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To Clone or Not To Clone, 2002.
An overview of cloning and the advantages and disadvantages of it.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses what cloning is and both pros and cons of cloning. Cloning can be used for different reasons from cloning kidneys to having a clone baby that will replace the lost of a child that might have been killed in an accident. The question arises about how safe this actually is and whether it is ethical.
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To Clone or Not to Clone, 2004.
This paper discusses the science of cloning.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer examines the science of cloning. The writer defines cloning and explains the science. The writer looks at the controversy that exists over human cloning. The writer discusses human embryo experiments, in addition to stem-cell research, or reproductive cloning. Further, the writer looks at the question whether or not cloned cells should be protected by law.
From the Paper
"A clone is an individual organism grown from a single body cell of its parent making it a genetic duplicate of the parent. According to an article in Wilson Quarterly, that a sheep had been cloned from the cells in the udder of a six year old ewe, the world was both elated and stunned. Despite the uncertainties regarding technology, the cloning of animals may benefit humans. For example cloning ... "
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To Clone or Not to Clone, 2006.
An overview of the debate on cloning.
1,432 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the public opinion dealing with cloning is still greatly divided and how many religious groups are against cloning because they feel that it is wrong to copy natural creation. It contends that the advantages of cloning far outweigh those concerns and also the disadvantages. It argues that cloning is completely ethical and there should be no bans against the production of organs, organisms, and living things for scientific and human enhancement, whether it is saving lives or creating them.
From the Paper
"Cloning has been a heated debate in America in recent years. It is one of the most controversial topics that exist today. Many people have misconceptions about it that lead to a misunderstanding of the possible advantages that could result from cloning. With President Bush pushing for a total cloning ban and swaying large numbers of Americans on his side, it is hard to oppose it and take the stance for pro-cloning. However, for every disadvantage on cloning, there are hundreds of advantages to support it. America is on the brink of a genomic revolution with the outcome of finding many cures they never knew were possible. It is time that a new light is shed on cloning. It is time that Americans look to pro-cloning in our new technological age for great improvements in life and on scientific discoveries."
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To Clone or Not to Clone? That is the Question!, 2002.
Paper deals with the good and bad that cloning has to offer.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
A paper which argues for the legalization of cloning, and the writer states reason why he is personally in favor of this measure. The writer also uses an excerpt from Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein"to show the other side of the table, as well as several other sources in support of the legalization of cloning.
From the Paper
"Just think of all the benefits that cloning could provide. Death and disease would be virtually nonexistent. People would be able to live longer, healthier, happier lives. There would no longer be an endangered species list. Survival rates would be at an all time high. Food production would be greatly increased. In spite all of these positive aspects of cloning, I do not believe that the world will ever see a cloning generation. There are too many anti-cloning activists that roam the earth and too many people afraid of change that science and technology can bring. There are not enough people willing to take the required risks. For, as Frederick B. Wilcox says, ?Progress always involves risks. You can't steal second base and keep your foot on first? (Quote Garden)."
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IVF and Cloning, 2005.
Compares therapeutic cloning to reproductive cloning for the use in in-vitro fertilization.
1,133 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a summary of the term "therapeutic cloning," which is the use of cloning in terms of rehabilitation and organ transplants. It then compares this technique to the controversial reproductive cloning, which is the cloning of an entire human being. The paper also looks at the ethical problems of reproductive cloning.
Paper Outline
Information Summary
Techniques Used in Therapeutic Cloning
Techniques Used in Reproductive Cloning
Regulation of Procedures
Opinion
Congressional Testimony
Recommended Regulations
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Proponents of human reproductive cloning, on the other hand, argue that infertile couples deserve the chance to have children in another way, and that the critics who are urging caution and predicting societal shifts because of human reproductive cloning are basically expressing the same arguments that were put forth decades ago against IVF, to
no substantial avail in the present because, as mentioned, this technique has been proven safe and is endorsed by Supreme Court decisions."
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Argument against Cloning, 2007.
This paper looks at the issue of stem cell research and provides an argument against cloning.
3,153 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1996, cloning has been a controversial issue in contemporary medical ethics and biomedical research. The writer notes that cloning has many advocates, as it seems to offer the prospect of cures for diseases and illnesses that are currently incurable. However, the writer points out that it also has vociferous opponents, many of whom believe that scientists have no business interfering with sacred human life processes and beliefs. The writer maintains that the media furor generated by this admission highlights the importance of this issue. Moreover, the writer discusses that there is the ongoing problem that few scientific successes have been achieved in cloning. It remains unknown whether cloning will be utilized to cure diseases in our lifetime. This essay attempts to find the facts beneath the sensationalism, and argues that cloning is undesirable.
Outline:
Introduction
Background Information
Therapeutic Cloning
Reproductive Cloning
Benefits of Cloning
The Potential Benefits of Therapeutic Cloning
Limitations of Therapeutic Cloning
Limitations of Reproductive Cloning
The Arguments against Cloning
Arguments against Therapeutic Cloning
Arguments against Reproductive Cloning
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As mentioned above, the first reported successful clone was that of Dolly the sheep. This was an example of reproductive cloning, in which an embryo is created in order to grow it into a replica of the creature from which it is cloned. This is the most controversial application, as it involves creating life - and potentially, even creating human life. The process is the same as the beginning stages of therapeutic cloning, described above. However, instead of killing the embryo by harvesting stem cells, scientists allow it to continue growing, and then implant it into a womb. In the rare cases when this is successful, the embryo then grows to term and is born - an exact, new-born copy of the donor from whom the nucleus was taken."
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Cloning, 2004.
An analysis of the concept of cloning in the article, "To Clone or Not to Clone", by Jean Bethke Elshtain, and Don Siegel's 1956 movie, "Invasion of the Body Snatchers."
1,485 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the way that cloning is viewed is several pieces of literature and movies. By looking at these sources, it explains that it is clear that the debate over the dangers of cloning will continue for some time. It shows how cloning technology does have the potential to fundamentally change society.
From the Paper
"Cloning is rapidly emerging as one of the most controversial and emotion-laden of topics in today's world. Science fiction movies like Invasion of the Body Snatchers reveal societies' attitude fear that cloning is a process that strips humanity of its soul, leaving a blank, emotionless husk. In To Clone or Not to Clone, Jean Bethke Elshtain reiterates many of these fears, arguing that cloning brings up the fears of the loss of individuality and the inappropriateness of man going "too far" in their quest for mastery over nature. In contrast, Philip Kitcher argues that many common fears about cloning reveal more about the public misunderstanding of genetics than they do about the reality of cloning itself, and that cloning is a neutral technology that can be used ethically or unethically depending on society's choices. Ultimately, the debate about cloning has a long way to go in order to address fears about the process that are commonly depicted in the popular media and Hollywood movies like Invasion of the Body Snatchers."
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Cloning and Human Body Parts, 2005.
A paper on the controversy over cloning, in general, and over the cloning of body parts, in particular.
2,381 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 31 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
In an effort to shed light on the the full range and implications of cloning, this paper examines the topic from the point of view of a variety of disciples. The paper uses a multidisciplinary approach, presenting different views from the sciences and the humanities, to help present a broader picture regarding the controversial issues surrounding the medical practice of cloning and to point out that there is a need for all disciples to be heard on these issues. The paper points out that taking this approach allows us to see that, while the sciences view cloning as a great medical asset, the humanities and particularly theology act as balancing agents to prevent possible negative outcomes.
Introduction
Cloning: A Brief Overview
Different and Interrelated Views
Genetics and Biology
Medical Views
Philosophy
Theology
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Science fiction has for many years been the purveyor of outlandish and daring ideas about human cloning. However, we now know that cloning has emerged from the realms of science fiction and become science fact. An Italian doctor, Severino Antinori, recently announced that he was in the process of cloning a human baby. Claims of also conducting experiments to clone humans have been made by an American religious sect, "Clone Aid", which shortly expects a "new creation" to arrive through cloning technology. (Bedford-Strohm. 203) "
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Cloning, 2002.
A review of some of the literature regarding human cloning. The paper argues against the use of cloning technologies.
2,791 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the ethical arguments of those who advocate the use of cloning technology, in light of Ronald Dworkin?s ethical writings on ?the sanctity of life? and John Rawls? ?theory of justice.? In the conclusion, this paper argues that because the present state cloning technology violates the intrinsic value of human life, researches involving cloning should be banned.
From the Paper
"In 1971, Nobel Prize winning-scientist James Watson wrote an article warning about the growing possibility of a ?clonal man.? Because of both the moral and social dangers cloning posed to humankind, Watson called for a worldwide ban on any research leading to cloning technology (Watson 8). Until then, cloning had been largely relegated to the realm of science fiction. Scientific research concerning cloning and in vitro fertilization was obtuse and technical, and hardly written about in the news."
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Cloning, 2006.
This paper focuses on the controversial and much debated issue of cloning.
1,422 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The writer contends that while there is virtually universal agreement that human cloning is neither safe nor ethically desirable, the research work being done in other cloning techniques continues to greatly interest scientists and the public alike. This paper examines the three main types cloning processes, while also discussing the ethical issues that arise from these techniques. The three cloning techniques are comprised of DNA cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. The DNA cloning process involves the transferring of a DNA fragment from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element or a cloning vector such as a bacterial plasmid. This paper details the technology involved in reproductive cloning, which entails creating organisms with an identical genetic make-up to an already existing organism. This paper explores the benefits of cloning, including finding cures for diseases such as Alzheimer's, cancer and diabetes. This paper discusses the concerns which have been raised over the destruction of unwanted embryos and the potential risk of abuse in this specific area of science. The writer examines the fact that many countries currently permit stem cell research, which can be conducted only on in-vitro embryos or embryos that were discarded during infertility treatments.
From the Paper
"In therapeutic cloning, concerns have been raised over the destruction of unwanted embryos, and the future abuse of such technology. The fear of abuse is, in fact, all too real since therapeutic cloning is just one step away from reproductive cloning. But the fear of eugenics or playing God is not the only ethical issue involved. For, opponents of the technology also argue that an embryo has life and the moral status of a person from the moment of conception. Therefore, it is immoral to kill the nascent life that is the embryo. Advocates of therapeutic cloning refute this argument by pointing out that the technology holds the promise of curing millions of adults of hitherto incurable diseases, and, therefore, the life of an already living being should be valued far more than one that has yet to fully form."
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Therapeutic Cloning, 2004.
Looks at the ethical problems involved in cloning, generally, and therapeutic cloning, in particular.
2,315 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
Recent years have seen intense debate on the ethicality of human cloning and therapeutic cloning. While the former involves reproduction of a new human, a clone to the adult from whom the DNA was taken, therapeutic cloning has a very different goal. Having said that, therapeutic cloning, too, has been under the spotlight. This paper focuses on therapeutic cloning alone and explores the possible pros and cons of the procedure. It defines therapeutic cloning to assure that the discussion is viewed in the correct contextual framework.
From the Paper
"Therapeutic Cloning or Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer is a procedure, which involves removing the DNA from a cell taken from a human, inserting it into the DNA taken from a woman?s ovum and giving the resultant ovum an electrical shock to begin the formation of an embryo. The procedure results in a pre-embryo being formed in a small percentage of cases (Robinson)."
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Genetic Engineering: Cloning, 2006.
This paper focuses on the scientific and genetic aspects of cloning as well as detailing the various methods of both natural and artificial cloning.
2,950 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper defines cloning as the production of a group of genetically identical cells or organisms, all descended from a single individual. The members of a clone have precisely the same characteristics, except where mutation and environmentally caused developmental variation have occurred. The first recorded cloning experiment took place in 1938, when a German scientist experimented by transferring a nucleus from an adult cell to an enucleated egg which resulted in the successful creation of an identical twin. This paper details the various types of artificial and natural cloning which include: Molecular cloning, cellular cloning, embryo twinning, natural regeneration, primary reproductive mode and supplementary reproductive mode. The writer of this paper also discusses the moral and ethical controversy surrounding genetic cloning.
From the Paper
"Some examples of cloning from nature are the primary reproductive mode and supplementary reproductive mode. The primary reproductive mode occurs in species whose reproduction is strictly asexual; each population consists of one or more clones, depending on the number of individuals in the colony there was to start. Such species include all bacteria and blue-green bacteria, most protozoans, algae, some yeast, and even some higher plants and animals, such as dandelions and flatworms. Supplementary reproductive mode occurs in some algae, which reproduce sexually and asexually. Those individuals formed by asexual reproduction, called zoospores constitute a clone. In the club mosses and some higher plants, a runner, or stem, grows horizontally along the surface of the soil and at intervals produces roots and upright stalks. When the sections of stem between stalks disintegrate, the separated individuals constitute a clone."
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Cloning, 2002.
This paper takes a detailed look at the cloning process, and the political and ethical, and medical debates surrounding the cloning controversy.
6,165 words (approx. 24.7 pages), 17 sources, $ 144.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth research paper on the history and development of cloning. The author discusses such topics as procedures and methods, specific experiments, and risks and repercussions of genetic engineering. The paper also includes a discussion of birth defects in cloned animals, stem cell research, and the political and ethical debates concerning genetic engineering.
From the paper:
"Cloning is a form of genetic engineering in which the DNA of a person, animal, plant, or bacterium is used to produce a perfect or near perfect genetic replica of the original. A new individual is created from a single cell. Each group of researchers has its own specific technique. The best known is the Roslin technique, and the most effective and most recently developed technique is the Honolulu technique. The most commonly known are the Roslin Technique, The Honolulu Technique, and nuclear transfer. A technique known as twinning also exists, but it can only be used before an organism?s cells split. The cloning of Dolly the sheep is considered by many to be the most important event in cloning history. Dolly was created by the Roslin Technique, which was created by the researchers at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. It spurred public interest in cloning and proved that the cloning of adult animals could be achieved. Until then, it was not known if an adult nucleus was able to produce a completely new animal. Genetic damage was possible, and researchers did not know if the damage would be reversible, but nevertheless, they took the chance."
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Cloning, 2006.
A discussion regarding the controversial issue of cloning.
1,898 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper review and discusses the issue of cloning. According to the paper, cloning has raised a litany of legal and ethical questions, and is an issue that has become shrouded in fallacy, myth and misunderstanding. The paper reports that according to the Human Genome Project, cloning can be easily broken down into three types: recombinant DNA cloning; reproductive cloning; and therapeutic cloning.
Outline:
Introduction
Reproductive Cloning
Therapeutic Cloning
Costs and Benefits
Conclusion and Related Issues
From the Paper
"Lawmakers may need to evaluate cloning policy by using a cost-benefit analysis and a utilitarian ethic. The costs of liberal cloning legislation are both financial and ethical. Financial costs of cloning are normally exorbitant because of the high failure rates of reproductive cloning. However, therapeutic cloning is costly too. Public policy must take financial issues into account because it could impact the allocation of taxpayer monies. Legal costs might also haunt governments that allow cloning research. To prevent complications related to direct government investments in cloning research, legislation could open the door for privately-funded cloning research projects while at the same time banning federally- or state-funded research projects."
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Genetic Engineering: Cloning, 2006.
A review of the controversial issue of genetic engineering and cloning.
2,950 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the genetic engineering process of cloning. The paper opens with a discussion about genetics and the author's assertion that cloning humans will happen in the near future. Next, the paper studies the process of cloning, which naturally occurs botanically. The paper then turns to cloning among animals and -- ultimately -- human beings. After an analysis of recombinant-DNA formation, the paper concludes with a review of the debate over the morality of cloning.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
A. Background
1. What genetics and genetic engineering are.
2. Why cloning is tantalized.
B. Thesis Statement
II. Body
A. Cloning in Nature
1. Primary and Supplementary
2. Other examples from Nature
B. Artificial Techniques
1. For Plants
2. In Horticulture
C. Types and Techniques of Cloning
1. Molecular
2. Myths
3. Recombinant-DNA Formation
D. History of Cloning
1. From Spemann to
2. Japan
E. Moral Issues: The Controversy
1. For and Against
III. Conclusion
A. Brief Summary
B. Cloning has been going on for a long time, while cloning humans may seem very futuristic, it will happen in the near future.
IV. Appendices: Graphs
V. Annotated Bibliography
VI. Works Cited
From the Paper
"Some examples of cloning from nature are the primary reproductive mode and supplementary reproductive mode. The primary reproductive mode occurs in species whose reproduction is strictly asexual; each population consists of one or more clones, depending on the number of individuals in the colony there was to start. Such species include all bacteria and blue-green bacteria, most protozoans, algae, some yeast, and even some higher plants and animals, such as dandelions and flatworms. Supplementary reproductive mode occurs in some algae, which reproduce sexually and asexually. Those individuals formed by asexual reproduction, called zoospores constitute a clone. In the club mosses and some higher plants, a runner, or stem, grows horizontally along the surface of the soil and at intervals produces roots and upright stalks. When the sections of stem between stalks disintegrate, the separated individuals constitute a clone."
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