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Cognitive Dissonance, 2006.
This paper discusses cognitive dissonance in tobacco users.
2,177 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This study examines the effects of cognitive dissonance on tobacco users whose aim is to quit smoking. Hypothesized predictions were generated from cognitive dissonance theory, which suggests that creation of dissonance may contribute to the likelihood that users will attempt to quit smoking and will successfully do so. The writer maintains that the results of the preliminary literature review suggest that cognitive dissonance is most likely to occur in tobacco users when the user has to choose between beliefs and actions that are not compatible. The exact nature of cognitive dissonance to tobacco use is examined in this research article.
Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
The Nature of Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Selective Exposure and Post Decision Dissonance
Theories of Minimal Justification
Reducing Cognitive Dissonance
From the Paper
"Cognitive dissonance theory can be used to describe the discrepancy users feel between what they know to be true regarding tobacco use and their interpretation or the relative weight they give to this information. Cognitive dissonance suggests that while many users may acknowledge reports from the Surgeon General that tobacco use leads to death or cancer, they may reinterpret this information in a more positive light to reduce the conflict that results from acknowledging they are voluntarily engaging in a habit that is not health promoting. Cognitive dissonance however may also lead to enough discomfort or dissonance in the user to encourage more users to quit permanently, not on the basis of reward but rather to alleviate the dissonance occurring between their attitudes, beliefs and behaviors. Dissonance is more likely to be evident in users who acknowledge that tobacco use is bad for them, yet continue to purchase and smoke to assuage their cravings for nicotine."
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory, 2001.
A detailed description of the cognitive dissonance theory and how humans make decisions according to this theory.
1,640 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
A detailed explanation of the cognitive dissonance theory. The author examines how humans make decisions according to this theory and provides a definition, explanation and example of how the cognitive dissonance theory functions in everyday life.
From the Paper
"Cognitive Dissonance Theory, developed by Leon Festinger, is concerned with the relationships among cognitions. Cognition, for the purpose of this theory, may be thought of as piece of knowledge. The knowledge may be about an attitude, an emotion, a behavior, a value, and so on. Cognitive Dissonance is how do human beings make decisions. What triggers a person to take action at any given point? These are some of the questions that will be answered with explanation of Cognitive Dissonance, as well as many of other related theories covered in Myers Social Psychology."
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Cognitive Dissonance, 2002.
A study of cognitive dissonance in the workplace.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This is a three-page paper on cognitive dissonance. A person who can handle one situation well, but not another tends to experience discomfort from cognitive dissonance. The paper explores How this can affect others in business or at the workplace.
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Cognitive Dissonance and Purchasing, 2008.
This paper discusses the effect of cognitive dissonance on purchase decisions.
2,169 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that marketers need to understand the role of involvement and habit, information processing and the concept of life values in consumer behavior, as well as cultural determinants. The behavioral sciences such as sociology and psychology are paramount in achieving this goal. The writer points out that consumers' demand for an exciting variety of new products puts ceaseless strain on companies to constantly try to understand consumer behavior. The writer explains that marketing products thus becomes pointless if the marketers are unaware of the consumers' needs and wants. The writer maintains that without the knowledge of the varying areas of behavioral sciences it would be difficult for marketers to identify the characteristics of their consumers and they would be unable to achieve maximum sales and product potential.
Outline:
Introduction
Elements of the Decision-Making Process
Example of Cognitive Dissonance
Characteristics and Effects of Cognitive Dissonance
How to Use Process to Drive Buyer's Actions
Customer Satisfaction and Purchasing Behavior
Expectation Disconfirmation Theory
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are five elements of consumer behavior that lead to a purchasing decision. The first element is problem recognition; the consumer comprehends a need, difference between a perfect and a genuine situation. The situation can be as simple as seeing there is no bread left. Second information search, the consumer is looking for value. This is where clarification of options is revealed to the consumer and many involve internal and external search. Next is assessment of other possibilities. What standards will be used and what is the perceived value in making the purchasing decision. Fourth is the decision to purchase. This involves when, to buy, who to buy from, or if to buy at all. When to buy will come from influences like store atmosphere, time, is there a sale happening, and the shopping experience. Who to buy from will depend on the terms of the sale, past experience with the seller, and the return policy. If all the factors do not fit what the consumer is looking for the consumer may and will chose not to buy. Fifth is post-purchase behavior. Once the consumer makes the decision to purchase, he or she will compare the likelihood the buying decision meant expectations, this will leave the buyer either satisfied or dissatisfied."
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Cognitive Dissonance, 2005.
A discussion on cognitive dissonance based on the article "The rationalizing Animal", by Aronson.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper is a summary and comment on an article by Aronson called "The Rationalizing Animal", concerning Feistinger's theory of cognitive dissonance, how dissonance develops, how dissonance is resolved through rationalization, the lengths to which the individual will go to resolve dissonance It also discusses how dissonance is involved in the operation of conscience.
From the Paper
"Aronson (1973) examines the concept of rationalization from the point of view of a psychologist examining human behavior and why people believe things that make little sense, suggesting that they may be rationalizing in order to reconcile different ideas they may hold at the same time. The author refers to the theory of cognitive dissonance offered by Feistinger in 1957, a theory that describes and predicts such rationalizing behavior. We receive messages from our surroundings all the time that may challenge our assumptions, our beliefs, or our behaviors, and we may continue behaviors that counter these messages even if we believe the message as well. Aronson notes that the more the individual is committed to a course of action, the more he or she will resist any information that threatens to change that course. This creates cognitive dissonance, and the individual will seek to reduce that dissonance through rationalization."
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Cognitive Dissonance, 2002.
An analysis of Cognitive Dissonance theory.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
A paper on the Cognitive Dissonance Theory related from the aspect of the refugee workers in factories whose behavior undergoes a positive change with the passage of time.
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Cognitive Dissonance, 1997.
Discusses the social psychological theory of cognitive dissonance. Identifies choice, insufficient justification, effort justification and contradictory information as the four primary causes of dissonance.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 23.95
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From the Paper
"Cognitive theory studies how people understand the world around them and how this cognition aids their efforts for successful adaptation to the surrounding environment. A prevailing assumption is that cognition affects behavior. Certain theories hold that this progression is also influenced by motivations. Motivation is viewed as a "moving force which instigates behavior and is primarily a function of thought rather than needs, drives, or arousal" (Reeve, 1997, 160). There are many suppositions as to what these forces are. One such theory holds that dissonance can be a primary motivator for a person's actions.
Dissonance is the discomfort in psychological and physiological states caused when an inconsistency is created between a person's beliefs and his or her behaviors. Dissonance ..."
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The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, 2004.
Explores the philosophical approach to understanding human psychology.
2,275 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the theory of cognitive dissonance and how philosophers and psychologists have used the theory in an attempt to understand different psychological states and problems. Fear of death, a universal emotion, is cited as an example of cognitive dissonance often studied by philosophers and psychologists. The paper continues with a discussion of the different religious, social, and philosophical manifestations of this fear and their application to society.
From the Paper
"Cognitive Dissonance: Human psychology has always been a subject of great interest to philosophers down the ages. From the time of Aristotle and Socrates, there has been exhaustive focus and study on human behavioral patterns and the motivations that underlie it. Ancient and current philosophers continue to expand their understanding of human psychology in an attempt to understand the issues and conflicts that prevent human kind from actualizing a professed philosophy. It is in this context that the theory of cognitive dissonance assumes importance."
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Leon Festinger's Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, 2001.
An analysis of Leon Festinger's psychological theory on the boundaries of attitude and action.
1,515 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This essay provides an overview of psychologist Leon Festinger's work on the flexibility of the boundaries of attitude and action and how these limits are affected by changing outside stimuli and influence. The paper describes one of Festinger's experiments and explains his notion of cognitive dissonance, the condition that results when the balance between attitude and action is contradicted. The paper also shows Festinger's contribution to methods of psychological study, and how his theories have subsequently been expanded.
From the Paper
"A task that an individual perceives to be distasteful is often seen as a result of an outside influence or stimuli that results in the formation of this individual?s perception, or attitude, toward this task. This attitude reflects an individual's belief, which in turn reflects the set of personal values that form the framework of that individual?s self-awareness and esteem. Since personal behavior is directly driven by personal attitude or belief, one could arrive at the conclusion that the individual behavior is a result of a balance between personal attitude and action. What would occur within this fragile framework of self-balance, however, should one's individual belief or attitude come into direct conflict with one's individual actions?"
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Traumatic Brain Injury and Cognitive Rehabilitation, 2002.
Research to determine how effective cognitive rehabilitation is as therapy for TBI (traumatic brain injury).
10,988 words (approx. 44.0 pages), 57 sources, APA, $ 217.95
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a principal cause of death and disability in young adults with consequences ranging from physical disabilities to long-term cognitive, behavioral and social disorders. Cognitive rehabilitation is a term used to refer to that branch of rehabilitation aimed at patients who are disabled primarily as a result of impairments in memory, judgment and other cognitive functions. This paper critically explores existing literature regarding cognitive rehabilitation for treatment of TBI patients to determine what types of cognitive rehabilitation are used, what the strengths and weaknesses of these types are and whether or not there are specific cognitive impairments that are more amenable to cognitive rehabilitation.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Background of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Rationale of the Study
Research Questions
Definition of Terms
Limitations of the Study
Review of Literature
Overview of TBI
Cognitive Impairments: Conditions Linked to TBI
Costs of Cognitive Rehabilitation for TBI
Cognitive Rehabilitation: Strategies and Practices
Variables Influencing Cognitive Rehabilitation Outcomes
Conclusions to the Chapter
Research Design
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Inclusion Criteria
Occupational Therapy/Physical Therapy Rehabilitation
Holistic/Home-Based Therapy Studies
Computer-Assisted/Virtual Reality Studies
Research Questions and Hypothesis
From the Paper
"Whitlock and Hamilton (1995) suggest, however, that even the most severely brain damaged patient can recover cognitive functioning to a remarkable degree if admitted to an acute rehabilitation program as early as possible after the initial injury. Age, severity of injury, pre-TBI educational and/or functional level, and type of treatment provided were among the most significant variables influencing outcome. Several other studies of a similar nature - i.e., Katz and Alexander (1994), Lubusko, Moore, and Stambrook (1994), and Carney, Chesnut, Maynard, Mann, Patterson, and Helfand (1999) - found further support for the effects of these variables on the outcome of cognitive rehabilitation."
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Social Cognitive Theory on Personality, 2007.
An analysis of the different cognitive factors that affect personality.
2,497 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the study of social cognitive theory and personality. It describes the different cognitive factors that affect personality beginning with children and continuing into old age. The paper analyzes the processing of social and emotional information, whether it is looking at people's faces, their nonverbal communication or the way people gain and access information about others.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Social Cognitive Theory in Relation to Personality
Social Cognitive Theories in Relationship to Personalities
Looking at Children's Cognitive Knowledge and Personalities
The Effects of Age on Social Cognition
Social Cognition Theories on Social Cognitive Processes
From the Paper
"The social-cognitive knowledge an individual has is used in different ways and often this cognitive knowledge is used to decide if a person wants to associate with someone based on the type of personality the person has and the knowledge of this type of personality schema that is stored in the individual's mind. Social-cognitive psychologists believe that simple things such as posture, faces, attitudes, or motor behavior of an individual can conflict with the cognitive knowledge of an individual and make them not like another person who has similar features. "A second property of knowledge that may be important in this inference process of judging whether an attitude is an informative guide to behavior is the complexity of the knowledge underlying the attitude" (Fabrigar, Smith, Petty, and Crites 2006, 556). Both children and adults use cognitive knowledge and experience to decide whether a person is worthy of trust or if they do not like a person based on the individual's personality."
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The Cognitive Aspects of the Aging Process, 2005.
Describes the effects that aging can have on the cognitive functions of the brain.
1,924 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 73 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper defines cognition and explains the effects of aging on the brain in relation to memory, attention, metacognition, effects on language and the effects of aging on the executive function and finally cognitive function in very old age.
Introduction
Causes
Overview of Findings in Relation to Cognition and Aging
Cognitive Aging and Working Memory
Long-Term Memory
Environmental Support Indications
Health-Related Cognitive Function Impairment
Changes in Hormonal Levels Associated with Cognitive Decline
Medical Treatments Available
Dietary Changes
Lifestyle Changes
Nutritional Aids in Combating Cognitive Dysfunction
Summary
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Manifestations of the age-associated cognitive disorder may be in various forms including senility, loss of memory, Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Dementia is inclusive of diseases that involve nerve cell deterioration with loss in two complex behavior areas including language, memory, visual abilities, spatial abilities, and judgment."
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Post Purchasing Behavior, 2007.
A marketing strategy to counteract cognitive dissonance in purchasers of Disney mobile phones.
960 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how consumers of all goods and services frequently experience what is known as cognitive dissonance, or post-purchase anxiety. The paper analyzes how this is especially prevalent with purchases, such as cellular phone agreements, that require the consumer to buy into a contract of some duration. The writer proposes that the fact that the Disney Mobile phone involves the buyer's children, and is marketed on the basis of improving child safety, only increases the consumer's perceived stakes in the act of consumption, and raises the risk that the buyer may feel more potential anxiety after getting the phone. The paper includes a marketing strategy to counteract this anxiety.
From the Paper
"Simplifying the decision making process at this stage is also a positive goal, because remorse in the post-purchase process tends to be greater if the consumer is exposed to many different options. Stressing the uniqueness of the Disney phone because of its parental screening devices and added entertainment components is an excellent strategy to help the likely target parental consumers feel better about their purchase. This will make them less apt long for another type of cell phone, or worse, to wish that they never bought a cell phone for their children at all. The superiority and uniqueness of the brand must be conveyed during the early decision-making process. Reducing later cognitive conflict in the pre-purchase stage is of vital importance because early apprehensions the greatest source of dissonance post- purchase."
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The Impact of Cognitive Function on Hearing Impairment, 2008.
This paper provides a critique of the research paper "Does Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Hearing Impairment Improve by Hearing Aid Use?" by van Hooren et al.
1,773 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the main hypothesis of the study, "Does Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Hearing Impairment Improve by Hearing Aid Use?", can be stated as follows: while hearing aids show significant results in terms of auditory improvement, there is no proof to suggest a related improvement or increase in cognitive ability as a result of the application of a hearing aid. The writer explains that the study refers to cognitive functions such as memory, attention, executive functioning, and processing speed. The writer also explains that it should be noted at the outset that this hypothesis presupposes a connection, albeit based on prior research sources, between hearing or hearing enhancements and cognitive functioning. Thus, this is an aspect that forms part of the critique in this analysis of the paper. The writer points out that it is also suggested that the methodology used to ascertain cognitive correlation is to some extent not adequate in terms of the complexity of determining quantitatively a definite link between hearing aids and improved cognition.
From the Paper
"The methodology used in this study was comparatively simple and conventionally straight-forward. In essence a relatively small number or participants were used in this study - which is also a point of contention with regard to the results and conclusion of this research. In total there were fifty-six participants (mean age 0/72.5) who were fitted with hearing aids were compared with 46 control participants (mean age 0/74.5) with an equivalent impairment, but who were not fitted with a hearing aid. The study took cognizance of a number of variables and factors that could influence the results of the experiment. These included neurocognitive tests after 12 months. However, it is also possible that these tests in terms of personality and individual psychological components were not sufficient. This aspect is possibly one of the reasons why the study did not return the expected correlation between hearing aids and cognitive improvement."
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Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 2004.
A review of the article, "Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: Reflections on the Evolution of a Therapeutic Orientation", by M.R. Goldfried.
755 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the article, "Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: Reflections on the Evolution of a Therapeutic Orientation" by M.R. Goldfried, which presents an account of the evolution of cognitive-behavior therapy over the past 35 years, since it began with the introduction of cognition into behavior therapy in the mid-1960s. It examines how, as cognitive-behavior therapists became more experienced clinically and recognized that clients did not always engage in clearly reportable internal dialogues, the schema construct was used to understand more about clients? implicit meaning structures. The distinction between cognitive-behavior therapy and cognitive therapy is discussed, and the importance of activating emotional experiencing in the clinical change-process is underscored.
From the Paper
"Goldfried discusses many justifications for the addition of cognition in behavior therapy and even discusses situations of therapy sessions that institute them. Psychologists came to realize that patients might not have the capacity to store, encode, and retrieve information needed for participation in therapy with a clear ?internal dialogue?. Thus, establishing an information-processing model, called a ?schema?, helped therapists understand the problematic functioning of patients having difficulties such as inaccurate classification of events, selective attention, and so on. Goldfried goes on to define a schema as ?a cognitive representation of individuals? past experiences with other people, situations, and themselves, which helps them construe events within that particular aspect of their life?."
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