| Papers [1-15] of 23 :: [Page 1 of 2] | | Go to page : 1 2 —> | Search results on "COPPER": |
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The Ray Copper Mine In Arizona, 2002.
Discusses the Ray Copper Mine in Arizona and its significance to the state.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Ray Copper Mine in Arizona. Arizona is the largest producer of copper in USA. There are some other states where copper reserves have been discovered but Arizona by far remains the leading copper-producing state accounting for 65 percent of the total US copper-production. Copper and its by-products represent over 80 percent of Arizona's nonfuel mineral value.
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Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Copper, 2002.
An introduction to the general procedure of a chemical mechanical polishing process for copper.
2,209 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 27 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is one of the most effective methods in achieving adequate local and global surface planarization and how chemical mechanical polishing of copper attracts a lot of interest. It examines the effects of different factors including the slurry, polishing pads and down force etc. on the quality of planarized copper layer in CMP Cu. It also presents, a new CMP copper technique with the name of ?Abrasive-free polishing (AFP)?.
Outline
Introduction to CMP and CMP Copper(Cu)
Techniques of CMP copper
Removal Mechanism
Slurry-- Chemistry
Slurry?Abrasives Particles
Processing Factors
Polishing Pads
Abrasive-Free Polishing of Copper-a New Technique
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of using copper (Cu) for low resistivity electrical connections in microelectronic devices.1,2 In fact, copper is one of most commonly used pure metals in the electrical industry because of its low conduct resistivity of about 6?10-8W-m and excellent mechanical properties as well. There are various methods to deposit Cu thin films, for example, electroplating, electroless plating, sputtering and thermal evaporation can be used.3.4 The copper thin films achieved by these techniques, especially those from the electrochemical techniques, are not planar enough to promise a successful multilevel interconnection. However, in fabrication of a logic device with five or more layers, at least one layer should be perfectly planar. Lack of layer planarity may lead to severe problems for photo-lithography (such as insufficient focus depth) and dry etching in sub 0.5 mm 5. Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is one of the most effective methods in achieving adequate local and global surface planarization.6 Therefore, chemical mechanical polishing of copper attracts a lot of interests in recent years."
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Copper, 2002.
An essay on the physical properties of the element copper.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the element copper-- its physical properties and applications in society and industry.
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Copper Resources in Quebec, 2002.
An examination of how copper resources benefit Quebec's economy.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This report will highlight three key areas of unmet potential where both federal and provincial governments can play an important role in economic stimulation: wind energy products; recycling copper: new facilities; and, looking at what happens after the mine shuts down?
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Copper Electroplating, 2001.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 18 sources, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the compositions and operating parameters of cyanide and acid copper plating baths. The advantages and limitations of two electroplated copper interconnection methods are compared. Furthermore, a state of the art copper electroplating technique, namely, super filling copper plating, is investigated. Finally possible research endeavors to extend this technique are rendered.
From the paper:
From the Paper
" Copper (Cu) is one of most commonly used pure metals in the electrical industry. This is because that copper has a low conduct resistivity (about 6?10-8W-m), which is fit for the low resistivity electrical connections. There are various methods to deposit Cu film; for example, ECD1 (electroplating and electroless plating), PVD2 (sputtering and evaporation) and sometimes CVD methods3 can be used. Among these techniques, electroplating is the one with the least cost and the highest deposition rate which can be controlled properly by varying the applied current. Most important of all, the thickness of the copper coating deposited by the electroplating can be as high as several centimeters (such as in the electro-forming technology). Because of these advantages, the copper electroplating attracts a lot of interests in the microelectronic fabrications in recent years."
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Sintering, 2004.
Examines the sintering of Cu and Cu-Zn pellets and recrystallization of brass.
2,750 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
Sintering, which is a stage of powder metallurgy, is a thermal process that creates inter-particle welds. It is where powder compacts are annealed in a controlled atmosphere to a temperature at which solid-state diffusion occurs. On the other hand, recrystallization is the process of the formation of new strain-free grains from initially cold-worked grains. This paper examines an experiment that had, as its objectives, the intention of examining of the effects of sintering and recrystallization on the microstructure and the hardness of the specimens. The samples used are copper and copper-zinc powders for sintering and brass for recrystallization. The paper shows that the copper and copper-zinc powders are compacted and are sintered in a nitrogen-containing atmosphere at different temperature and time settings. The brass samples are cold-worked and are annealed at different temperature and time settings. The paper includes tables.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Section
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"When a polycrystalline metal is cold worked, the grain boundaries act to interrupt the slip processes that occur in the crystals. The lattice adjacent to the grain boundaries is much more distorted in the center of the grains. Decreasing the grain size increases the grain boundary area and, as a consequence, the volume and the uniformity of the distorted metal. This effect decreases the number of possible sites of nucleation and, therefore, the smaller the grains of the metal before cold work, the greater will be the rate of nucleation and the smaller the recrystallized grain size for a given degree of deformation."
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A Business Case Study on Saudi Aramco, 2008.
A case study comparing the operating policies of the oil market with that of African copper outlets.
1,194 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper is a comparative case study describing the activities of an oil company with that of copper exporting African nations. Referring to the case of Saudi Aramco Oil, the paper highlights the involvement of the various large oil companies based in the United States together with that of the Saudi's and the effects, positive and negative, that resulted from this arrangement in terms of pricing and growth. The paper then discusses the manner in which major copper producers plan their operation in establishing forward contracts with selected buyers and discusses the benefit of this operation. The paper concludes with a comparison of the similarities between the two operations.
Outline:
Summary of the case
Analysis of concepts
Application to the case
From the Paper
"Saudi Aramco is the biggest oil company in the world, ranking first in global sales, production and reserves. Owned by the Saudi Arabian government, the company can exert great pressure on other oil-producing lands; however, because it is not blessed with integrated refining and marketing operations, Saudi Aramco becomes a "price-taker" when oil demand plummets. The history of Aramco is very much one of US involvement: in 1948, Exxon and Mobil joined up with Standard Oil of California and Texaco to produce Aramco. In 1951, the Saudi government agreed to allow the aforementioned companies to retain their ownership in Aramco just so long as the government received 50 percent of their profits. Not long thereafter, though, the Saudis saw how the major US oil companies were able to bring the Iranian government to ruin when Iran made the mistake of "getting uppity" and nationalized British oil holdings; put simply, the major US oil companies - along with the CIA - engineered the return to power of the Shah, and he made sure to give the big US corporations a monopoly over the nation's oil-producing sector."
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The Future of Telecommunications, 2004.
Considers the history and evolution of telecommunications, with a focus on copper versus fiber optic cabling systems.
2,895 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper considers the history of telecommunication and the types of evolving technology and makes a comparison of these and the need and importance of the next phase of transmission, Fiber Optic Cable Networking (FOCN). The paper also includes a brief discussion of the Telecommunication Act of 1996, which is meant to facilitate the decision process of consumers between copper or fiber optics cable and, ultimately, whether a trenchless or open-cut technique is best for installation purposes.
From the Paper
"In today's reality, the technology is constrained by network dependencies. It is especially true in cases like communications, computing, and power supply. Innovations such as telephone analog switching systems that convert signals to photonics and optical/photonic systems using light transmission have already changes the way the future is approached. Molitor, 2003, explains, ?Light changes polarity one-quadrillion times per second. Scientists already have succeeded in switching light 100 trillion times per second (terabits). Emerging evidence that the speed of light may be exceeded by a factor of 10-1,000-fold suggests future threshold potentials? "
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Alzhiemer's Disease, 2004.
An overview of Alzhiemer's and various alternative treatments.
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 34 sources, MLA, $ 132.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Alzheimer?s; it?s aetiology and symptoms, in order to question the orthodox and alternative treatments available. It discusses the considered main causes that include zinc, copper, iron and aluminium, as well as including a brief overview of the accepted commonest risk factors. It is concluded by considering and suggesting, that ginkgo biloba is the main contender as the alternative to orthodox medicine in treating and preventing, Alzheimer?s disease.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Chapter 1
An Overview of Alzheimer?s Disease ? Definition, Aetiology and Risk Factors
Associated Structural Abnormalities of AD
Beta Amyloid Plaques (BAPs)
Neurofibrillary Tangles
Risk Factors of AD
Chapter 2 ? The Biometals
The ?Normal? role of Zinc
The Paradoxical Role of Zinc
Iron
Copper
Aluminium
Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress
The Cholesterol Theory
Chapter Three ? Ginkgo Biloba
Ginkgo Biloba as an Antioxidant and Preventative
Vitamin ?E? and Other Free Radical Scavengers
Chapter Four - The Role of Orthodox Treatments
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), One of the Neurotrophic Factors
Selegiline
Oestrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT)
Metal Chelation Therapy
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Chapter Five ? Conclusion
From the Paper
"Copper is another essential trace mineral in the human body; it is a constituent of many enzymes and takes part in the absorption of iron and in melanin formation. Lack of copper may result in anaemia and bone changes. Estimated safe and adequate dietary intake is 1.5-3.0 mg/day for adults, and 0.4-0.6 mg/day for infants (Tortora and Grabowski, 2000). Copper plays a crucial role, with cholesterol, in nutrition and normal brain function. Recent evidence indicates that copper and cholesterol may both be important factors in the aetiology of AD. Sparks et al (2003) explains how trace amounts of copper (0.12 ppm) added to water and given to cholesterol-fed rabbits induced BAP accumulation, including senile plaque-like structures in the hippocampus and temporal lobe."
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Calorimetry, 2005.
Describes one chemistry experiment in calorimetry and one looking at the specific heat of metals.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper is a write-up of two experiments in chemistry. The first is a write-up of an experiment in calorimetry, looking at the heat of fusion of ice. The second is an experiment on the specific heat of metals, looking at the specific heats of copper and tin. The experimental details are described.
From the Paper
"The first experiment looks at the heat of fusion of ice -- the amount of heat needed to convert a solid into a liquid at constant temperature and pressure is the heat of fusion of the substance. The molar heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to completely change one mole of solid into one mole of liquid at its melting point. In this experiment the molar heat of fusion of...."
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Water Content, 2005.
Describes a chemistry experiment for calculating the water content of hydrates.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at hydrates, and how to calculate their water content. It calculates the water content for copper sulfate hydrate and magnesium chloride hydrate.
From the Paper
" A hydrate is a type of salt containing water within its crystal structure. In this experiment the mass percent of water in a hydrate was determined by heating a sample of the hydrate to remove the water and then comparing the mass of the sample before and after heating. From this the empirical formula of the hydrated salt was determined. This was carried out for copper sulfate hydrate CuSO XH O and for magnesium chloride hydrate MgCl XH O. A crucible was weighed to the..."
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Economy of Zimbabwe, 2007.
This paper discusses economic problems facing the country of Zimbabwe.
1,308 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that given its wide range of resources, it looks as if Zimbabwe should be able to support sustained economic growth, for it has a significant percentage of the world's known reserves of metallurgical-grade chromite, as well as mineral deposits that include coal, asbestos, copper, nickel, gold, platinum, and iron ore. Yet, the writer points out that this once prosperous nation now has an inflation that exceeds 1,000 percent, the majority of the population are unemployed and millions are starving, all of which makes Zimbabwe one of the world's more troubled countries. The writer concludes that with rich mineral assets, an educated workforce, and beautiful natural wonders, Zimbabwe seemed to have the best chance to be an African success story, however the land reform policies have devastated the country.
From the Paper
"Inflation is now so high that low-wage workers cannot afford to feed their families. For example, a unionized farm worker earns a minimum wage of $1.3 million Zimbabwean, or about $6 U.S. a month, which will buy a half a chicken and fries at a fast-food restaurant in Harare. Makumbe predicts that the population is being squeezed so dramatically by the collapse of the economy that there will soon be popular uprising against Mugabe. Most political analysts caution that even if Mugabe left power immediately, the recovery of Zimbabwe is going to be a long and difficult process because the very foundation of the economy has been destroyed. Moreover, it is now unclear who owns the farmland, which used to be Zimbabwe's most productive asset. This, together with the fact that the government has been frantically borrowing and printing money to pay its debts, a leading horary economist has noted that Zimbabwe's eventual reconstruction could take decades."
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Chemistry Labs, 2005.
A writeup of three chemistry experiments.
2,990 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper presents three chemistry experiments: (1) the effect of temperature on solubility and the thermodynamic relationships, (2) radioactive decay, and (3) electroplating with copper. The paper gives experimental details and calculations for each experiment.
From the Paper
"This experiment examined the effects of changing temperature on the amount of solute that would dissolve in a given amount of water. Water solubility is defined as ..."
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PVC: A Mechanical Failure Analysis, 2007.
This paper examines the testing, dangers and failures of PVC materials.
835 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that plastic pipes, tubing and other items are essentially a part of today's industries; they have almost replaced copper pipes and tubing, as well as aluminum and steel materials. The paper explores the dangers of PVC and examines how researchers have found that when infants are treated with medical devices that contain PVC in any form, they are inadvertently exposed to very high levels of a toxic chemical. The paper also shows that it was found that PVC can be dangerous if used while transporting compressed gases in above the ground installations, because the pipeline could rupture. The paper contends that policies and recommendations would help in the analysis, testing and the implementation of proposals and recommendations when using PVC.
From the Paper
"Mechanical testing of PVC resins would have to be carried out to find out if the combination has created a success of a potential failure. (Portnoy,199) However, the determination of the actual root cause of the failure of systems or components, like for example, the PVC tubing in an industry, can be an extremely complex proposition, because of the fact that it would involve multi-disciplinary testing and analysis. (Matco Associates inc. Failure Analysis)."
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A Visit to the Statue of Liberty, 2007.
A personal account of a visit to the Statue of Liberty.
1,209 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 0 sources, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The writer describes the significance of visiting the Statue of Liberty. The writer portrays the panoramic view of the city and the depth this experience had for him/her. The writer shares his/her thoughts about how this copper statue is a constant reminder of the enduring edifice of the American democracy.
From the Paper
"The bustling rhythm of everyday life tends to distract us from actually paying attention to images we see on a regular basis. For instance, few New Yorkers really take into consideration anymore the existence of one of the most beautiful buildings in the world, the Empire State Building. They see it as a mere and constant presence on the city's urban landscape. Although it is hard to admit it, the Statue of Liberty unfortunately seems to enjoy the same treatment. There are New Yorkers who have never been to Ellis Island to enjoy the close up view of Lady Liberty or, on the contrary, to experience the far away image of Manhattan. Last summer I was determined not to be one of those people that would settle for less than the entire experience of freedom the Statue of Liberty enshrines."
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