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Social Construction of Gender, 2002.
A discussion on how gender and sexuality are socially constructed by elites.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how capitalism, religion and our language are all directly connected to how society shapes the stigmatization of certain genders and sexual behaviors. This paper looks at two authors and how they show that gender and sexuality are socially constructed by elites.
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The Social Construction of Gender, 2005.
This paper hypothesizes that gender in each individual is not inherent.
1,840 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper states that gender is not defined in each individual at birth but is socially constructed. The author points out the way boys and girls are socialized to accept these gender roles and attributes. The paper provides examples of how genders in different cultures adapt to such notions.
From the Paper
"The social construction of meaning applies to various values norms and beliefs that are created by the dominant economic and most powerful groups in American society. These values, norms and beliefs are perpetuated ..."
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Construction of Gender Relations, 2003.
A discussion on why gender relations are fundamental to any understanding of family life.
1,960 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the theoretical assumptions underlying psychoanalysis and social psychology and how these approaches attempt to explain the concept of gender, particularly within the context of 'the family'. It provides both an overview of these approaches together with critiques of their respective strengths and weaknesses.
From the Paper
"Feminist object relations theory postulates that early interpersonal interactions within the family lay the foundations for the development of the mind, and hence individual identity, which then becomes the basis for later relations with others. In contrast to Freudian psychoanalysis, which emphasises the importance of the father, advocates of this approach argue that it is mothers, as the primary caregivers, and with whom children spend most of their time, that are the formative influence for both boys? and girls? sense of gender identity. Chodorow (1978, 1989) suggests that although the sex of the child is biologically determined, the forms that masculinity and femininity take are social constructions, born out of the mother/infant dyad, which itself reflects the sexual division of labour within society."
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Constructs of Gender, 2005.
This paper explores the political and social constructs of gender present today.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the question of what forms gender and sexuality take in America, based on four articles. The paper discusses female circumcision and castration in the late nineteenth century, the impact of language around impotence and erectile dysfunction on male sexuality. The paper looks at gender construction, male sexuality in general and also examines gay rights under Bush Sr.'s administration.
From the Paper
"It is very clear from various readings that gender and gendered sexuality have a lot more to do with the medical and political agenda than one might initially think. According to various sources, these constructs are often created by the medical profession, which is rooted in the conservative aspect of American culture. This is reflected in articles about the Bush Sr. administration's attitude towards gay rights and AIDS activism, the quest for a perfect penis and the alleged importance of a perfectly hard man as well as the literature regarding 19th century sexual surgery on women. Evidence from these articles, and others, suggests that wealthy white men have manipulated ideas of gender and sexuality for their own interests by using the medical and political arenas."
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Constructing Gender Identity in the Poetry of Katherine Philips, 2002.
An analysis of gender identity in several poems by the 17th century poet, Katherine Philips.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 0 sources, $ 55.95
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Abstract
By examining and analyzing several of Katherine Philips's poems, the author of this paper shows how Philips? poetry was most notable for its creative construction of gender and female sexuality, but surmises that the vision was secretly expressed inside the conventional language of female friendship.
From the Paper
"This is a point in Philips? poetry where she moves into the more conventional realm of Platonic love?a safe and respectable realm in the 17th century?but also a point at which she begins to manipulate her audiences? ideas of what that realm really is. For example, Philips implies that ascending towards Platonic love (i.e., spiritual or ideal love) allows friends or lovers to imagine an alternative reality for themselves, different from the one in which they now find themselves. This realm would give the two women the freedom to live out their ?Fate? (l.7). In fact, in Philips? poem ?To my Excellent Lucasia,? she writes that her connection to Lucasia is ?As innocent as our Design, / Immortal as our Soul? (ll.23-4)."
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"Lolita" and Gender Construction, 2004.
A post-modern analysis of Vladimir Nabokov's "Lolita" and the way the novel approaches gender construction.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 0 sources, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with a brief introduction utilizing an old saying. It continues into the construction of gender that Vladimir Nabokov portrays throughout the novel, "Lolita". The paper peers into Humbert's and Quilty's respective constructions initially and later in the novel. This paper was from a postmodernist perspective.
From the Paper
"In the novel Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov, Butler's theory of self-construction applies magnificently to the novel's construction of gender. Throughout the novel, masculinity and femininity are constructed, deconstructed, and rebuilt by the actions of the protagonist, Humbert, in order to better facilitate his changing goals and desires. Consequently, one learns that gender's only constant facet is change."
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"Boys Don?t Cry" and Gender as a Social Construction, 2005.
Shows how themes and questions in the film "Boys Don't Cry" relate to gender and women's studies.
1,845 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
The film "Boys Don't Cry" presents several themes, problems and questions that apply to and can also serve as examples for issues of women's and gender studies. The paper shows that it relates especially well to Judith Lorber's chapter of the book Feminist Frontiers, entitled "'Night to His Day': The Social Construction of Gender." The paper shows that both of these works, although certainly in very different ways and in different mediums, convey the message that gender as we know it today is simply a construction of society. Therefore, gender is not a simple classification created by nature or biology, but instead one that has evolved and been shaped to fit particular social needs.
From the Paper
"However, there are identifiable differences between this film and Judith Lorber's "'Night to His Day'": The Social Construction of Gender." It seems that Lorber both strives to emphasize, and maintains as a thematic backdrop for her chapter, the inferior and subordinate position of the female gender in comparison to the male gender. This is a topic that Boys Don't Cry only subtly touches upon. She states, "when gender is a major component of structured inequality, the devalued genders have less power, prestige, and economic rewards than the valued genders" (46). Men have historically taken the role of the oppressor and women the role of the oppressed, which is certainly not a natural condition but a product of enduring social structures."
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Construction Of Classical Music and Gender, 2002.
Analysis of whether music can be gendered.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 63.95
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Abstract
Analysis of whether music can be gendered. Examines several Sonatas & symphonies of Beethoven & Shubert as gender models. Development of the musical themes with reference to the identity of the self. The virility of Beethoven's music characterized by its directness & ferocity. The flexibility of Shubert's music as female. The Sonata as a model for experimentation. Biographical elements of the two composers that inform their musical expression.
From the Paper
"Susan McClary examines the second movement of Schubert's "Unfinished Symphony" with reference toward gender and constructions of subjectivity, and she poses the idea that during the early nineteenth century, concepts such as identity and masculinity were being newly defined, with art being one of the defining processes. In literature, the bildungsroman (or the novel of character development) were part of the "privileged genre," and through these novels, the middle class became educated as to the proper role of a civilized man. McClary finds that the sonata was the musical equivalent of the bildungsroman. The construction of the movements of the sonata shows the development of a theme that goes though many changes of identity and then resolves in the original key and theme. A sonata provided a model for experimentation that would resolve ..."
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Lean Construction and the U.K. Construction Industry, 2002.
A look at the application of the principles of Lean Construction on the U.K. construction industry.
978 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly examines the U.K. construction industry and the concepts of Lean Construction, in which the success of this company is attributed to the application of Lean Construction principles such as value, value streams, flows, pull, and perfection. It evaluates how U.K. construction companies have found that increasingly demanding customers, as well as pressures regarding environment issues, are forcing them to rethink their strategies.
Outline
The Principles of Lean Construction
The Construction Industry in the U.K.
The Egan and Lathem Reports
Supply Chain Leadership and Teamwork
The Possibility of Change
From the Paper
"It is with the above in mind that the Egan and Lathem reports highlight the changes necessary in the UK Construction Industry. The Egan Report identifies five drivers of change necessary to ensure greater profitability as well as better quality in the Construction Industry. These are: committed leadership, a focus on the customer, integrated processes and teams, a quality driven agenda and commitment to people (4GM Consulting, 2003). Furthermore the report sets targets such as 10% for annual reductions in construction cost and time, as well as a 20% annual reduction in defects. The report stresses the importance of replacing competitive tendering with long-term relationships within the industry. Clearly the win/lose relationships between partners are too adversarial to be effective."
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Social Construction, 2008.
A personal view of the social construction of race, gender, class and sexuality as it pertains to individuals.
2,182 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how social construction is an ambiguous term. It is not real and it is not an illusion; it falls somewhere between these two extremes. The paper contends that regardless of its ambiguity, social construction is a continuous process propagated by political, economic, and social forces and shapes the values and meanings that people assign to different categories and provides a lens through which individuals view both the world and themselves. The paper also examines how social construction affects areas such as race, class, gender, and sexuality and a close analysis reveals that all four of these areas demonstrate an intricate intersectionality, making it hard to define one without discussing another.
From the Paper
"Condoleezza Rice is an upper-class black female who currently serves as the United States Secretary of State under President George W. Bush. Condoleezza was born in 1954, the same year that the United States Supreme Court made a decision regarding the Brown v. Board of Education case (Condoleezza Rice). This court case resolved that segregating black and white children into different schools was detrimental to the learning of the children. When Rice was eight years old, one of her classmates, Denise McNair, was killed by a bomb. White supremacists had bombed the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, which was composed mainly of African-American students, and children died as a result. This was a tumultuous time in American History due to segregation and severe racism occurring in plain sight. There is no doubt that this event had an enormous impact on the life of Condoleezza Rice."
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Gender, the Home and the Sociology of the Everyday, 2003.
A look at the different ways in which men and women are associated with the home through the construction of gender roles.
1,022 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the concept of everyday life and establishes the relationship of the home to the everyday. It considers the contested notions of the everyday and also explores the competing views of the concept of the home and in turn, the different ways in which men and women are associated with the home through the construction of gender roles. It examines the writings of Felski and Lefebvre, who both emphasise the importance of the temporal and spatial qualities of the everyday in the construction of gender roles and validifies the claim that women are more immersed in the routine and repetition of the everyday than men.
From the Paper
"From the evidence so far, it would be tempting to agree unequivocally that women are indeed more immersed in the repetition and routine of everyday life, through their positions within the home. However, different sociological approaches disagree as to the extent to which these, along with relations between men, modernity and the public world are mutually exclusive. Lefebvre (1968) perceives all these concepts to be rigidly dualistic, hence his belief that women, through their relations to the home, are so engaged with the repetition of the everyday that they lack both the mindset and the opportunity to escape it. He sees the home as a symbol of anti-modernity, and the cyclical structure of the everyday as an encroachment on the nomadic, linearity of existentialism."
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Gender and Foucault, 2008.
This paper discusses textual construction of gender differentiation in texts of Sigmund Freud, Nancy Chodorow and Michel Foucault.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the issue of gender differentiation is a highly contentious one. The writer points out that this involves not only questions of how the process occurs in humans, but also its political associations in terms of power relations between the sexes, and institutional power in western societies in general. In order to understand the significance of the textual construction of gender differentiation the writer maintains that it would be useful to consider Foucault's analysis of how the medical community has played a major role in exploring this issue. Foucault's analysis is important for he does not simply consider the debates over gender differentiation to involve simply questions of biology and psychology, or even gender relations between the sexes. Instead, the writer notes that Foucault asks that we consider the textual explorations themselves as instruments of power by which medical institutions and society define and control sexuality.
From the Paper
"This "debate" between Chodorow and Freud with regard to the differentiation of gender can thus be seen as a struggle for gender power in society as a whole. The capacity to define one or the other gender as a normative state of humanity is clearly an assertion of power. However, in a larger analysis, Foucault would suggest that we see both researchers as been fundamentally similar in that they both partake of an institutional approach to infantile sexuality in the medical and scientific community which has, as its ultimate purpose, the assertion of control and domination over children's sexuality through processes of surveillance and behaviour modification. These processes with regard to the development of gender differentiation, Foucault argues, can be seen in the rendering as "perverse" such gendered states as "homosexuality" in children. This is revealing of the instrumentality through which western societies have, for at least the past few centuries, applied significant efforts to the control of individuals through the control of sexuality and - in particular - the power to define sexuality according to the interests of institutional powers."
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Gender Roles of Women in Greek and Roman Cultures, 2008.
A comparison of the feminist construct of gender in ancient Roman and Grecian cultures with a focus on the Greek female festival of Thesmophoria.
1,213 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the feminist construct of gender in the religious festivals and celebrations in ancient Roman and Grecian cultures. It examines the example of the Greek female festival of Thesmophoria and based on this examination it discusses how Roman culture also adapted such festivals in honor of women. The paper concludes that the Roman culture was far more patriarchal in its belief system, which negated the greater liberties that women had in Greek society and in government.
From the Paper
"This provides a similar foundation for the rites of women within the pantheon of Roman gods that had been passed down from ancient Greek culture, yet the practice of women within society as equal contributors to the religious and social experiences did not provide as many liberties from Greek to Roman gender roles. The primary role of women was respected at a level that was officially sanctioned by the government, yet the practicality of women's rights was often marginalized due to the role of men in dominating government and social policy. These are the means and ways in which a patriarchal society was much more prominent in Roman culture than it was within the religious and social institutions that the Greeks. For the most part, both cultures did not provide compete autonomy for women, yet the Greeks did provide a greater sense of ceremonial and religious roles for women that were practical and real for allowing women to bond and create social groups separate from men."
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Gender and International Relations, 2002.
A look at the impact of the construction of gender on international relations.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the question of gender in international relations. How does gender, as a social construction, change our ideas of what is important in international relations? The paper draws on prominent feminist scholarship in this area to explain first why gender matters in general, and how it is a societal construct. It then explains a number of different feminisms, and their different critiques of international relations as it is presently conducted.
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Foucault and Butler on Gender, 2006.
A comparative analysis of the different approaches of Michel Foucault and Judith Butler in tackling the construction of sexuality and gender.
1,828 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, in the introduction to the "History of Sexuality", Foucault argues that in the 17th century the role of sex and sexual activity in the discourse of western society made a fundamental and radical change. It also looks at how, in "Discipline and Punish", Foucault argues that obsessions over sexuality and society's approval or disapproval of specific actions occurs because of the infinite diffusion of power which is found as the basis of western society. In comparison, it looks at how two decades later, Butler employed themes from Foucault's philosophy in order to argue her case for the arbitrariness of anatomical sex, gender identity and gender performance. It shows that through the arguments in her work, "Gender Trouble", Butler concludes that there is no essential relationship between a person's anatomical sex, her self-identified gender and the gender performance she enacts to fulfill society's expectations of the norm.
From the Paper
"Foucault's analysis of discourses on sex comes as a reaction to the more commonly-held belief that there was a society-wide discourse of repression in regards to sex. Foucault argues against this; he questions whether or not "sexual repression is truly an established historical fact"; whether "prohibition, censorship, and denial truly the forms through which power is exercised in a general way, if not in every society, most certainly in our own"; and whether "there really was a historical rupture between the age of repression and the critical analysis of repression". Foucault argues that through the evolution of Christian pastoral practices, specifically that of confessions regarding sexual sins, society was compelled to begin an elaborate and never-ceasing discourse on sex. "
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