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Constructive Cost Model, 2002.
An analysis of of a Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO).
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper describes and explains in a theoretical manner the COCOMO model of software cost analysis and provides the assumptions and importance on which the model is based.
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The Doctrine of Constructive Resignation, 2006.
A critical analysis of the doctrine of constructive resignation and a discussion of whether or not it should be introduced or sustained in Malawian employment law.
15,553 words (approx. 62.2 pages), 34 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the doctrine of constructive resignation in the context of employment law or employment relationship. In particular, it attempts to address whether this doctrine should be introduced or sustained in employment law in Malawi. The paper proceeds on the premise that in Malawian employment law - statutory or case law- the doctrine of constructive resignation is not provided for. It is, however, recognized and applied in other jurisdictions namely, Unites States, Canada, United Kingdom and Philippines. This paper concludes with the recommendation that the doctrine be introduced in Malawi, although with necessary modifications to suit the employment situation and the right to fair labour practices.
Outline:
Acknowledgement
Preface
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
List of Cases
Chapter One
Introduction
Background of the Study
Statement of Problem
Objectives
Methodology
Lay Out of the Essay
Chapter Two
The Employment Relationship
Introduction
The Contract of Employment
Identifying the Contract of Employment
Employment Relationship
Nature of Employment Relationship
Terms, Conditions, Rights and Duties
Conclusion
Chapter Three
Termination of Employment
Introduction
Termination by Employer
Fair Dismissal
Lawful Dismissal
Termination by Employee
Rights Relating To Termination Of Employment
Conclusion
Chapter Four
The Doctrine of Constructive Resignation
Introduction
The English Doctrine of Constructive Resignation
Statement of the Doctrine
Theoretical Basis
The "Elective Theory"
The "Automatic Theory"
Elements of the Doctrine
Conduct
Fundamental or Repudiatory Breach
Self-Dismissal as the Result of Prior Agreement
The United States Doctrine of Constructive Resignation
Conclusion
Chapter Five
Should The Doctrine Of Constructive Resignation Be Introduced Or Sustained?
Introduction
The English Doctrine of Constructive Resignation
The United States Doctrine of Constructive Resignation
Conclusion
Chapter Six
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Of late, it has been in issue whether one can or has constructively resigned10. This is in issue in Malawi and other jurisdictions. The doctrine of constructive resignation is to the effect that if the conduct of the employee amounts to a repudiation or a fundamental breach of the contract of employment the said conduct automatically terminates the contract, in which case it is the employee rather than the employer who will be deemed to have terminated it. The employer is entitled to dismiss him even without hearing him. He may as well say: "he sacked himself"11. In Malawi there is no statutory doctrine of constructive resignation, and apparently there is currently no case which has said the doctrine is applicable in our employment law."
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Traditional Cost Accounting vs. Activity Based Costing, 2006.
This paper examines the pros and cons of two specific cost accounting systems: Traditional cost accounting (TCA) and activity based costing (ABC).
1,725 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper stresses that the purpose of any cost accounting system is to provide current information about the total cost of manufacturing a product or performing a service. This paper analyzes in detail the strengths and weaknesses of traditional cost accounting (TCA) and activity base costing (ABC). TCA is a well developed method of estimating cost incurred while the ABC system is based on costs which are driven by factors other than product volume.
From the Paper
"A problem may arise in the use of actual overhead costs. The problem stems from the fact that many of the elements of manufacturing are fixed costs, rather than variable costs. Fixed costs are those that tend to remain relatively constant from month to month. Examples of fixed overhead costs include the monthly salary paid to plant managers, depreciation, property taxes, and insurance on plant assets."
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Lean Construction and the U.K. Construction Industry, 2002.
A look at the application of the principles of Lean Construction on the U.K. construction industry.
978 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly examines the U.K. construction industry and the concepts of Lean Construction, in which the success of this company is attributed to the application of Lean Construction principles such as value, value streams, flows, pull, and perfection. It evaluates how U.K. construction companies have found that increasingly demanding customers, as well as pressures regarding environment issues, are forcing them to rethink their strategies.
Outline
The Principles of Lean Construction
The Construction Industry in the U.K.
The Egan and Lathem Reports
Supply Chain Leadership and Teamwork
The Possibility of Change
From the Paper
"It is with the above in mind that the Egan and Lathem reports highlight the changes necessary in the UK Construction Industry. The Egan Report identifies five drivers of change necessary to ensure greater profitability as well as better quality in the Construction Industry. These are: committed leadership, a focus on the customer, integrated processes and teams, a quality driven agenda and commitment to people (4GM Consulting, 2003). Furthermore the report sets targets such as 10% for annual reductions in construction cost and time, as well as a 20% annual reduction in defects. The report stresses the importance of replacing competitive tendering with long-term relationships within the industry. Clearly the win/lose relationships between partners are too adversarial to be effective."
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ASEAN and Myanmar: Constructive Engagement 1991-2005, 2005.
An analysis of the impact of ASEAN's constructive engagement on Myanmar and ASEAN's standing in international politics.
3,237 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 25 sources, APA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that ASEAN's (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) constructive engagement has failed to meet its goals of the development of Myanmar's human rights conditions, the minimization of Chinese influence in Myanmar and the enhancement of regional cooperation among Southeast Asian nations. It also investigates the impact of constructive engagement on ASEAN's standing in international politics.
From the Paper
"Beyond the superficial endorsement of human rights, rationale behind constructive engagement was more complex and pragmatic. As argued by Carey, a policy that from the outset was meant to benefit ASEAN's members first and foremost. The main motives for constructive engagement can be divided into political factors and economic factors. The major political factor in the implementation of constructive engagement was ASEAN's desire to counteract the influence of the People's Republic of China in Myanmar and to deter Myanmar from becoming China's ally. Initially, ASEAN was established as a barrier against communism in Southeast Asia. After Vietnam attained ASEAN's membership in 1995, ASEAN's policy gradually shifted to preventing Chinese hegemony in Southeast Asia."
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Constructive Vs. Destructive Conflict, 2008.
This paper discusses the differences between constructive and destructive conflicts.
1,129 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that it is not important to avoid conflict, but to deal with it constructively. The paper illustrates how a destructive conflict harms the relationship between the parties while a productive conflict leaves both parties satisfied with the result and cooperating with each other.
From the Paper
"Because everyone is coming from a different place and no two people are exactly alike, conflict is an inevitable part of life. Conflict is not in itself a bad thing. It helps us to define who we really are and sharpens our sense of what really matters. A life with no conflict would be like a landscape with no color--kind of blah. And if we are unwilling to fight for what we want or need, we will often experience lack of fulfillment. What's important, then, is not to avoid conflict but to deal with it constructively."
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Receiving Constructive Feedback in Peer Review Activities, 2002.
A look at the concept of fellow students examining papers of other students, and its ramifications.
1,330 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper provides guidelines that will help receivers of peer review feedback accept criticisms constructively. In addition, this paper also suggests effective ways and methods for encouraging students to accept criticism gracefully. This, evidently, is more important, since it avoids and prevents the occurrence of any negative criticisms from happening.
From the Paper
"Peer Review is defined as ?the process of submitting one?s work to the judgment of another who is equally qualified? (Work 2002). Peer review activities are usually practiced in most educational institutions, and are usually conducted between students in one class. Peer review activities let students assume the role of both editors and writers. Students become editors because they are tasked to evaluate their classmate?s work, while they are also writers because they are also tasked to compose papers (which they, as editors, will evaluate). Peer reviews are often encouraged because they entail critical thinking and responsibility on the student?s part. The role of students as writers are often placed in a critical situation during peer review activities, and the relationship between the writer (receiver of the feedback) and the editor becomes crucial, since it entails understanding (on the receiver?s part) and objectivity (on the editor?s part) for peer reviews to become effective and tension- free. Writers are often evaluated in peer review activities, and students receiving unfavorable feedbacks (incorrect form or structure, or both) often face the problem of not obtaining a high grade, which leaves the writer discouraged, and often creates tension between the editor and writer."
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Cost Control, 1986.
This paper looks at cost control as applied to conceptual & detailed engineering & construction projects. It includes definition, purpose, elements of effective cost control program, problems, roles of cost engineer & project manager, and forecasting.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
"Cost control is one of the basic responsibilities of project management. Effective cost control allows for projects to be completed on schedule and within the budget so that the owner can realize his expected profits and keep his financial requirements within predetermined limits. Cost control is inextricably linked with the project functions of quality control and schedule control. It is the job of project managers to make sure that equilibrium is achieved between quality, schedule and cost.
The objectives of a typical cost control program are as follows:
1) To identify potential cost problems in time for corrective action to be taken, and to prevent budget overruns before they occur.
To keep each project supervisor advised of the budget for(...)"
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Advances in Construction, 2006.
A paper on the various constructional processes involving domestic and commercial premises.
4,230 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 112.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the various aspects of constructional activity including planning, procuring, executing and registering activities. The paper also considers the legal aspects, insurance aspects and maintenance aspects of constructional activity and uses examples, facts and figures to discuss each aspect. Additionally, the paper looks at management in the construction industry, the risks of a constructional company, new techniques and methods in construction, and what strategy a construction company should follow in order to be successful.
What is Construction
What is Constructional Activity
Manager's Code of Professional Ethics in Construction
Risks of a Constructional Company
New Methods and Techniques of Construction
Order to be Followed in a Construction Industry for being Successful
From the Paper
"Building construction-case study of Fletcher Construction, Australia
According to the Recycling Resources Recovery Council (RRRC) the construction industry waste accounts for 44% of the total land fill in Victoria. In January 1993, Fletcher construction selected two Melbourne construction sites for training the program. One site was to introduce recycling and waste minimization methods and the other would adapt the traditional approach of handling waste on sight. The results of the trial revealed substantial savings to the project and environment. The process of implementing recycling and waste minimization reduced the volume of waste from 44% to 15%. 43% less land filled space was consumed and there was a financial saving of 55% achieved on waste removal cost. Over one third of the total waste volume generated was recycled. Fletcher Construction of Australia has incorporated green measures into its national policy, aiming to reduce waste on every constructional site by 25% as compared to the conventional methods. Its sister company in Seattle, Washington has also implemented similar methods."
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Construction Delays, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis and identification of major causes of delays in construction projects in Libya.
865 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer investigates various construction companies within Libya, to rank construction delay variables in accordance with their effect on delay and cost. Additionally, the researcher's aim includes reviewing the existing literature available on the construction industry to ascertain the primary causes of delays in construction processes. To achieve these aims, the author evaluates what are the primary causes of delays related to construction processes. Further, the writer discusses what construction companies exist in Libya and how these variables rank according to their effect on project delay and cost. The writer also examines how construction delays impact the cost of construction processes.
Outline:
Introduction
Objectives
Literature Review
Methodology
Analysis of Data
Implications
References
From the Paper
"Ford notes that political leadership in Libya is ripe for encouraging foreign investment in multiple sectors. The country will need to increase its' production capacity to attract foreign investors particularly in underdeveloped fields. The country must also reintegrate itself in the international political arena by working on relations with the governments in major countries of western Europe and the U.S."
"Sebestyen notes that construction and modern manufacturing has along history that can be traced several thousand years. Changing technologies have impacted multiple arenas including construction, where the techniques, processes, materials, machines and information of technology must be embraced during production and used in different ways for different countries, even in the presence of international trends in construction. Technology has stimulated among other things better conditions within the construction industry, better quality, durability and increased opportunities for sustainable growth."
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Activity-Based Costing, 2006.
A discussion of the costing model called activity-based costing, which emphasizes the causes behind indirect costs.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper considers the relatively new costing model called activity-based costing, developed in the 1980s and then refined through use by various organizations since. This approach is designed to focus attention on the causes behind indirect costs. The ABC system is directed largely at the issue of allocation, placing an emphasis on activities rather than traditional organizational departments as a way of isolating the causes of costs, or the factors that are most likely to cause or contribute to the accumulation of costs.
From the Paper
"Activity Based Costing (ABC) was developed in the 1980s and has been refined through use by various organizations since. This approach is designed to focus attention on the causes behind indirect costs. The ABC system is directed largely at the issue of allocation, placing an emphasis on activities rather than traditional organizational departments as a way of isolating the causes of costs, or the factors that are most likely to cause or contribute to the accumulation of costs (Lewis, 1993, 12). The elements of this system can be applied to the working of a given business to help identify what may be driving costs upward. ABC can also be described as "a costing model that identifies the cost pools, or activity centers, in an organization and assigns costs to products and services (cost drivers) based on the number of events or transactions involved in the process of providing a product or..."
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Low Costs Of Production In China, 2006.
An analysis of the effects of low cost production on the market in the United States.
5,314 words (approx. 21.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 131.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the low costs of production in China. It compares these low costs to the costs of production in the United States and discusses the reasons for the differences in the the costs of production between the two countries. The paper presents the advantages and disadvantages of production in both the United States and in China. It also discusses what effects the low cost of production in China have on the market in the United States.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
American Economy
Production in America
Issues Affecting Product
Costs of Production
Demand in the Market
Competition Between Manufacturers
Quality of Products
Affecting the Quality
Price of Product
Well Educated Labor
High Technology
High Quality Raw Materials Consumer Expectations from Companies
Low Prices
Higher Quality Products
Good Maintenance Service and Warranty
Economy in China
Production in China
Competitive Production Costs
Quality of Products
Comparative Advantages Between China and the U.S
High Population
Low Labor Costs
Low Land Costs
Low Costs of Production
Very Low Prices
Comparative Disadvantages of the U.S. Economy
Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions
Recommendations
From the Paper
"During the past 30 years or more, the U.S. had the most powerful economy not only for its high production but also for its international trade strategy and production technology. But today, the U.S. is not the country of economic dreams as it was before. People are not as relaxed as they were regarding their jobs. In his 2006 study, Janitz stated: "People and companies are worried about losing jobs and opportunities" (p. 20). The main thread to U.S. jobs is outsourcing to China. The U.S. is badly affected, the unemployment rate increased, by the economic growth of China, and it seems it cannot do anything to reverse this situation. According to Janitz (2006), the U.S. still has a chance to overcome this problem by better management (p. 20). The Major advantage China has over the U.S. is its high population that offers a cheap labor force. These wages also affect the total costs of production and lower the price of products. This is the major problem the U.S. has to compete with. It's a general consumer behavior that they always want to buy the highest quality product by paying the lowest fee. Unfortunately, higher quality products cost too much. Before buying a product, consumers generally decide which one is most important for them: buying the product with highest quality or cheapest price. And another factor which helps them to decide is the costs of production."
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Full Costing in Manufacturing and Service Organizations, 2002.
This paper reviews the issues associated with the different approaches to costing.
2,038 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
Full costing treats all costs as product costs. Thus, all overhead costs are allocated to costs of production for specific products. Variable costing, in contrast, includes only the costs for those factors that change with the production of an additional unit of good or service. The paper traces the disagreement that exists as to the merits of each of these approaches to costing for purposes of control and decision-making within organizations.
From the Paper
"The traditional product-costing model includes the following elements: (1) for product-costing purposes, the firm is separated into functional areas of activity-that is, manufacturing, marketing, financing, and administration; (2) the manufacturing costs of direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead are subject to inventory; (3) direct materiel and direct labor costs are considered to be traceable directly to the product; (4) manufacturing overheads of both production and manufacturing service departments are treated as indirect costs of the product, while being charged to the product by the use of predetermined overhead rates; (5) when a single, plant-wide, predetermined overhead rate is used, overhead is charged indiscriminately to all products without regard to possible differences in resources used in the manufacture of one product versus another; and (6) the functional costs of marketing, financing, and administration are accumulated in cost pools and are treated as costs of the period in which they are incurred."
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Health Care Costs, 2008.
A discussion of the rising costs of health care in the United States.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the reasons health care costs continue to rise in the United States. It points out that many factors interact to increase costs and these factors include certain elements that, ironically, are thought to reduce costs or that may have been intended to reduce costs. The paper adds that costs increase in part for natural economic reasons, such as the cost of developing new drugs, or the added costs accruing due to the creation and implementation of new medical technology. The paper maintains that one of the primary reasons fo cost increases is that the public does not pay for what it uses in medicine, meaning that people do not pay directly out of their own pockets. Instead, millions have their costs paid by insurance or a company health plan, and this increases the overall costs. To conclude, the paper calls for a better and more certain analysis of how costs could be reduced.
From the Paper
"The patient may pay something on his or her bill, but it is usually only a part of the whole. Alterio (2007) notes how some of the efforts to control costs can harm patients, which in turn increases health care costs over time because patients may have to wait longer for treatment and need more medical attention when they do get it. Alterio notes that keeping down costs in HMOs often means requiring doctors to see more patients per hour and to give each patient less time, which saves money in the short-term while increasing costs in the long run."
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Pragmatics - Grammatical Constructions, 2007.
A discussion regarding construction grammar and grammatical constructions.
917 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses construction grammar. According to the paper, construction grammar (CxG) is a usage-based framework, and it endeavors to treat all types of expressions as equally central to capturing grammatical patterning.
Outline:
Fillmore's approach to Construction Grammar
More cognitive approaches to Construction Grammar
Towards a "Fluid" Construction Grammar
From the Paper
"A. Radical Construction Grammar (Croft): all constructions are language-specific; all categories are defined by constructions; constructions are the primitive units of language. This kind of CxG takes into account cross-linguistic factors, dealing with the internal structure of constructions. Radical CxG is non-reductionist: constructions are not derived from their parts, but the parts are derived from the constructions. Radical CxG is opposed to the idea that syntactic categories, roles, and relations are universal. Moreover, they are not only language-specific, but also construction-specific. Instead of syntactic relations, Radical CxG rather talks about semantic relations. Indeed, it is closely related to cognitive linguistics."
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