Power, 2006.
An analysis of the violent conflicts in China and Guatemala during the Cold War.
3,582 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the political structure, power struggles and the historical conditions that let to violent confrontations in China and Guatemala during the Cold War. The paper poses the following questions -Why did violent conflicts take place in these countries and what led to the formation of centralized power in both states? The paper further questions why participants followed some of the obviously unjust and harmful state policies. The paper concludes with an analysis of how the Cold War shaped people's lives and beliefs in these two countries.
Outline:
Introduction
Questions
Thesis
Internal
External
Political Strategies
Violent Confrontation
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Given their long history of military rule, the Cold War provided another perfect justification for Guatemalan authorities to continue their brutalization of the population, and their abuse of power. Ambitious politicians had powerful incentives to use ethnicity as a way to justify their own power-seeking plans and legitimize their rule. When power struggles were fierce, authorities portrayed other ethnicities as a threatening force in order to boost their in-group solidarity and further consolidate their own political positions. These leaders did not hesitate to do whatever was necessary to get and to keep power."
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Traditional Cost Accounting vs. Activity Based Costing, 2006.
This paper examines the pros and cons of two specific cost accounting systems: Traditional cost accounting (TCA) and activity based costing (ABC).
1,725 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper stresses that the purpose of any cost accounting system is to provide current information about the total cost of manufacturing a product or performing a service. This paper analyzes in detail the strengths and weaknesses of traditional cost accounting (TCA) and activity base costing (ABC). TCA is a well developed method of estimating cost incurred while the ABC system is based on costs which are driven by factors other than product volume.
From the Paper
"A problem may arise in the use of actual overhead costs. The problem stems from the fact that many of the elements of manufacturing are fixed costs, rather than variable costs. Fixed costs are those that tend to remain relatively constant from month to month. Examples of fixed overhead costs include the monthly salary paid to plant managers, depreciation, property taxes, and insurance on plant assets."
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Nuclear Power Generation Technology, 2008.
An examination of the general population's attitudes toward nuclear power generation technology.
1,953 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the impact on society of nuclear power generation technology. It describes the history of the global prominence that nuclear power has attained and the role it has played in the shifting of popular attitudes towards science and technology, in general. The paper shows how this technology - although critical to the production of energy in places such as Ontario - is also viewed with fear and scepticism by much of the population.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Popular Fears of Nuclear Power
The Post-Chernobyl Costs of Nuclear Power
The Future Role of Nuclear Power in Our Society
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Unless science and technology discover some previously unknown form of energy, it is clear that nuclear power technology - despite popular anxiety - is likely to expand its significance in our society in the future. There is simply no alternative energy supply to fossil fuels that can offer the large amounts of energy that nuclear power offers. Moreover, in a political environment where fossil fuels are also viewed with considerable negativity among the public for contributing to pollution and global warming, even the negative optics of nuclear power may be lessened in comparison. Thus, while it is admittedly impossible to make certain predictions about the future role of nuclear power in our society given the variables of public opinion as well as the political, economic and environmental issues to be considered, nevertheless I believe that in the immediate future humanity will be compelled to revisit the use of nuclear power to sustain itself."
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Activity-Based Costing, 2006.
A discussion of the costing model called activity-based costing, which emphasizes the causes behind indirect costs.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper considers the relatively new costing model called activity-based costing, developed in the 1980s and then refined through use by various organizations since. This approach is designed to focus attention on the causes behind indirect costs. The ABC system is directed largely at the issue of allocation, placing an emphasis on activities rather than traditional organizational departments as a way of isolating the causes of costs, or the factors that are most likely to cause or contribute to the accumulation of costs.
From the Paper
"Activity Based Costing (ABC) was developed in the 1980s and has been refined through use by various organizations since. This approach is designed to focus attention on the causes behind indirect costs. The ABC system is directed largely at the issue of allocation, placing an emphasis on activities rather than traditional organizational departments as a way of isolating the causes of costs, or the factors that are most likely to cause or contribute to the accumulation of costs (Lewis, 1993, 12). The elements of this system can be applied to the working of a given business to help identify what may be driving costs upward. ABC can also be described as "a costing model that identifies the cost pools, or activity centers, in an organization and assigns costs to products and services (cost drivers) based on the number of events or transactions involved in the process of providing a product or..."
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Low Costs Of Production In China, 2006.
An analysis of the effects of low cost production on the market in the United States.
5,314 words (approx. 21.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 131.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the low costs of production in China. It compares these low costs to the costs of production in the United States and discusses the reasons for the differences in the the costs of production between the two countries. The paper presents the advantages and disadvantages of production in both the United States and in China. It also discusses what effects the low cost of production in China have on the market in the United States.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
American Economy
Production in America
Issues Affecting Product
Costs of Production
Demand in the Market
Competition Between Manufacturers
Quality of Products
Affecting the Quality
Price of Product
Well Educated Labor
High Technology
High Quality Raw Materials Consumer Expectations from Companies
Low Prices
Higher Quality Products
Good Maintenance Service and Warranty
Economy in China
Production in China
Competitive Production Costs
Quality of Products
Comparative Advantages Between China and the U.S
High Population
Low Labor Costs
Low Land Costs
Low Costs of Production
Very Low Prices
Comparative Disadvantages of the U.S. Economy
Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions
Recommendations
From the Paper
"During the past 30 years or more, the U.S. had the most powerful economy not only for its high production but also for its international trade strategy and production technology. But today, the U.S. is not the country of economic dreams as it was before. People are not as relaxed as they were regarding their jobs. In his 2006 study, Janitz stated: "People and companies are worried about losing jobs and opportunities" (p. 20). The main thread to U.S. jobs is outsourcing to China. The U.S. is badly affected, the unemployment rate increased, by the economic growth of China, and it seems it cannot do anything to reverse this situation. According to Janitz (2006), the U.S. still has a chance to overcome this problem by better management (p. 20). The Major advantage China has over the U.S. is its high population that offers a cheap labor force. These wages also affect the total costs of production and lower the price of products. This is the major problem the U.S. has to compete with. It's a general consumer behavior that they always want to buy the highest quality product by paying the lowest fee. Unfortunately, higher quality products cost too much. Before buying a product, consumers generally decide which one is most important for them: buying the product with highest quality or cheapest price. And another factor which helps them to decide is the costs of production."
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Health Care Costs, 2008.
A discussion of the rising costs of health care in the United States.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the reasons health care costs continue to rise in the United States. It points out that many factors interact to increase costs and these factors include certain elements that, ironically, are thought to reduce costs or that may have been intended to reduce costs. The paper adds that costs increase in part for natural economic reasons, such as the cost of developing new drugs, or the added costs accruing due to the creation and implementation of new medical technology. The paper maintains that one of the primary reasons fo cost increases is that the public does not pay for what it uses in medicine, meaning that people do not pay directly out of their own pockets. Instead, millions have their costs paid by insurance or a company health plan, and this increases the overall costs. To conclude, the paper calls for a better and more certain analysis of how costs could be reduced.
From the Paper
"The patient may pay something on his or her bill, but it is usually only a part of the whole. Alterio (2007) notes how some of the efforts to control costs can harm patients, which in turn increases health care costs over time because patients may have to wait longer for treatment and need more medical attention when they do get it. Alterio notes that keeping down costs in HMOs often means requiring doctors to see more patients per hour and to give each patient less time, which saves money in the short-term while increasing costs in the long run."
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Full Costing in Manufacturing and Service Organizations, 2002.
This paper reviews the issues associated with the different approaches to costing.
2,038 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
Full costing treats all costs as product costs. Thus, all overhead costs are allocated to costs of production for specific products. Variable costing, in contrast, includes only the costs for those factors that change with the production of an additional unit of good or service. The paper traces the disagreement that exists as to the merits of each of these approaches to costing for purposes of control and decision-making within organizations.
From the Paper
"The traditional product-costing model includes the following elements: (1) for product-costing purposes, the firm is separated into functional areas of activity-that is, manufacturing, marketing, financing, and administration; (2) the manufacturing costs of direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead are subject to inventory; (3) direct materiel and direct labor costs are considered to be traceable directly to the product; (4) manufacturing overheads of both production and manufacturing service departments are treated as indirect costs of the product, while being charged to the product by the use of predetermined overhead rates; (5) when a single, plant-wide, predetermined overhead rate is used, overhead is charged indiscriminately to all products without regard to possible differences in resources used in the manufacture of one product versus another; and (6) the functional costs of marketing, financing, and administration are accumulated in cost pools and are treated as costs of the period in which they are incurred."
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Standard Based Costing and Performance Measures, 2002.
A paper that outlines the various defects of the standard based costing method and how it does not effectively measure the manufacturing environment of today.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that in production organizations, the basic concern of the management is to have smooth operations with the least cost possible. There the existence of cost is measured by the tangible output each component of the department produces and income is compared to the cost incurred. The paper shows that a system that is set for measuring the performance level of the tangible assets is known as a standard based cost. The production level is measured periodically and compared with the actual costs incurred. Any deviation from the original cost is considered as variance and hence they are measured separately. The paper discusses that the overall costing structure is dependent on the standard costing method and performance is also evaluated on this basis. The paper shows how, in the recent years, the structure of the manufacturing environment has changed the way management view standard costs. Since most of the work is performed on a large scale and depends on highly innovative technology, many argue that the concept of standard costing has become redundant and ineffective. The paper analyzes this concept.
From the Paper
"Standard based costing allows the business to plan its cost according to the level that favors the management in optimal usage of resources and minimum cost price. There are two types of standard that could be used to measure. One is ideal standard where the price is planned to the minimum compared to manufacturing capacity. Second attainable standard where the overall lowest price is noted for costing and a considerable level of efficiency is noted. The costing system does not expect 100% capacity but it does try to minimize spoilage percentage. Thirdly, direct material and labor standards where per unit material and labor is noted for production of per unit of the product. Through these methods it is clear that the standard based costing system is not usually attainable and hence subject to criticism. The reason being that direct labor and direct material cannot be accounted for if the products are lying idle at warehouses in case of emergencies."
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Alternative Power, 2001.
An outline of the responsibilities and research of the renewable energy source ESEP group. In addition to describing the roles and each member of the group, the proposal explains the urgency and significance of perfecting non fossil fuel energy sources.
5,415 words (approx. 21.7 pages), 23 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This research discusses the world?s current energy crisis. Fossil energy comprises the majority of the world?s energy source; however, these fuels pose threats to the environment and do not provide a renewable source of energy. Analysts predict that the world will run out of fossil fuels in forty to fifty years. Due to this impending crisis, experts research and attempt to determine renewable energy sources that meet the world?s growing energy needs while considering the technical, environmental, financial, and social impact of these alternatives. This report summarizes four of the most developed renewable energy options that could feasibly replace fossil fuels as a source of energy, including fuel cells, solar power, wind power, and hydroelectric power. Fuel cells use substances such as methanol and oxygen to react and provide energy; however, obtaining a clean, reliable hydrogen source and lowering the cost must precede implementation. Solar power harnesses the sun?s thermal with photovoltaic cells to produce electricity; the paper focuses on concentrating solar technologies and the addition research required to employ this alternative fuel source. Wind power uses turbines situated in a field to capture the kinetic energy of the wind; as one of the most frequently used renewable energy resources, this solution may become feasible as prices decrease. Hydropower uses flowing water through a system of turbines and generators to produce vast amounts of clean energy, but its environmental impacts are serious and widespread. All of these renewable energy sources have advantages and disadvantages when it comes to producing energy on a large scale. Some of these factors include cost, efficiency, environmental factors, and political and social factors. The report recommends an increase in research for each of these fields, and concludes that these renewable energy sources will only develop if society as a whole accepts the financial burden that accompanies them. Overall, the financial burden of renewable resources does not compare to the devastating effects that continued fossil energy usage will leave on the environment.
From the Paper
"As the global energy crisis worsens, scientists and researchers internationally race to refine and implement renewable energy resources to provide societies basic power needs that do not depend upon the consumption of natural resources. Within the next century, if energy consumers continue to rely on resources such as coal, petroleum, and other fossil fuels at the current rate, society will deplete its fuel reserves, specifically petroleum, to the extent that alternate power sources become necessary to maintain current standards of living based on power sources. Environmentalists, scientists, and the general public target fossil fuel usage as the primary cause for the environment?s poor condition; renewable resources will offer an opportunity to prevent and possibly improve damage caused by pollution from power procurement. Globally, consumers are ill-prepared for our inevitable reliance upon renewable energy resources; moreover, developing countries in the process of electrifying their citizens will not have the means to progress in the same energy-technology development cycle and cannot base their tenuous energy dependence on a rapidly waning fuel source. In the absence of fossil fuels, people must rely on new forms of transportation and energy to power our increasingly
technology-based society. Renewable resources, such as fuel cells, solar power, wind power, and hydro power offers an environmentally-savvy alternative to fossil fuels, yet many of these technologies require further research, refinement, and optimization before we can rely upon them as a substitute for fossil fuels in basic power needs (SolarPACES 1). The problem involves ensuring global preparedness when low energy reserves mandate the use of renewable energy resources through proper allocation of renewable energy technology, ethical support from the public and the government, financial flexibility, and environmental sustainability."
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Cost Control, 1986.
This paper looks at cost control as applied to conceptual & detailed engineering & construction projects. It includes definition, purpose, elements of effective cost control program, problems, roles of cost engineer & project manager, and forecasting.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
"Cost control is one of the basic responsibilities of project management. Effective cost control allows for projects to be completed on schedule and within the budget so that the owner can realize his expected profits and keep his financial requirements within predetermined limits. Cost control is inextricably linked with the project functions of quality control and schedule control. It is the job of project managers to make sure that equilibrium is achieved between quality, schedule and cost.
The objectives of a typical cost control program are as follows:
1) To identify potential cost problems in time for corrective action to be taken, and to prevent budget overruns before they occur.
To keep each project supervisor advised of the budget for(...)"
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Tidal Power Plants, 2008.
This paper identifies tidal power as an appropriate energy technology for the British Isles and other coastal regions.
2,094 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper explores how the United Kingdom can use tidal energy to produce consistent alternative electricity. The paper looks at the two basic options for converting the kinetic energy of the tides into electrical energy. The paper examines the tidal power generation technology and the capital costs necessary and then considers the environmental impact represented by these tidal generation options.
The paper concludes that tidal power has the potential to provide a significant portion of the United Kingdom's energy needs.
Outline:
Introduction: Coastal UK and Tidal Power
Technical Considerations
Economics of Tidal Power
Environmental Impact of Tidal Power
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Developing alternative energy technologies that are reliable and site-specific can be difficult. Because alternative energy systems typically rely on locally available energy resources, they are not applicable in all situations and all circumstances. It is important to consider the potential energy resources of a given region prior to selecting an energy technology for development. For instance, it would be foolish to suggest the use of solar technology in a predominantly cloudy region, or a hydroelectric facility for an area that only seasonally has running water. The most important first consideration is to consider the site, and then determine what is the most reliable, locally available energy resource."
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The Costs of Quality Control, 2002.
This paper discusses the costs of quality control based on the theories of Joseph Juran and Genichi Taguchi.
1,120 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while quality has turned Japan into a market leader in various fields, continuous improvement may not exactly be a sound approach because of the costs involved. The author states that Juran believes there exists an optimum level of quality, beyond which there could be declining marginal returns; thus, no attempt should be made to improve quality further once this level has been achieved. The paper relates that Taguchi?s approach, known as quality loss function, states that the loss to society and producers increases when the quality level deviates from a specific target: The wider the difference between ideal and reality, the greater will be the loss to society. Tables.
Table of Contents
Prevention Costs
Appraisal Costs
Internal Failure Costs
External Failure Costs
Relationship between Quality Cost Categories
From the Paper
"Joseph Juran first popularized this concept in 1950s, but it was challenged by another quality theorist Crosby who maintained that quality was free. However, Juran has repeatedly advocated in-depth analysis of quality related costs as he believes that rising quality costs could result in lower overall revenues. "Because the main language of [corporate management] was money, there emerged the concept of studying quality-related costs as a means of communication between the quality staff departments and the company managers.? Realizing that quality costs could sometimes be a burden on the company and were thus important to pay attentions to, he separated these costs into four distinct categories. These categories focus on each area of quality control and make it clear for companies to determine where which areas can impact their sales profits the most."
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Cost Accounting, 2005.
This paper discusses the roles and uses of cost accounting in a firm's decision-making processes.
3,800 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that cost accounting is a part of managerial accounting: Whereas financial accounting is concerned with recording actual financial transactions, managerial accounting is concerned with the discovery of relationships in financial data. The author points out that one of the critical factors involved in cost accounting is the differentiation of fixed costs, which must be borne by a firm regardless of activity levels, and variable costs, which fluctuate according to activity levels, so that managers are able to construct break-even charts and other decision-making and control tools. The paper states that the three principal functions of standard cost systems are (1) identifying the actual costs of operation, (2) determining the achievement of the production operation, and (3) evaluating the performance of the production operation.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Cost Accounting: Definition, Roles, Concepts, and Applications
Standard Costs
Transfer Prices
Summary
From the Paper
"Production costs are also considered in the contexts of full costs, direct costs, indirect costs, job costs, process costs, standard costs, joint costs, and others. These costing concepts are all a part of the cost accounting process. Each of these concepts provides the manager with a different perspective of costs. These different perspectives may provide a means of enhancing the efficiency of an operation, without damaging the integ?rity of the firm, even though most of the costs derived through the application of these concepts of costs will differ from the costs derived through the application of financial accounting concepts. The use of costs derived through the application of these managerial accounting concepts permits managers to make valid and rapid decisions on the basis of performance variances from managerial accounting cost factors or ratios."
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Implementing the Activity-Based Costing System, 2008.
An overview of the methods of applying the "activity-based costing system" at Dakota Office Supply, in which actual costs associated with each product are established.
1,425 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses, in a detailed description, the effectiveness of an activity-based costing system or ABC and the ineffectiveness of the current costing system in use at the Dakota Office Supply (DOS) company . The paper then relates the methodology of implementing ABC at DOS and the procedures involved in its application.
Outline:
Overview
Situational analysis
Activity based costing
ABC in practice at Dakota
Procedural steps of ABC
From the Paper
"Before performing ABC, a baseline or a starting point is needed for business process improvement and a baseline can be expressed in some form of model. This baseline is critical for DOP because in order to establish this baseline metric the analytics just performed must be done for each individual account. If DOP performs this activity on each customer the strategic management benefits would be substantial because all the excess cost-drivers could be eliminated resulting in much wider operating margins and thus profitability without increasing costs or committing resources to gain this efficiency. Therefore, a baseline is a documentation of the organization's policies, practices, methods, measures, costs and their interrelationships at a particular location at a particular point in time (Maiga & Jacobs, 2003). Through base-lining, activity inputs and outputs across functional lines of business can be identified. ABC is the only improvement methodology that provides output or unit costs. Value added activities are those for which the customers are usually willing to pay in some fashion for the product or service. Non-value added are activities that create waste, result in a delay of some sort, and potentially adds costs to the products or services. Resources are assigned to activities so that the activities can be performed in the first place. Some of Pilgrims' resources are measured in man-hours, machine hours as well as machine maintenance and operational overhead. It is through ABC that an organization can begin to see actual dollar costs against individual activities, and find opportunities to streamline or reduce those costs, or even eliminate the entire activity thus removing the cost altogether. This is the process inherent in ABC that reduces overall expenditures of the company. "
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