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Comparison in Modern Architecture and Urbanism, 2004.
Compares the architectural designs and ideas of William Morris and Marcel Breuer.
1,848 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
William Morris and Marcel Breuer were architects that took two different physical approaches in removing worthwhile design out of palaces and putting it into the homes of ordinary people. Both brought to their design philosophy a substantial political agenda and, in fact, a substantially similar political agenda. The paper shows that Morris?s politics had the gentle color of his native England in the second half of the 19th century and of one of its great philosophers, John Ruskin. In comparison, the paper shows that Breuer?s political inspiration came, not from his native Hungary, but a post-WWI Germany and its socialist leanings and, later, from American abundance and willingness to experiment. The paper shows that where Morris?s ideas reflected the natural life of a still somewhat pastoral England that surrounded him (especially as he had the means to choose his locale), Breuer?s ideas reflected a more muscular, sinewy, hardened landscape of assembly lines and relentlessly turning crankshafts and gears. Where Morris was organic and 'green,' Breuer was skeletal and 'steely gray'.
From the Paper
"Despite the intent of both men to bring good design down to earth, the results could not have been more different. Morris, because of the time in which he worked, was limited to traditional furniture materials, mainly wood and metal used only in joinery and sometimes in decoration. In fact, it was in decoration that Morris excelled. His use of curvilinear carving in his wallpapers and furniture, especially his dining chairs, makes clear his connection to the pastoral settings so familiar to educated Englishmen. In addition, because his belief demanded that the overburdened workingman have a respite from the world of shoddy utilitarian objects, (or ugly goods, as he might put it), embellishment suitable to the object and its use was essential."
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Modern Architecture, 2004.
A look at trends and styles of modern architecture and how they relate to the September 11 attacks.
1,254 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The first part of this paper looks at the various definitions of what constitutes ?modern? architecture. The next part looks at how the various styles sought to take advantage of new material and to address changing social needs. In the last part, the paper examines how modern architecture is responding to new concerns, such as a growing environmental awareness and the security concerns raised by the September 11 attacks on New York?s World Trade Center.
From the Paper
"The term "modern architecture" encompasses many styles and movements. However, experts generally agree that modern architecture was codified in the "International" style that resulted from the amalgamation of the several design ethics that were only made possible by the technological advances after the Industrial Revolution. By the 20th century, it had become apparent that technology was blurring traditional cultural boundaries, as commerce, industry, travel and immigration grew increasingly global."
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New Modern Architecture, 2004.
A thorough overview of the trends in new modern architecture and which schools these trends originated from.
6,722 words (approx. 26.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 153.95
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Abstract
To consider modern architecture, this paper considers the various steps that have occurred. It begins with a consideration of the Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) architects and proceeds to Team X. This is followed by a look at New Brutalism and then leads to a look at the current state of architecture. This gives a view of the current state of architecture, as well as providing the context that allows the current state to be understood. From there, the paper looks ahead to the future of architecture and predicts what that future will look like, based on the trends that have been identified. The paper shows that architecture is ever-changing, while providing an overview of the changes that have taken place until now and the changes that can be expected to take place, leading to the future.
From the Paper
"Architecture will never achieve some perfect state where everyone accepts that the one best form has now been achieved. The reason for this is that what is considered best changes as people change. This aspect applies to architecture as much as it does to any other art form or any item produced in society. People in one generation may strive for a certain perfect form and they may even achieve it in their lifetime. However, even if they do, this form does not become the one perfect standard, never changing again. Instead, the next generation considers what has been created before and strives to achieve something. If architecture is considered as art, this is the same process that occurs with all other forms of art. For example, literature created centuries ago does not remain as the one perfect form for literature. Shakespeare?s work is still considered great, but the writers of today rarely create works similar to Shakespeare?s. Instead, they create works that reflect modern society, while possibly taking aspects of Shakespeare?s work and building on them. This creates a continual process of change, where one form grows into others. If architecture is considered as practical rather than artistic, it can be likened more to research-based developments. For example, the automobile was first developed in the early 20th century. Since that time, technical developments have seen it change considerably. These changes are also in response to changing society. For example, currently environmental issues are a social concern. For this reason, automobiles are beginning to develop with alternatives modes of fuel. Overall, this shows that architecture is like everything else in society, in that it will be constantly changing as society changes, while each generation will consider the works that have gone before it, assess them, make changes, and in doing so, continue the development of the field."
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Sidney Smith Hall Examined as Modern Architecture, 2008.
An examination of Sidney Smith Hall in Toronto as modern architecture in relation to two other buildings, Villa Savoye in Poissy and the German Pavilion in Barcelona.
1,250 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper approaches three examples of modern architecture that seem dissimilar at first, Sidney Smith Hall at the University of Toronto, the Villa Savoye near Paris, and what is known as the Barcelona Pavilion. The paper holds that despite their different purposes, they are similar structures according to principles of the modern movement. To conclude, it states that Sidney Smith Hall is significant in a Toronto environment much given to the preservation of architectural heritage, but that has often failed to appreciate its examples of the modern style.
Outline:
Introduction
Sidney Smith Hall, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street
Villa Savoye, Poissy, nr. Paris 1920-1930 (Le Corbusier)
German Pavilion, Barcelona Exposition, (Mies van der Rohe)
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"As an example of the International Style much pursued by the modern movement, one realizes that the same structure with minimal adjustment could be placed anywhere. (See Khan 1998) Erected in any country in the world, Sidney Smith Hall would offer the same economy of line combined with a feeling of spaciousness and accessibility, its terrace areas suited to the climate of a central Canadian city as much as entirely different settings. This theme of universality was a favourite of both Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier as discussed below. (Padovan 45-48) As a contribution to the international style, Sidney Smith Hall may have shown its ongoing adaptability in the 2003 enclosure of one terrace that was opposed by some but does not seem to have altered greatly the sense of access the architect intended."
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Post Modern Architecture, 2005.
A discussion on post modern architecture.
2,760 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the progression from estrangement to event in Archigram member Ron Herron's, Walking City and architect Rem Koolhaas', Generic City. Postmodernism and existentialism are explored as the basis for the detachment these architectural concepts illustrate. The paper includes photographic representation.
From the Paper
"From estrangement to event Archigram's, Walking City and Rem Koolhaas's, Generic City are conceptual models of modern society's transition from estrangement to event. In the evolution of modern thought the progression from estrangement to event has been ..."
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Architecture: Modernism, Pre-Modernism and Post-Modernism, 2002.
A discussion of the different movements - pre-modernism, modernism and post-modernism - in architectural history and how each one differs from the other.
2,550 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
A paper which discusses the different movements in architectural history and compares the differences between them. The paper shows how among these movements, modernism is the most popular and how it has influenced art and architecture in the United States and Europe. It shows, on the other hand, that pre-modernism is a less popular era in which architecture was influenced by the industrial age and its need for order and precision, and that Post-modernism was the movement that followed modernism and contains elements of both classicism and modernism.
From the Paper
"During the modernism movement, architects started using steel and iron more in their designs and they also started focusing on functional designs. Apart from the use of steel and iron, concrete was also brought back to the architectural world. It is important to know here that concrete is one thing that sets late 19th century buildings from pre-modernism architectural designs. While concrete was first used by the Romans in 5 B.C., it was later taken over by other materials such as marble, stone, brick etc. Modernists are responsible for the revival of concrete in architecture."
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Urban Architecture, 2007.
A look at how public and private space influence and depend upon each other.
742 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper describes how public and private spaces merge with one another to create city landscapes. Theaters, piazzas, parks, museums, etc., are used as examples to support this argument. The paper argues that without this fusion of public and private, city landscapes would not exist in their current states.
From the Paper
"Theaters with multiple levels or tiers, like Karl Friedrich Schinkel's Schauspielhaus (1819 - 1821; 1823) in Berlin Germany, are among the many examples of how public and private spaces interact. This particular theater was modeled in the Greek style, and was symbolic of the culture of the city. Professor Rand Carter wrote in his essay "The Last Great Architect" that "to the traditional temporal and spiritual centers was added the cultural center of the city and the state" (Carter). This state theater was a cultural center while the cathedral represented all things religious and the palace was a symbol of the administrative and governmental departments of city life. "
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Renaissance Architecture and Music Comparison, 2001.
A detailed discussion and comparison of the architecture and music during the Renaissance.
915 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 6 sources, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Renaissance specifically comparing the music and architecture of the time. The author specifically looks at the music of Josquin dez Prez, a composer of the Renaissance and compares his music to the architecture of the same time emphasizing their similarities in new styles, ideas and inventions.
From the Paper
"The renaissance was a time of rebirth and renewal. All over Europe, people were looking back to times they saw as better, instead of towards the unpredictable future. Specifically, the people looked back to the ancient worlds, and found the humanitarian values of the ancient Greeks and Romans very inviting. The arts were reborn from classical ideas, and a new focus was placed on individuals and the natural world (Wright 80). New inventions and wonders filled Europe. This was the era of both the printing press and telescope?s birth. New ideas permeated the world, remolding the way people thought. music and architecture were no exceptions to this rebirthing."
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Gothic Architecture and Renaissance Architecture, 2005.
A comparative analysis of Gothic and Renaissance architecture.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper compares Gothic architecture and Renaissance architecture, showing the change that came over architecture with the shift from the more massive and decorated style of the Gothic to the cleaner classical lines of the Renaissance, a period which also borrowed from the Moslem style to make new use of the dome, as in religious buildings by Brunelleschi.
From the Paper
"Gothic architecture developed from the Romanesque style and emerged in the twelfth century. It prevailed until the Renaissance beginning in the fifteenth century. Gothic architecture was marked by size and elaborate decorations. However, Gothic architecture was first defined in terms of a change in Romanesque church architecture diagonal ribs were added to the groin-vault, as was first seen at the Abbey Church of St. Denis near Paris (Frankl 1). In part because of its origins, Gothic architecture has long been associated with France and is considered a French style, though in fact, others used it as well. Gothic architecture is probably represented for many people by Notre-Dame de Paris, a facade known from countless stories and other representations as well as for itself. "
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Urbanization and Rural Urban Migration in China, 2006.
A discussion on the emerging-entrepreneurial class and rural urban migrations in China.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses urbanization and rural urban migration in developing countries. In particular, the paper discusses the role that the entrepreneurial class, made up most of rural peasant migrants, has had on China. Basically these individuals are responsible for all of the political and economic changes in China.
From the Paper
"Urbanization and rural-urban migrations are two very closely related phenomena. According to K. Jegasothy in "Population and Rural-Urban Environmental Interactions in Developing Countries," urbanization is conventionally defined as a process of spatial movement of a population towards towns and cities and their resulting expansion" (Jegasothy 1031). Urbanization is the direct result of rural-urban migrations. This is because urbanization is caused by people from rural areas moving into cities and towns. The rate of urbanization and rural-urban migrations has been increasing in recent decades."
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Architecture in Savannah, Georgia, 2002.
This research paper explores the significance of architecture in the urban renewal and development of Savannah, Georgia. It also includes a historical overview of the city and how urban development came about.
3,983 words (approx. 15.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a historical analysis of the urban plan for Savannah, Georgia. The writer emphasizes the role that architecture played in the development of the master plan for the city. The discussion begins with a brief history of the city, and then focuses on the creations of the first city planner, George Oglethorpe. The research also discusses how the economy shaped the architectural design of the city. It reviews several different landmarks and explains why there construction influenced urban planning. Finally the writer discusses more recent urban renewal projects and reviews the impact that they may have on the historic district of the city.
From the Paper
"It was believed by the colonists that Georgia would prove to be a profitable colony because of the production of silk and fine wines. Eventually the colonists found that the most profitable area of the colony was at the port of Savannah. In time Savannah became an ideal place for the production of rice, cotton and forest products.
Eventually the city of Savannah was captured by the British in 1778 and it was held by the British until 1782. By 1860 Savannah had began to prosper economically from the production of cotton and was heavily dependent upon slavery. In 1864 Union troops entered the city threatening to destroy it. The troops in Savannah surrendered on Christmas Eve and General William Sherman offered Savannah as a Christmas Gift to President Lincoln. The telegraph that presented the gift read, ?I beg to present you as a Christmas Gift, the City of Savannah with 150 heavy guns and plenty of ammunition; and also about 25,000 bales of cotton.?(War and Occupation) Thought the city was not destroyed the remnants of war caused great turmoil to the economy of the city. However by the 1870?s the city was again benefiting from the production and export of cotton. (War and Occupation)"
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Textiles and Architecture, 2007.
This paper researches the influence of textiles on architecture, historically and in the future.
2,725 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the development of architecture and modern day architecture's relationship with textiles. The paper examines the predicted future of textiles and maintains that due to the ever-changing ecological factors in the world's erratic environment, the use of textiles will only grow due to their practicality and serviceability in architectural design and construction. The paper stresses that today's modern tensile architectural designs hold great promise in the provision of affordable and attainable shelter for housing and community construction.
Outline:
Objective
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
History of Textiles and Architectural Design and Construction
Review of the Development of Architecture
Modern Day Architecture and Textiles
Review of the Predicted Future of Textiles
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The word textile is derived from a Latin word 'texere' which means simply "to weave". (Meyers, 2001) Spinning and weaving have been done since prehistoric times, the earliest known evidence being from the Bronze Age in about 4500 BC in Egypt." (Meyers, 2001) The spinning wheel was introduced in the fourteenth century in Europe. (Meyers, 2001; paraphrased) The Saxony wheel, is said to be "an improved version" and to have "sped up the production of yarn considerably." (Meyers, 2001) It was the Saxony wheel that brought about the ability for a large enough production of thread to "reliably supply a growing body of weavers" which made the provisions necessary for the conditions required for manufacturing of textile and the textile trade to begin."
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Early Modernism, 2005.
This paper describes the style of modernism in architecture and its influences.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that modernism is a term used to describe the styles of architecture, arts and literature of the twentieth century. The paper defines the style of modernism in architecture as a form that takes on a clean line and functional focus. The paper discusses how the contemporary world still feels the effect of the modernist influence. The paper concludes that one must wonder if it is on its way to becoming the new traditionalism.
From the Paper
"Modernism is a term used to describe the styles of architecture, arts and literature of the twentieth century. The style of modernism in architecture describes a form that takes on a "clean" line and functional focus. It is a "rational" form of architecture that uses non-traditional forms and materials. According to "Contemporary Architects" on the Edinburgh Architecture website: Modern Architecture became linked to a certain genre of building and thus over time wasn't really 'modern' anymore. Contemporary Architecture currently has less baggage; it is not affected by fall-out from the reign of a certain style."
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A Short History of Architecture, 2007.
This paper traces the history of Western architecture from the Renaissance era to Frank Lloyd Wright.
1,409 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author presents a brief history of Western architecture, highlighting the major epochs in European architecture, and modern architecture in the US. The paper further discusses the function of architectural space, its use and its aesthetic. Various architectural techniques and their historical development are analyzed. The paper concludes with an an examination of modern architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright, whose designs are considered a culmination of the works that preceded him.
From the Paper
"It would seem logical to start our exploration of the history of architecture with one of the greatest artists of all time--Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475--1564), regarded by many as the "father of architecture in Europe and the greatest designer of the last 500 years" (Lowry, 167). Of all his architectural designs, the vestibule of the Laurentian Library, built to house the immense collections of the Medici family in Florence, Italy, stands out above all others. This vestibule gives the impression of a vertically compressed, shaft-like space which is dominated by a vast, flowing staircase that almost fills the interior, and unlike his contemporaries, Michelangelo ignored classical architectural ideals by placing his columns in pairs which are sunk into the walls; he breaks columns around corners and placed beneath them consoles not meant as support. In essence, Michelangelo "did away with classical architecture so prevalent in the High Renaissance and greatly influenced all architectural designs and forms that followed him" (Copplestone, 178)."
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The Architecture of London and Paris, 2006.
A Comparison of the architecture of London and Paris from approximately 1400 to 2000.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The following paper reviews the architecture of London and Paris during the period stretching from AD 1400 to 2000. The paper explores the similarities and differences between the two cities as it pertains to architecture; suffice it to say, while there are general similarities there are many more differences, and the paper explores how architectural divergences explain the differences in atmosphere and appearances between the two metropolises. At the same time the paper considers the differing architectural styles that distinguish the two world class cities.
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