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"Considerations on Representative Government", 2002.
A look at the philosophical work of John Stuart Mills - "Considerations on Representative Government".
1,807 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Mills explores the idea that liberty is in fact, truly realized only in a nation where a representative government is elected. A representative government can be defined in fact, as a democratic government, one that is elected for the people by the people. The writer explains how Mills defines government in many ways, in an attempt to identify the role of government in keeping order and maintaining progress in a democratic society, yet also in a manner that supports the cause of ?liberty and justice for all.?
From the Paper
"Mills reconciles or brings together liberty and democracy by demonstrating how the two exist in and of themselves yet also together. A democratic government, for example, is in essence one that promotes the liberty of it?s community members and people. Mills goes on to discuss the importance of political institutions as mechanisms with which to foster in members of the community that have ?desirable qualities, moral and intellectual?. A government that fosters such desirable traits will operate in the most efficient manner."
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Government Morality, 1997.
An essay on moral conduct of governments with special consideration to Glenn Tinder's book entitled "Political Thinking: The Perennial Questions" and Niccolo Machiavelli's "The Prince".
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 0 sources, $ 52.95
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Abstract
Political theorists over time have attempted to answer the question of whether governments should be under the same moral limits as individuals. This paper examines the theories and opinions of two writers by looking at their literature. These opinions are presented and compared.
From the Paper
"Political theorists over time have attempted to answer the question of whether governments should be under the same moral limits as individuals. Some men have attacked this question at its very core, and there they face another question. What is moral law, and how is it formed? Other philosophers have pondered the extent of limits on power in general, and some have entertained ideas of a government without limits and a society with an abundance of limits. Through discussion of all these aspects, it remains unclear whether governments should be held under the same moral code as the individuals that it rules and represents."
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Representative Democracy, 2008.
This paper explores whether democratic representatives truly represent their voters.
928 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper defines representative democracy as having representatives that will act in accordance with the needs of the people or different groups. The writer discusses different forms of representation and disagrees with majority-minority districts, believing it is more important to have representatives who represent different classes of people. The paper explains that, whether due to their conscience, their opinion on a topic, or because they feel the decision is wrong for the people, not all representatives act in accordance with the needs of the people or the groups that they represent.
From the Paper
"Does a representative have to share the demographic characteristics of the majority of the constituency? While most people might believe they do, the fact is that they do not. A representative of the people "may" vote differently than what the people want nor does the representative have to vote the way the people want if they believe it is not in the best interest of the people. Representatives may claim to be on the side of the people and even agree with different groups that represent the people, but they may choose not to vote the way the public believes they will vote. Madison tells how representatives often betray the people by voting the way they believe is right or in their own interest, they "pretend to be champions for the right and the capacity to choose their own rulers, yet maintain that they will prefer those only who will immediately and infallibly betray the trust committed to them" (321)."
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Cultural Considerations, 2008.
This paper briefly explores the article "Cultural Considerations in End-of-Life Care" by Polly Mazanec and Mary Kay Tyler, about the significance of appreciating cultural considerations in end-of-life care situations.
814 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses a scholarly article, "Cultural Considerations in End-of-Life Care" by Polly Mazanec and Mary Kay Tyler, which touches upon the issue of cultural considerations in the nursing profession. The paper provides a rough outline of the article, re-defines it in terms of how the writer understands the practice, and illustrates the relationship between the practice of cultural sensibility and the client system of which the patient is but one part. In the end, the paper insists that cultural competence is one of the new core skills that any nursing practitioner will be expected to have as the twenty-first century proceeds along.
Outline:
Abstract
Cultural Considerations in End-of-Life Care
References
From the Paper
"While cultural sensitivity may not be the first skill nursing practitioners think of when they are asked to contemplate the abilities they will most need in order to be successful in a tough, challenging profession, there can be little question that an increasingly diversified society has made it essential that nurses know how to deal with those whose cultural background differs from their own.
"Reviewing the aforementioned article, a number of things spring to mind. First of all, Mazanec and Tyler report that a clinician cannot possibly provide effective care without a strong understanding of the different cultural backgrounds of those with whom they will come into contact. Part of achieving this greater understanding entails eschewing the "ethnocentrism" that often pervades one's world-view; it is also considered appropriate that a nurse be well-aware of the family structures, communication styles, and ways in which different cultural groups respond to illness."
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"Modernizing Government: The Way Forward", 2008.
A review of the book "Modernizing Government: The Way Forward". by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
2,663 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the book "Modernizing Government: The Way Forward" has been able to provide a clear picture of the context of public sector modernization among OECD countries as it focuses on six key public sector reform levers--open government, enhancing public sector performance, modernizing accountability and control, reallocation and restructuring, use of market-type mechanism, and modernizing public employment. The paper looks at what capacities "modern governments" have to adopt to make them more responsive, transparent, and efficient. The paper then explains that the book essentially weaves a great deal of underlying theories on the dynamics of
public administration and governance, and integrating the same with emerging trends in practice among OECD countries. The paper also points out that although the book seems necessarily limited in scope as it arbitrarily focuses on the identified policy levers while leaving out other equally relevant dimensions of change, it is considerably successful, however, in providing a sound discussion of the underlying roles and interaction of governance and public administration within a whole-of-government perspective, and the changing modes by which governments manage the public sector in relation to new and emerging public assumptions and expectations of governments.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Overview and Structure of the Book
Discussion and Review
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The two-year review aimed to provide a contextual
understanding of important developments in public governance and the impact of reform initiatives among OECD countries with the objective of helping out equip for the future those involved in public governance policy. The book identifies levers for reform to modernize the public sector, and also presents an overview of public sector modernization over the last two decades.
"It begins its discussion by noting that over the past 20 years, significant
influx of new ideas and initiatives in the field of public management has transpired in OECD member countries. It stresses that the impetus for change came from the social economic and technological developments in the latter half of the 2oth century. It argues that while in some governments, fiscal stresses have sparked off the reforms; the underlying pressure for change came from the fact that governments have become out of step with the new and changing expectations of the societies that they serve."
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E-Government, 2005.
An article review regarding the role of the Internet in governance.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews seven articles regarding e-government, i.e. the role and scope of the Internet in providing public service and governance. Issues covered by the paper include the rhetorical and reality of e-government, global considerations, and site liability.
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Representative Action, 2003.
A law paper providing a definition and discussion of the term "representative action", also known as class action.
2,120 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by defining the concept of representative proceedings or actions. It then discusses the procedural aspects of commencing a procedural action. This is followed by a discussion of the benefits to both the applicant and respondent regarding representative actions and what the limitations of such proceedings are. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the future of representative actions.
From the Paper
"The popular term, Class Action, is better defined in the Australian Jurisdictions as a Representative proceeding, a proceeding in which a defined party (or parties), will bring an action as plaintiff on behalf of a group, of seven or more members , where the group has an issue arising out of common circumstances , giving rise to a common question of law or fact. The legislative provisions Part IVA are mirrored by the Judgement of Mchugh J in Carnie , where his honour held;
?In my opinion, a plaintiff and the represented persons have "the same interest" in legal proceedings when they have a community of interest in the determination of any substantial question of law or fact? "
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Representative Democracy, 2004.
Provides an historical look at representative democracies.
1,174 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This essay takes a look at some of the successful attempts and failed attempts at representative democracy. Russia and Germany are cited as failures in representative democracies, while the U.S. is cited as a representative democracy that has experienced limited success.
From the Paper
"In the news we are told that Iran is preparing for what they call free elections for their representative government. However, a group of governmental overseers, religious leaders, have to approve all candidates. This year, a large number of candidates, many of whom are currently elected by their constituents, will not be allowed to run for office because their views fall too far outside what the ruling powers find acceptable. No one living in a country that truly allows free speech would consider this governmental form a democracy, because to truly participate in government, the people represented by the government must be able to speak about what they think needs to be changed as well as what they like. The greatest strength a representative democratic government can have is the free speech for its constituents."
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The Promise of Representative Bureaucracy, 2002.
Critique and summary of Sally Seldon's book "The Promise of Representative Bureaucracy: Diversity and Responsiveness in a Government Agency".
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This is a critique of Sally Seldon's books on the promise of representative bureaucracy. Selden's latest book is called The Promise of Representative Bureaucracy: Diversity and Responsiveness in a Government Agency. This critical work consists of seven chapters. The first chapter is called "Bureaucracy As a Representative Institution," and it outlines the purpose and goals of the work and poses a number of questions about diversity in an organizational structure.
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The United States Government, 2001.
The following paper explores the concept of a government as a system of social control.
1,730 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The following paper discusses the government of the United States as one that wields a considerable amount of power, through the allocation of financial resources and the passing of legislation. This paper focuses on the tension between the need for unitary controls and the unique ability of states to address local concerns in the American political discourse.
From the Paper
"In the form of a social contract, written or unwritten, explicitly stated or unstated, wrested by consent of the governed or given freely, a government is vested with the power under which it has the right to make laws. A government also has the right to enforce these laws. A government may be said to be s a particular group or organizations present in a society possessing these unique abilities. There are many ways to classify forms of government. According to the classical formula, governments are distinguished by whether power is held by one man, a few individuals, or a majority."
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Representative Men in Literature, 2005.
This paper compares the degree to which Frederick Douglass as portrayed in "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass" and George R.T. Hewes, portrayed in "The Shoemaker and the Tea Party" are representative of their respective eras.
1,460 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explores that the relative "representative-ness" of both Douglass and George Robert Twelve Hewes, of their respective eras, is based on how each man typifies his respective era, in (1) social station, (2) peer relationships and (3) ability to articulate, act upon and lead others to support his vision. This author points out that (1) Frederick Douglass' social station of a slave was typical of peers with whom he planned, spoke and interacted leading up to his own heroic activities, while Hewes' was not; (2) Douglass' relationships of influence leading up to his revolutionary activities were with peers, while Hewes' were with those richer and more privileged persons and (3)
Douglass articulated, acted upon and lead others to support his vision; while Hewes, though he acted on a shared vision of American independence, was not the originator of that vision, now did he publicly speak or write to influence others toward it. The paper concludes that Frederick Douglass more representative of his particular era than was George Robert Twelve Hewes of his era.
From the Paper
"Though Douglass was more typical of his era than not, there were also ways he was special, even in early childhood. In certain ways, he enjoyed treatment atypical of slaves of that period, perhaps (though not verifiably) because Aaron Anthony was indeed his father. For example, when he was nine years old, rather than being sent into the fields to begin life as a slave labored as soon as he was physically ready, like most male slave children that age, Frederick was instead sent to live, for reasons forever unknown to him, with Aaron Anthony's daughter and son-in-law, Sofia and Hugh Auld, in Baltimore. Sofia (who may have been his half-sister) taught Frederick to read and write (which was illegal) until her husband Hugh Auld discovered she was doing so, and insisted she stop since this "would forever unfit him to be a slave"
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The Role of Government in Policy-Making, 2008.
This paper looks at public policy and discusses the role of the US government in policy making.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that, in the US, the public policy process essentially begins with a bill, or proposed law, being introduced for consideration into both chambers of Congress, which is comprised of the US Senate and House of Representatives. The writer then explains that public policy is shaped by the federal judiciary system in one of two ways. The first way is through statutory construction, in which courts interpret the definitions of laws and administrative regulations. Congress can overturn a Supreme Court decision involving statutory construction with which it disagrees. The second way is through judicial review, in which courts decide whether any law or administrative action passed by either Congress or certain state legislatures is in violation of the US Constitution. The writer concludes that the role the court system has played in shaping policies that affect the American Civil Liberties Union is that it continually passes judgment on the various cases brought to it by the organization on behalf of various underprivileged individuals.
From the Paper
"These laws and decisions influence the organization's decision-making operations by helping it to narrow down the types of social and political issues it would be interested in tackling. Such issues include those pertaining to free speech, the death penalty, disability rights, drug policy, HIV/AIDS, immigrant rights, prisoners' rights, lesbian and gay rights, privacy and technology, rights of the poor, police practices, racial justice, reproductive freedom and women's rights among various others. In its everyday activities these laws help ACLU to choose the specific types of court cases and lobbying efforts relevant to the various issues it is specifically known to deal with. Currently the ACLU handles up to 6,000 cases per year with 100 of its own staff attorneys and 2000 volunteer attorneys."
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Representative Democracy in the U.S., 2002.
This paper evaluates the representativeness of the American political process, as set forth by the Founding Fathers in the Declaration of Independence during the current international situation.
1,675 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains representative democracy, in which voters elect their representatives to act in their interest, is distinguished from direct democracy, in which the people are directly involved in decision making of the government. The paper cites examples from the structural, political, and governmental level institutions and examines a few contemporary policy issues to evaluate the current ?representative? the U.S. system. The author believes that the democracy being currently practiced in the U.S. is not as representative as most of us would like it to be even given the current situation.
Table of Contents
The Governmental Level
The Electoral College
The U.S. Senate
The Supreme Court
Political Linkages Level
Independent & Free Media
Interest and Lobby Groups
Structural Level
Economy
The Society
Policy Issues/ Debates
The Impending Iraq War
Guantanamo Bay Prisoners
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Taliban and Al-Qaeda prisoners kept in the Guantanamo Bay prison camps without trial, charges or the opportunity of defense for indefinite periods is another policy issue that runs counter to the American traditions of democracy and human rights. It may be true that some (or even most of the prisoners are evil terrorists who deserve no sympathy). This still does not justify a policy of being declared guilty without a trial. It is even reported that some of the prisoners may have been handed over to the American authorities by Afghan warlords due to their personal enmities or in order to win rewards?practices that are not unknown in that part of the world. Continued detention of these prisoners without trial (or being declared prisoners of war as demanded by the Amnesty International) does not put a favorable light on American representative democracy."
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Ethical Considerations in Criminal Surveillance, 2006.
An examination of the ethical considerations in policing techniques such as video surveillance and shot detection microphones.
3,120 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper studies two technological advances -- video surveillance and shot detection microphones, both of which make police work easier, but which also raise ethical concerns. The author considers the effectiveness, usefulness and ethical considerations in using each of these two crime prevention methods. The paper cites Supreme Court decisions, focusing on fourth amendment issues to privacy.
From the Paper
"The question is how free such a society can really be. If privacy is annihilated, many other rights go with it. The situation could escalate to a "big brother" sort of society, when perfectly honest citizens are never certain about how their actions are observed and interpreted. That is why it is essential to exercise rigorous control over modern electronic surveillance methods. Of course, while a fundamental right, privacy is not an absolute right. There are cases where it is legitimate and necessary to sacrifice some privacy in order to ensure security. This is the case in places where security is a high risk, such as shops and airports. However, rigorous research needs to be done to determine the measures that should be taken to ensure safety, and the degree to which privacy should be sacrificed. Video surveillance is of course standard practice in the above-mentioned high-risk situations. However, in a public place such as a street or a park alternative measures could be considered."
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Literary Considerations in the Gospel Of John, 2002.
This paper addresses issues of audience appeal and historical considerations in the Gospel of John.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses issues of audience appeal and historical considerations in the Gospel of John. It discusses in detail the events of the first two chapters, and how these are meant to draw a certain type of audience to the new philosophy of Christianity. It also theorizes on how John's audience would look if he had been writing for contemporary readers.
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