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Contrasting Existentialism and Skinner's Neo-behaviorism, 2006.
A paper which discusses the existentialist theory and Skinner's neo-behaviorist theory.
1,877 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by discussing the theories of existentialism and how they fit into modern philosophy. The paper discusses the various proponents of existentialism and their theories. The paper then discusses the theory of behaviorism, and Skinner's theory of Neo-behaviorism. The paper explains Skinner's research and theories, showing how they differ from existentialist theories in that they claim that human beings do not fully control all of their behaviors.
From the Paper
"It must be remembered that over the hundreds and thousands of years from the beginning of the existence of man, Western philosophy has become more and more abstract, and also become quite removed and distant from the real lives of human beings. This fact is especially evident in the quest for answers to questions like the true nature of knowledge, the nature of truth, and so on, the real person or the real human beings have been relegated to the background and, in the high philosophical theories, there is no room today for the real people of this world anymore. This is the reason that existentialist theory focuses on real people, and states that all human beings must be given independence, a choice, etc., and that one must be able to make one's own choices in one's own life, and therefore take up responsibility for the choices that one has made out of his own free will. (What is Existentialism? History of existentialism, Existentialist Philosophy)"
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B.F. Skinner's Behaviorism Theory, 2004.
This paper compares B.F. Skinner's theories on behaviorism with Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialist views.
1,805 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while Sartre defines freedom as the ability to determine things for oneself, Skinner defines it as the attempt or ability to remove oneself from adverse conditions. The author points out that philosophy has not evolved like the natural sciences because humans insist on believing that they are somehow different from the natural world; however, for behavior science to advance, Skinner believes that that society must exorcise the so called "inner principles" in order to have an open mind for the real truths about human behavior. The paper rejects Skinner's theory because by doing what Skinner suggests, the natural balance of human nature is destroyed as not everything is perfect.
From the Paper
"Still, there are questions raised about the possibility of truly predicting human behavior as a science and to what extent can we use this information. Skinner believes that as soon as we get past the concept that humans are different from other creatures we will be able to create a true science of human behavior. Part of his response is that it would be difficult so we say we shouldn't try it and this is a weak excuse. He says that we know it is not outside the realm of possibility so just because it is difficult does not mean we should give up on it completely. What we know now, he argues, is not effective so why should we spend more and more money and effort on negative reinforcement, if it has not proved successful."
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B.F. Skinner and Behaviorism, 2004.
An overview of B.F. Skinner's behavior theory.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a history of B.F. Skinner's theory of behaviorism. The paper then contrasts Skinner's theory with Freud's theory and combines it with the interpersonal model to explain adolescent development.
From the Paper
"The following research paper presents B.F. Skinner and the history of his behavior theory. Skinner's theory is contrasted with Freud's theory and combined with the interpersonal model to explain the development of adolescents and personality Skinner's theory is then applied to the mental health nursing field. Findings are applied to a black male child."
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Skinner and Freud on Behaviorism, 2006.
A study of the behaviorism theories of Burrhus F. Skinner and Sigmund Freud.
2,450 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts Burrhus F. Skinner's and Sigmund Freud's theories on behaviorism. The paper begins with an assessment of Skinner, who maintained that behavior is strengthened by its consequences. Through close reliance on Skinner's texts, the author details the behaviorist's theories, which pointed consistently to stimuli and responses as the primary agents of change and development in human behavior. Next, the paper studies Freuds' ideas on behaviorism, which differed greatly from Skinner. As the author points out, Freud believed that the fundamental determinants of human behavior were internal and external environmental conditions, which occur during the first years of a person's life.
From the Paper
"Skinner believed that the environment alone conditions individual behavior and influences personality and development. He conducted research on the various types of human conditioning - fixed ratio, fixed interval and variable interval - and delved into more complex behaviors with his ideas of shaping and chaining. Finally, Skinner gave no credence to mental or physiological explanations of human behavior, but preferred to use the stimulus-response patterns between organism and environment as his primary explanation for human behavior."
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B.F. Skinner and Behaviorism, 2005.
An examination of the theories of B.F. Skinner as they relate to operant conditioning.
1,954 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
B.F. (Burrhus Frederic) Skinner is regarded by many as the founder of operant conditioning, a form of behavior modification that, simply stated, depends on rewarding desired behaviors and initiating unpleasant consequences for undesirable behaviors. This paper explains that Skinner proposed that immediate and appropriate reinforcement of both good and bad behaviors would very likely increase the likelihood that the desirable behavior would be repeated and the undesirable one repeated less often. This paper provides a brief review dealing with the ways in which Skinner's theories are being looked at by educators today.
Outline:
Introduction
Historical Truisms Applied to Modern Classrooms
Current Point-Counterpoint Regarding Skinner's Theories
Using Skinner Early and Often
References
From the Paper
"While Skinner and half a dozen contemporaries were expert at running animal experiments, with their forte being maze-running and operant conditioning of the sort employed in a Skinner box, they were also noted for "dustbowl empiricism" or, in other words, finding out what worked in reality, not in theory alone. The burden of their findings, including Skinner's, was that "repetition of a task, with suitable reinforcement for completing each trial, improved performance" (Bruner 2004, 13+)."
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Existentialism: A Comparison Between Camus And Sartre, 2002.
Uses "The Stranger" by Camus and "No Exit" by Sartre to compare and contrast their different approaches to existentialism.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
Often existentialism is equaled with Jean Paul Sartre because he popularized it both as a philosophical question and a literary style. The list of those who joined the existentialist movement is long. This essay compares and contrasts Camus with Sartre drawing on their two works namely, "The Stranger" and "No Exit" respectively.
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A Comparison and Contrast of B.F. Skinner and Sigmund Freud, 2002.
Looks at B.F. Skinner and Sigmund Freud, two of the most important figures in the history of psychology and psychological development and compares their systems of analysis.
1,848 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts Freud's and Skinner's vastly different and conflicting theories of the study of psychology. It looks at how they differed on their views of psychology's basic function and compares the differences in the way each one approached the study of psychology. The paper goes on to look at both Freud's and Skinner's most important focus and contribution to the field of psychology
From the Paper
"So Freud noted not only that we are motivated and moved by forces that exist outside of our conscious cogitation and understanding, but also developed a theoretical explanation for how and why these unconscious elements existed. Freud argued that the primary drive for human interaction was, at its base, sexual, and that the majority of repressed and unconscious motivations were different sublimations of a primal sexual impulse that society had necessarily and understandably required to be repressed."
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Behaviorism: A Work in Progress, 2008.
An examination of individuals and theories of Ivan Pavlov, John Locke, John Watson and Burrhus Frederic Skinner and their impact on the theory of behaviorism.
3,121 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and defines the theory of behaviorism and how it relates to present day therapy. The paper examines many historical scientists' theories and ideas which provided the needed information so that behaviorism could be born. It also explains how John Watson is considered the founder of behaviorism even though the theory has been documented back to the times of Aristotle. The historical roots of behaviorism and present day uses are also examined in this paper.
Outline:
Abstract
Behaviorism
History of Behaviorism
John Watson: Behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
John Locke: Tabula Rasa
B.F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning
Aristotle
Current Use
From the Paper
"Throughout history, many scholars have theorized that environment plays an important role in defining the outcome of an individual. Aristotle first hypothesized that the mind of or psyche of a person existed because of external factors. Other theorist expounded on this premise until John Watson made it a focus of his studies of behavior. Behaviorism projects that individuals are products of their experiences and have become who they are because of conditioning. John Watson, who is credited with Behaviorism made the comment that he could take twelve healthy infants and take any one of them and mold them into any given occupation regardless of genetics, race, talents and/or abilities. Watson believed that all "healthy" individuals are the same at birth but are only differentiated by the specific stimuli in their own experiences throughout their lives."
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Behaviorism, 2005.
This paper studies Skinner and Thorndike's theories of behaviorism.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on the psychologists Skinner and Thorndike and their theories of behaviorism. The paper discusses these widely discussed psychologists and their research of animals that was directly correlated to the minds of humans. The paper explains that this research was in great debate for many years. The paper discusses their beginnings in the field, their theories and the criticism of their findings.
From the Paper
"The ideas that revolved around the theories of behavior began with the research of the Russian scientist, Pavlov. Pavlov discovered that animals would begin to salivate when food was being brought to their cages and through experiments with the animals found that it was not the food that caused this occurrence. The dogs had become accustomed to the sounds associated with being fed and therefore, they salivated in a response to the stimuli surrounding the event, not the event itself. From this theoretical beginning the concepts of both B.F. Skinner and Edward L. Thorndike were born. Both psychologists wrote extensively about the aspects surrounding behavior, and both developed ideas that became considerably controversial throughout psychological history."
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Contrasting Two Works from the Holocaust Literature, 2006.
A look at the contrasting works "Survival in Auschwitz: The Nazi Assault on Humanity" by Primo Levi and "A Scrap of Time and Other Stories" by Ida Fink. The two books offer opportunities for interesting contrasts,
1,548 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this comparative review, the author looks at two prominent books written about the Holocaust, "Survival in Auschwitz: The Nazi Assault on Humanity" by Primo Levi and "A Scrap of Time and Other Stories" by Ida Fink. The paper starts with a brief but poignant history of the Holocaust and the attitudes to it. The author then proceeds to look at the two books which in his opinion offer opportunities for interesting contrasts. He highlights how Levi has written a factual account of his personal experiences towards the end of the war whereas Fink is considered to have written a fiction story which covers the whole period of the war even though she was also subjected to the horrors of the war. The author concludes that even though both books are categorized differently they both tell the same horrific story of man's inhumanity to man and neither book will let you shrug.
From the Paper
"Though both books describe events that revile even the most stoic among us, the two authors seem to emphasize different aspects of the experiences described. Levi's work is essentially a success story. Will and grit, and a little luck, lead to his survival. As the author remarks, "Man's capacity to dig himself in, to secrete a shell, to build around himself a tenuous barrier of defence [sic], even in apparently desperate circumstances, is astonishing and merits a serious study" (56). Fink's book reports few successes. Parents sacrifice children, friends turn on friends, individuals are forced to face and embrace their darkest selves. Though both authors tell chilling tales, Levi
seems to offer more hope, while Fink leaves the reader with feelings of deep despair."
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Existentialism, 2006.
An overview of the philosophy of existentialism through an analysis of the writings of Jean-Paul Sarte, Franz Kafka and Albert Camus.
1,960 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes and analyzes three famous stories by Jean-Paul Sarte, Franz Kafka and Albert Camus in an effort to explain existentialism. The paper examines, "The Adulterous Woman" by Albert Camus, "Jackals and Arabs" by Franz Kafka and "The Wall" by Jean-Paul Sarte and makes the point that existentialism is about nothingness and it primarily reflected the mood of the very depressive era in which it gained popularity. The paper concludes that, despite some valid and creative, capable writers having been swept up in the existentialist literary phenomenon, existentialism is a style, and an artificial one at that.
From the Paper
"Existentialism is "the title of a set of philosophies that emphasizes the existence of the human being, the lack of meaning and purpose in life, and the solitude of human existence." It is a rather pessimistic outlook on life, and its principal proponents were those authors who lived either in the northern climes of Europe (Kierkegaard, Kafka) or in a mult-cultured land where its traditions clashed with newcomers (The France and North Africa of Camus and Sartre).This philosophy reached its zenith in the years between the two World Wars, when most of Europe was in a despairing mood. Actually, the movement was more or less established with the works of Dostoevsky, Nietzsche, and Kierkegaard."
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The Existentialism of Sartre, 2003.
This paper is an extensive examination of Jean-Paul Sartre's concept of existentialism and his influence on twentieth century thought and arts.
4,165 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 31 sources, APA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although the seeds of existentialism may have been sown by Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche in the nineteenth century, it was not until almost 200 years later that Jean-Paul Sartre, a French philosopher, brought his concept of existential philosophy to its pinnacle through his novels, short stories, plays, essays and theoretical works. The author points out that existentialism began as a revolt against traditional Western philosophy, specifically attacking the metaphysical philosophy of existence by traditional schools of thought. The paper relates that the fact that Sartre was an atheist, as were a majority of the great existential thinkers, such as Nietzsche, adds to the significance of his 'existence precedes essence' view. The author analyzes the reasons behind the popularity of Sartre and his works.
From the Paper
"Although Sartrean existentialism has lost much of its former glory since his death in 1980, his legacy still lives on, and this is not just through his own writings. Sartre was able to bring existentialism to a global scale, but more importantly, have a profound influence not only on philosophy, but in the arts, theater, and literature of the twentieth century as well. Examples of existential themes can be found in modern art, which attempts to show the reality of our existence instead of portraying reality as something it is not, or what world-renowned theologian Professor Paul Tillich calls "dishonest beautification"."
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Elements of Essentialism and Existentialism in Literature, 2000.
A research paper that explores the concepts of existentialism and essentialism through the characters in Henrik Ibsen's "Hedda Gabler" and Leo Tolstoy's "The Death of Ivan Illyich".
1,706 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper begins by defining the philosophical terms of existentialism and essentialism and how they are reflected in literature in general. It then moves on to explain the thesis of the paper - in Tolstoy?s "The Death of Ivan Illyich" and Ibsen?s "Hedda Gabler", the characteristics of the two philosophies are most noticeable in the characters Ivan and Gerasim (Tolstoy) and Hedda and George (Ibsen). The paper provides evidence from "Hedda Gabler" that the character George is an essentialist, whereas Hedda contrasts as an existentialist in an essentialist society, which leads her to commit suicide, a very existential action. The paper shows that in Tolstoy's work, the character Ivan Illyich is an existentialist in an existentialist society who at his end transforms into an essentialist.
From the Paper
"On the question of creating meaning in one?s life, there are two keys that unlock this ageless mystery, long tackled by philosophers. The first, as developed by the classical philosopher Plato, is called essentialism, which holds that human beings must follow a pre-existing pattern, written in sacred religious documents such as the Ten Commandments or the Koran, to fulfill their purpose in life. Therefore, one is to measure the degree to which one is in the right based on these documents and by comparing themselves to those who have followed the documents before them. Yet, the other philosophy, existentialism, as developed by Sartre, rejects the existence of the correct pattern of action, and suggests that human beings solely hold the responsibility of creating meaning in a meaningless world. This opposite philosophy suggests a more atheistic approach to life, with people deciding what is right for them, rather than relying on God to tell them which is the right way of proceeding through life. Thus, existentialists blindly forge their way through a dark void, leaving their own, new path of meaning behind them, as opposed to following the well-trodden Twelve Fold Path of essentialism, which is studded with lampposts by which one can mark their progress."
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Existentialism, 2003.
A comparative analysis of the views of Friedrich Nietzsche and Jean Paul Sartre on existentialism.
1,840 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts views of Nietzsche and Sartre. It looks at the philosophical beliefs of existentialism and both philosophers as atheistic existentialists. It also discusses concepts of existence, freedom, human responsibility, will to power, nihilism and death.
From the Paper
"The philosophical movement known as Existentialism became popular after World War II but the existential system of thought can be traced back to earlier thinkers such as Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche. Existentialism is not a school of philosophy ..."
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Existentialism, 2002.
A basic definition of existentialism.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This six-page freshmen paper defines existentialism in laymen terms. The paper branches into those who support existentialism and God and those that do not and includes views of religious and non-religious philosophers.
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