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Cognitive Decline, 2004.
A critical examination of cognitive decline in late adulthood.
1,698 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses cognitive decline in older people. The paper contends that understanding the correlation between aging and cognitive decline requires in-depth research taking into account the numerous variables and theoretical perspectives. The paper agrees that while there is certainly a parallel between the onset of late adulthood and cognitive changes, these changes need not always be severely negative. The paper examines various factors that affect cognitive change.
Outline
Introduction
Overview
Methodical Issues
Retardation of Cognitive Decline
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cognitive decline in older people is most likely to be measured and seen in terms of declarative or episodic memory. (Wilson et al., 1997. pp 7-14).This refers to the ability to learn and retain new information. Other factors that are measured in this age group, and which show evidence of decline, are mental processing skills and perceptual speed. This refers to simple perceptual comparisons which are unusually measured with accompanying time-related tasks. (ibid) People, who are diagnosed as having ARCD or Age Related Cognitive Decline normally are perceived as suffering from deterioration of memory and learning abilities as well as limited language attention span and concentration problems."
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Cognitive Decline Of The Elderly, 2005.
An overview of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline in the elderly.
3,390 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses important dimensions of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline in the elderly including theories, predictors, risk factors, and treatment.
From the Paper
"This literature review concerning the topic of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline in the elderly addresses the following relevant areas: an overview of dementia in the elderly; theories of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline; cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease; predictors of Alzheimer's and cognitive decline; risk factors for cognitive decline; treatment of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease."
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Vegetable Consumption and Cognitive Performance, 2007.
This paper studies the association between past vegetable consumption and cognitive performance.
2,931 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that cognitive impairments and decline are often considered commonplace characteristics of aging. The writer points out that the aged population is increasing in America, and it is important that attention and research be directed at how certain age-associated phenomena, such as cognitive decline, could be reduced. The writer examines research that have determined that dietary intake of certain foods and nutrients have a significant impact on cognitive performance. The writer concludes that high dietary intake of vegetables was determined to be associated with higher cognitive performance scores among the aged population under investigation. Further, the writer maintains that the overall health benefits offered by diets high in vegetable intake need to be factored into interventions aimed at the prevention of all age-related illnesses, including cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease.
Outline:
Method
Participants
Procedure
Results
Discussion
Limitations
Future Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Since the process of aging is inevitable, what can individuals do to prevent cognitive decline and possible Alzheimer's disease as a result of aging? It is important to focus on prevention and primary care as the most optimal approaches to healthcare for an aging population. Preventative approaches to healthcare result in reduced costs for individuals as well as the healthcare system, as well as increased responsibility and self-reliance on behalf of aging individuals."
"One factor which has the potential to greatly affect overall health, including cognitive performance, is diet. How do the foods consumed by individuals affect cognitive performance? Since mild cognitive impairment has been demonstrated as a significant risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, is it possible to alleviate this risk through dietary intake? Several research studies have determined that dietary intake of certain foods and nutrients have a significant impact on cognitive performance."
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The Cognitive Aspects of the Aging Process, 2005.
Describes the effects that aging can have on the cognitive functions of the brain.
1,924 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 73 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper defines cognition and explains the effects of aging on the brain in relation to memory, attention, metacognition, effects on language and the effects of aging on the executive function and finally cognitive function in very old age.
Introduction
Causes
Overview of Findings in Relation to Cognition and Aging
Cognitive Aging and Working Memory
Long-Term Memory
Environmental Support Indications
Health-Related Cognitive Function Impairment
Changes in Hormonal Levels Associated with Cognitive Decline
Medical Treatments Available
Dietary Changes
Lifestyle Changes
Nutritional Aids in Combating Cognitive Dysfunction
Summary
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Manifestations of the age-associated cognitive disorder may be in various forms including senility, loss of memory, Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Dementia is inclusive of diseases that involve nerve cell deterioration with loss in two complex behavior areas including language, memory, visual abilities, spatial abilities, and judgment."
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Cognitive Training, 2002.
Looks at the role cognitive training can play in helping to prevent senile dementia and as therapy for those already afflicted with the disease.
1,571 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the impact that cognitive training can have on older people. It begins by defining and explaining the mental process of cognition and the aspects associated with the decline of the cognitive function. The paper goes on to talk about Alzheimer's disease, one of the most common forms of dementia, and how research has indicated that the severity of Alzheimer?s and other forms of senile dementia can be reduced considerably by means of cognitive training.
From the Paper
"Cognitive decline with aging has always been a matter of great concern for senior citizens. Senility and other forms of dementia are considered as inevitable part of the aging process. Alzheimer?s disease for example affects an astounding 10-15% of American population in the age group of 65-75 and around 20% of those in the age group of 75 and above. Alzheimer?s is the fourth leading disease in terms of the deaths caused. In fact statistics indicate that Alzheimer?s disease alone accounts for more than half of the 1.3 million patients in the nation?s nursing homes. [Roger B. Yepsen, 173]. However researchers indicate that the severity of the Alzheimer?s and other forms of senile dementia can be reduced considerably by means of cognitive training. Cognitive training in adults has a significant role in the recuperation alongside the medications. Let us analyze the usefulness and the effectiveness of cognitive training in older adults in a little detail."
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Causes and Consequences of Pollinator Decline, 2005.
A discussion about the importance of pollination services and the causes, consequences and possible counter-measures of pollinator decline.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the importance of pollination services. As the author explains, the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. This paper evaluates the importance of pollinators, provides statistical evidence for vertebrate and invertebrate pollinator decline and examines causes and consequences of pollinator decline. The paper also demonstrates the consequences of pollinator decline in terms of plant pollinator interactions and corresponding research, including figures. The paper concludes that that the functional diversity of the pollination network is critical to ecosystem sustainability and productivity.
I. Introduction
II. Importance of Pollinators
III. Pollinator Decline
A) General Pollinator Decline
B) Honey Bee Decline
C) Decline of other Pollinators
IV. Causes of Pollinator Decline
A) Pesticide Misuse
B) Loss of Habitat and Forage
C) Diseases and Pests
D) The "Killer Bee Hype"
E) Light Pollution) Monocultures
G) Climate Change
V. Consequences of Pollinator Decline
A) Plant Pollinator Interactions
B) Decline of Genetic Variability and Effect on Plant Populations
VI. Reduction and Prevention of Future Pollinator Decline-
A) Possible Actions
B) Future Research Needs
VII. Conclusion
VIII. Literature Cited
IX. Figures and Data
From the Paper
"Green plants represent the primary food source for a large portion of the worlds living biota. Many plants reproduce sexually and require pollination agents to ensure genetic diversity and other adaptive advantages through cross-pollination. During the search for nectar, pollen, oil, or mates, pollinators transfer pollen from male anthers to female stigmas and hence perform pollination (Cane, 2001). Due to co-evolution among angiosperms and pollinators, many primary pollinator- plant relationships are highly specific. Therefore the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. In recent decades human activates have decimated biodiversity in many different species-rich groups, including invertebrates (Cane, 2001). Declines have been recorded in many groups of pollinators including: insects, bats, birds and mammals. This decline represents less frequent flower visitation, gradual decrease of seed and fruit production, and reproductive losses in additional taxa within the community and could eventually disrupt community function (Cane, 2001)."
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Traumatic Brain Injury and Cognitive Rehabilitation, 2002.
Research to determine how effective cognitive rehabilitation is as therapy for TBI (traumatic brain injury).
10,988 words (approx. 44.0 pages), 57 sources, APA, $ 217.95
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a principal cause of death and disability in young adults with consequences ranging from physical disabilities to long-term cognitive, behavioral and social disorders. Cognitive rehabilitation is a term used to refer to that branch of rehabilitation aimed at patients who are disabled primarily as a result of impairments in memory, judgment and other cognitive functions. This paper critically explores existing literature regarding cognitive rehabilitation for treatment of TBI patients to determine what types of cognitive rehabilitation are used, what the strengths and weaknesses of these types are and whether or not there are specific cognitive impairments that are more amenable to cognitive rehabilitation.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Background of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Rationale of the Study
Research Questions
Definition of Terms
Limitations of the Study
Review of Literature
Overview of TBI
Cognitive Impairments: Conditions Linked to TBI
Costs of Cognitive Rehabilitation for TBI
Cognitive Rehabilitation: Strategies and Practices
Variables Influencing Cognitive Rehabilitation Outcomes
Conclusions to the Chapter
Research Design
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Inclusion Criteria
Occupational Therapy/Physical Therapy Rehabilitation
Holistic/Home-Based Therapy Studies
Computer-Assisted/Virtual Reality Studies
Research Questions and Hypothesis
From the Paper
"Whitlock and Hamilton (1995) suggest, however, that even the most severely brain damaged patient can recover cognitive functioning to a remarkable degree if admitted to an acute rehabilitation program as early as possible after the initial injury. Age, severity of injury, pre-TBI educational and/or functional level, and type of treatment provided were among the most significant variables influencing outcome. Several other studies of a similar nature - i.e., Katz and Alexander (1994), Lubusko, Moore, and Stambrook (1994), and Carney, Chesnut, Maynard, Mann, Patterson, and Helfand (1999) - found further support for the effects of these variables on the outcome of cognitive rehabilitation."
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Social Cognitive Theory on Personality, 2007.
An analysis of the different cognitive factors that affect personality.
2,497 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the study of social cognitive theory and personality. It describes the different cognitive factors that affect personality beginning with children and continuing into old age. The paper analyzes the processing of social and emotional information, whether it is looking at people's faces, their nonverbal communication or the way people gain and access information about others.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Social Cognitive Theory in Relation to Personality
Social Cognitive Theories in Relationship to Personalities
Looking at Children's Cognitive Knowledge and Personalities
The Effects of Age on Social Cognition
Social Cognition Theories on Social Cognitive Processes
From the Paper
"The social-cognitive knowledge an individual has is used in different ways and often this cognitive knowledge is used to decide if a person wants to associate with someone based on the type of personality the person has and the knowledge of this type of personality schema that is stored in the individual's mind. Social-cognitive psychologists believe that simple things such as posture, faces, attitudes, or motor behavior of an individual can conflict with the cognitive knowledge of an individual and make them not like another person who has similar features. "A second property of knowledge that may be important in this inference process of judging whether an attitude is an informative guide to behavior is the complexity of the knowledge underlying the attitude" (Fabrigar, Smith, Petty, and Crites 2006, 556). Both children and adults use cognitive knowledge and experience to decide whether a person is worthy of trust or if they do not like a person based on the individual's personality."
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Cognitive Dissonance, 2006.
This paper discusses cognitive dissonance in tobacco users.
2,177 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This study examines the effects of cognitive dissonance on tobacco users whose aim is to quit smoking. Hypothesized predictions were generated from cognitive dissonance theory, which suggests that creation of dissonance may contribute to the likelihood that users will attempt to quit smoking and will successfully do so. The writer maintains that the results of the preliminary literature review suggest that cognitive dissonance is most likely to occur in tobacco users when the user has to choose between beliefs and actions that are not compatible. The exact nature of cognitive dissonance to tobacco use is examined in this research article.
Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
The Nature of Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Selective Exposure and Post Decision Dissonance
Theories of Minimal Justification
Reducing Cognitive Dissonance
From the Paper
"Cognitive dissonance theory can be used to describe the discrepancy users feel between what they know to be true regarding tobacco use and their interpretation or the relative weight they give to this information. Cognitive dissonance suggests that while many users may acknowledge reports from the Surgeon General that tobacco use leads to death or cancer, they may reinterpret this information in a more positive light to reduce the conflict that results from acknowledging they are voluntarily engaging in a habit that is not health promoting. Cognitive dissonance however may also lead to enough discomfort or dissonance in the user to encourage more users to quit permanently, not on the basis of reward but rather to alleviate the dissonance occurring between their attitudes, beliefs and behaviors. Dissonance is more likely to be evident in users who acknowledge that tobacco use is bad for them, yet continue to purchase and smoke to assuage their cravings for nicotine."
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Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 2004.
A review of the article, "Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: Reflections on the Evolution of a Therapeutic Orientation", by M.R. Goldfried.
755 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the article, "Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: Reflections on the Evolution of a Therapeutic Orientation" by M.R. Goldfried, which presents an account of the evolution of cognitive-behavior therapy over the past 35 years, since it began with the introduction of cognition into behavior therapy in the mid-1960s. It examines how, as cognitive-behavior therapists became more experienced clinically and recognized that clients did not always engage in clearly reportable internal dialogues, the schema construct was used to understand more about clients? implicit meaning structures. The distinction between cognitive-behavior therapy and cognitive therapy is discussed, and the importance of activating emotional experiencing in the clinical change-process is underscored.
From the Paper
"Goldfried discusses many justifications for the addition of cognition in behavior therapy and even discusses situations of therapy sessions that institute them. Psychologists came to realize that patients might not have the capacity to store, encode, and retrieve information needed for participation in therapy with a clear ?internal dialogue?. Thus, establishing an information-processing model, called a ?schema?, helped therapists understand the problematic functioning of patients having difficulties such as inaccurate classification of events, selective attention, and so on. Goldfried goes on to define a schema as ?a cognitive representation of individuals? past experiences with other people, situations, and themselves, which helps them construe events within that particular aspect of their life?."
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Cognitive Psychology and Aircraft Technicians, 2006.
Examines how cognitive psychology applies to the occupation of aircraft technician.
4,447 words (approx. 17.8 pages), 23 sources, MLA, $ 116.95
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Abstract
How does cognitive psychology apply to the real world, most especially how does it apply to a specific occupation, that of the aircraft technician/mechanic? To answer these questions, this paper examines the meaning of cognitive psychology and the various psychologists who shaped this theory. The paper then explores the skills and duties required to be an aircraft technician.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
What is Cognitive Psychology
Early Twentieth Century
Reemergence Of Cognitive Psychology
The Aircraft Technician's Skills and Duties
How Does Cognitive Psychology Apply toward Understanding the Aircraft Technician's Job?
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Not only must an airplane mechanic know about airplanes, but also he or she must be able to multi-task on a regular basis. An airplane mechanic may be a specialist in airplanes or even certain types of airplanes but the occupation itself requires that the individual have a number of skills and be able to use any one of them at a moments notice. For instance, an airplane mechanic must be able to start and run aircraft in order to perform operational tests using live aircraft engine power. He or she must be able to both tow and service the aircraft. In order to do this, the mechanic must have passed specific licensing requirements."
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Imperial Spain in Decline, 2002.
This paper reviews the book "Spain in Decline: 1621-1700," by Reginald Trevor Davies.
995 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the book "Spain in Decline: 1621-1700," by Reginald Trevor Davies that outlines three factors for the decline of Imperial Spain: Economic and financial debilities, a military decline and a decline of patriotic and religious feelings. The paper describes the revolution in the Basque Provinces. The author states that this book of history reads like a novel.
From the Paper
"These revolts helped in Spain's decline by weakening the government's position and creating unrest in the people, so they did not trust or follow government reforms meant to strengthen the country. Too many people wanted autonomy from Spain's government, and this division left the remainder of Spain weak and unprepared for further problems, inside or outside the country. Clearly, this was an important juncture for Spain; and had they handled it with more aplomb, they might have avoided some of the unrest and division that separated the country, and helped lead to its decline in world exploration and domination."
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Cognitive Differences In Mathematical & Verbal Ability, 1996.
Examines the achievement scores of a sample of college freshmen & discovers clear evidence of a cognitive division between verbal & mathematical cognitive functions.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"Individual differences in learning and memory abilities have long been a topic for social science research. However, little basic research has been done concerning the possibility of a dichotomous split between verbal and mathematical cognitive functions. This study examines the achievement scores of a sample of college freshmen and discovers clear evidence of such a cognitive division. Limitations of the study are noted, and possibilities for future research are proposed.
Introduction
Individual differences in learning and memory abilities have long been a controversial topic among researchers. Psychologists, sociologists, educators, and even politicians have struggled to either make sense of or denounce such differences. While most such..."
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Tourism Decline for Canada, 2007.
An examination of the decline in tourism for Canada in the last year, a decline that occurred even as tourism for the world increased over the same period.
1,654 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the challenge of changing a tourist's perception of Canada to make it a more desirable destination. The paper explains the need to reverse the trend and increase the tourism business for Canada. and looks at why Greece is a successful tourist destination. The writer suggests that more could be made of the skiing areas in Canada to attract tourists. The writer also notes that much of Toronto has been used for filming in lieu of New York City, for instance, and suggests that the names of those films be featured in tourist advertising.
Outline:
Introduction
Findings
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The percentage of loss for Canada was exceeded only by the loss for Montserrat, a region suffering from volcanic explosions since 1995; Aruba, in decline since the Natalee Holloway disappearance; and Uruguay. While the drop for these other regions can be explained by various unusual circumstances, the decline for Canada appears to be more basic and to relate largely to the perception the world has of Canada as an unexciting destination. Certain specific issues can be cited with reference to tourism from the United Sates, however, such as changes in travel rules so that in the near future, a passport will be required."
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Cognitive-Behavior and Reality Therapies, 2007.
An analysis of the background of the theories and practice of cognitive-behavior and reality therapies.
1,343 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the theories behind cognitive-behavior and reality therapies. It begins by discussing the combination of behavior therapy and cognitive therapy termed cognitive-behavior therapy. It also discusses the background of the philosophy behind reality therapy. The paper then goes on to discuss the practice of the two approaches in a therapy environment.
Table of Contents:
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Reality Therapy
From the Paper
"Reality Therapy was founded by Dr William Glasser in the United States in the 1960s, who set up the Institute of Guidance Counselors in Ireland, in 1985. Glasser believed that changing how we behave is the key to changing how we feel and to getting what we want. Based on a broad range of theories and therapies, Glasser said that Reality Theory was based on "Choice Theory," that is, based on internal motivation to try and fulfill the wants and needs outlined by other theories, but behavior is "total" and made up of the interlocking components of acting, thinking, feelings and the physiology, (acting and thinking being voluntary). The wants and needs of other theories are outlined as Power (which includes achievement and feeling worthwhile, as well as winning), Love and Belonging (which includes groups, families or loved ones), Freedom (which includes independence, autonomy, and having one's own "space"), Fun (which includes pleasure and enjoyment) and Survival (which includes nourishment, shelter and sex). (Glasser, n.d.)"
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