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Cloning Human Dignity: Ethical Implications, 2006.
This paper explores the issue of human cloning as ethically permissible.
1,387 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper examines an article by Elmer-Dewitt that deals with the many misconceptions surrounding the cloning of the first human embryo and Putnam and Harris' essays that directly treat the moral conceptualization of human dignity with relation to cloning. The paper provides evidence to show that clones will develop individually, not only cognitively but also physically, into unique individuals that do not threaten the diversity of society and avoid the nightmare scenarios of carbon-copy humans. The paper explains that what will follow such research is an increased ability to screen out those traits that are universally undesired by perspective parents, such as the defects and diseases that impinge upon the quality of life for all humans.
From the Paper
"This essay intends to focus solely upon the issue of human cloning as ethically permissible. The larger question of whether or not to clone and/or genetically manipulate other species of plants and animals is rendered largely moot due to the proliferation of such practices. Genetically modified foodstuffs and the cloning of animals within the realm of scientific experimentation is commonplace, with "Dolly" the sheep standing as the first and most famous example. Since then, dogs and wolves have been added to the list of successfully cloned animals, though significant health problems in the cloned individuals render such endeavors far from perfected. At this point and time, human embryos have been cloned, but are not viable past a few cell divisions, placing the potentiality of human cloning into the realm of the probable, and as Elmer-Dewitt notes, "[t]he time to discuss whether [human cloning] is right or wrong is before it has been put to use, not after"."
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The Ethical Implications of Human Cloning, 2004.
A consideration of the ethical implications of human cloning and the legal steps, if any, which should be taken to regulate this area of scientific development.
4,538 words (approx. 18.2 pages), 28 sources, APA, $ 118.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the ethical implications surrounding reproductive and therapeutic cloning, including issues such as the right to an open future, commodification of children, the risk of psychological harm to the clone, the right to indiviudality and the "Kantian Ends and Means Dictum". It shows that although many moral objections to cloning can be theoretically rebutted, by adopting an approach which views the welfare of the resultant clone as the paramount consideration in the cloning debate, it is concluded that such a practice should never be allowed. It also considers the current legal regulation of cloning and concludes that the status quo should be maintained.
Outline
Introduction
Reproductive Cloning
Current Situation
Procreative Autonomy
Safety Implications
Intrinsic Sense of Immorality
Individuality
The Right to an Open Future
Commodification
Psychological Harm
Human Dignity and the Kantian ?Ends and Means? Dictum
Fear of Eugenics
Therapeutic Cloning
The Moral Status of the Embryo
The ?Slippery Slope? Argument
Should Therapeutic Cloning be Permissible?
Legal Regulation of Cloning
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the central tenets of the cloning debate is whether a person has the right, as articulated by Dworkin, to ?procreative autonomy?. He defines this as a right to control one?s own role in procreation unless the state has a compelling reason for denying them that control. Following from this, Harris contends that ?genetic imperative? is a fundamental aspect of the right to procreative autonomy and since society grants the legitimacy of genetic aspirations in so many cases and indeed the use of advanced technology to meet such desires, only compelling and serious reasons could deny people such wishes in the case of cloning. Although Dworkin and Harris assert that there is insufficient evidence of harm to justify interfering with this freedom of an individual, a consideration of the following ethical issues will demonstrate that what is at stake if cloning is permitted outweighs the right of an individual to procreative freedom."
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Emerging Technologies with Ethical Implications, 2005.
A look at computer ethics and the ethical matters involved with computer technology.
2,509 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper gives an overview of the developing field of computer ethics. The paper explains how this field, defined as the study of the characteristics and communal bearing of computer technology and the subsequent creativity and explanation of policies for the ethical utilization of such technology, has a very solid and important future as seen from the tremendous development of computer technology during the last couple of decades.
From the Paper
"In these circumstances, we face either insufficient policies or no policies to guide us. The main role of computer ethics is in devising procedures to guide our actions on what we should do in such circumstances. Obviously we need to tackle few ethical issues as a human being or as a community. Both individual and social policies are taken care by computer ethics for the ethical purpose of computer technology. It may appear that a routine deployment of an ethical theory to develop the suitable policy is what is all needed. However, this is typically not feasible. This is because we encounter no-concept situation along with no-policy situation. (Moor, 1985, p.268)"
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Human Cloning, 2004.
An overview of the ethical factors surrounding the issue of human cloning.
2,838 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
As with most ethical debates, the argument regarding cloning stems from the fact that it is not completely bad, nor is it completely good. In fact, for many scientists, the cloning of human beings was not a motivating factor. It was the possibility of good things that cloning could bring that was foremost in most scientists? minds. This paper examines the arguments for and against human cloning, using several sources as references for these views, including Bill McKibben's "Enough" and Gilbert Meilaender's essay, ?Human Cloning Would Violate the Dignity of Children?.
From the Paper
"Many individuals have considered what cloning would mean to society as a whole. Cardinal John O?Connor believes that cloning also risks changing society in ways we cannot imagine. What we think and how we feel about one another hinges on the results of cloning. O?Connor has clear objections to human cloning, noting it is a ?drastic invasion of human parenthood? (O?Connor 10). He feels that cloning is a deliberate act that creates children without parents and is therefore disrespectful not only to human dignity but to marriage as well. O?Connor demonstrates that during history, the ?Judeo-Christian tradition has respected the divine design of life-giving love.? In his view, cloning replaces the ?personal, unitive, two-in-one flesh dimension of life-giving material love? (10) with ?technological replication? (10)."
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Human Cloning, 2004.
A brief literature review of both sides of the human cloning debate.
827 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how human cloning has always stirred healthy debate and how philosophical theories regarding the issue of cloning range from the technological to the ethical. The value of human life is also juxtaposed with the benefits to those who are suffering. It looks at how some view cloning as an inevitable process that is bound to occur as society forges ahead into the next age of medical discovery, while others see the act of human cloning as a slippery slope that will lead to cloning for spare parts, thus removing the dignity of life itself.
From the Paper
"When we consider these varying views, we discover that many philosophical viewpoints revolve around the issue of values. In other words, cloning devalues life because it degrades others as a means to our ends. John Kilner, in his essay, ?Human Cloning Would Violate Christian Ethics,? staunchly believes, ?human cloning will cause the deaths of human beings?(Kilner 13). In short, the act of cloning, whether or not it saves live, devalues life itself. He asserts that because cloning is not yet a perfect science, many human embryos would be lost and therefore, the ?cost is unacceptably high? (14). He grounds his argument on the ?277 failed attempts? (14) that took place before Dolly was cloned successfully."
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Human Cloning: Ethical Issues, 2006.
An analysis of the religious and medical ethical issues concerning human cloning.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This ethical study analyzes the current issues that involve both religion and medical science in relation to developments in human cloning. This medical issue is pertinent to ethics, since it involves a great deal of scientific questions as to how science is "playing God." This religious perspective is analyzed through Roman Catholic arguments against human cloning to better understand how this conflict is developing between both factions. In essence, this paper analyzes the two sides of the "playing God" issue in relation to the medical scientific advancements of human cloning. The first issue surrounding a social threat to human order in cloning is how cloning threatens a 'natural' order of birth in the human condition.
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Ethical Issues Concerning Cloning of Human beings, 2000.
An opinionated look at the moral and ethical issues of human cloning.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the ethical and moral issues concerning the cloning of human beings. The author touches on some aspects of cloning, how it has developed and its side-effects. The author gives an opinionated argument about the effects that cloning of human beings will have on society?s perception of what it means to be a human being, as well as questions about a cloned individual?s personal identity, uniqueness, and individuality.
From the Paper
"Recent news that scientists in Scotland had succeeded in cloning an adult sheep ignited a worldwide debate. Of particular concern are the ethical and social implications of the potential application of cloning techniques to produce human beings. The Scottish announcement marked the first time that researchers were able to produce an exact genetic replica of an adult animal."
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Human Cloning: The Ethical Debate, 2005.
A look at the moral and ethical issues surrounding the scientific process of human cloning.
1,258 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to dissect the current ethical argument over human cloning with the intention of proving why this type of research should go forward. The paper includes an explanation of the cloning process preceding the discussion of the controversy surrounding the process.
From the Paper
"A "human clone" is a scientific replication of another person (Jones, 1998). A clone is not actually an exact replica of the original, but rather a younger identical twin. As with identical twins, the clone and the original person have different fingerprints. They are also likely to have different personalities."
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Ethics of Cloning, 2004.
A brief analysis of the ethics behind human cloning.
911 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a short examination of the ethical problems surrounding the controversial issue of human cloning. It explains that therapeutic human cloning is quite necessary to increase our knowledge of the human body, and it can aid in creating new medical breakthroughs in the future. The ethics of human cloning are certainly contentious, but ultimately, human cloning can only add to our understanding of ourselves and lead to longer lives in the future.
From the Paper
"This is not to disregard the ethical implications of creating genetic human duplicates, of course, there are numerous ethical issues facing human cloning. The fundamental ethics of human birth and continuation are at stake here, and even those who condone human cloning recognize the need to keep cloning from becoming a way for parents to choose the sex or intelligence of their child the way they choose produce at the local supermarket. The ethics of cloning indicate that cloning should be used for research and medical purposes only, and should not extend to the cloning of human children for particular parents. One scientific expert states, "As we have noted, the decisive difference between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning is the fact that the former never intends to lead to the birth of a cloned human being" (Bedford-Strohm)."
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Proposition 71, Nursing Implications and Ethics, 2006.
A review of the impact that California's Proposition 71 has had on transplant nurses.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the impact a given legislation (i.e. California's Proposition 71) has on nursing, particularly transplant nurses, the prevalent ethical issues surrounding stem cell research, its potential in transplant medicine and the inherent responsibilities nurses have in keeping patients' perspectives in check while buoying their hopes for better quality of life.
From the Paper
"The approval of Proposition 71 in California will have a predictable effect throughout the scientific community down to the grassroots health care systems and ultimately the patient. The technology and impact of therapeutic stem cell transplant is not new. Bone marrow transplants can be thought of as the prototype stem cell transplant, harvesting entire colonies of hematopoietic stem cells from a donor. There are drawbacks to this from a nursing perspective, however. The nurse of a transplant patient, especially a pediatric patient must be aware that among the stressors the family may be going through are drastic lifestyle alterations, coping as a family, psychological strain on the parents, as well as an understandable financial burden (Wu, Mu, Tsay & Chiou, 2005). "
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The Ethics of Cloning, 2002.
A study of the ethical and potentially profitable issues surrounding mammalian cloning.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the two topics of debate which have sprung up since mammalian cloning made headlines - whether cloning is ethically correct, and whether it can become a profitable business. The paper shows how the two sets of questions have in the intervening five years become more and more tightly bound together, especially as the process of mammalian cloning has proved to be more technically difficult than once assumed. Faced with scores of maimed and partial individuals preceding each healthy clone, many scientists and many of those outside the scientific community have spent a great deal of time wondering whether it is ethical to go forward with such research ? aside from the practical questions of whether cloning could ever become economically viable.
From the Paper
"Even those who wholeheartedly support cloning are in general morally opposed to the cloning of entire human individuals. Such an action is seen to violate some of our most deeply held beliefs about the sacredness and uniqueness of the individual. As a result, most cloning research today is focused on creating and then harvesting stem cells that might then be induced to grow into what are essentially spare parts. Thus a person who is blind might have new corneas grown for him while the diabetic might have a new pancreas grown for her."
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The Ethics of Cloning, 2002.
This paper discusses the ethics of cloning from deontological and utilitarian points of view.
1,565 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper stresses that successes in cloning mammals have added urgency to ethical questions concerning the possible human cloning. The author explains that the utilitarian philosophy states that worth or value is derived or determined solely by utility; therefore, cloning is acceptable and will bring great things in the future.The paper relates that, from a deontological point of view, moral decisions should never be made on the basis of likely outcomes of actions; therefore, the deontologist feels that the worth of outcomes is completely irrelevant because of the question of moral obligation.
From the Paper
"With that being said, a person who is a follower of the deontological thinking may feel that the scientists have over stepped their boundaries. ?Are these arguments simply irrational, emotional responses to the moral issue? A deontologist would say no: These arguments, for the deontologist, are quite legitimate and reasonable justifications of the normative claim that it would be immoral to continue to use the anatomy. What is relevant is the nature of the action itself. Certain types of action--such as the involuntary use of a person's remains--are wrong regardless of their outcomes, according to the deontologist. The aim of deontological theory is to define the basic normative principles that provide sound justification for this ethical position.? (Kellenberger, J ) God is the creator and it is man?s duty to worship ? not create."
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The Ethics of Human Cloning, 2005.
Looks at developing technology in human cloning and the ethical concerns surrounding this technology.
1,521 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper provides background information on genetic engineering and then delves into a consideration of the ethical and moral issues concerning this technology. Next, the paper describes some of the benefits of potential applications of genetic engineering and refutes the main arguments presented by those who oppose genetic engineering.
From the Paper
"Genetic engineering and cloning have played important roles in agriculture for many generations. Bananas and seedless grapes, for example, are, quite literally, living genetic clones (Krock, 2001). Prior to the last decade of the 20th Century, human cloning was purely a subject of science fiction, but by the dawn of the 21st Century,
researchers had already cloned several mammals successfully."
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Ethics of Human Cloning, 2002.
An argumentative paper on the ethics and benefits of human cloning.
2,445 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 4 sources, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history, background and the complicated ethics regarding human cloning. The author looks at the science of cloning, pros and cons of cloning and argues that cloning is beneficial in the long run.
From the Paper
"There is no other topic in health care with more potential for controversy than human cloning. I decided to write my paper on human cloning for this very reason, it will be an even more controversial issue than abortion in the future for my generation. Indeed, cloning is a topic for the future but this future is much closer than many people would like to believe. Many have deep religious and ethical reasons for wanting a total ban on human cloning. However, there are also many people, including some scientists, who believe that the possible benefits of human cloning outweigh the risks by a huge margin. Cloning has become an issue within the past 4 years due to the realization that it is possible to clone a human being."
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