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Cloning: The Arguments, 2005.
Examines several sources which provide arguments for and against human cloning.
1,628 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 40 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The theory of cloning questions many essential areas of ethical and philosophical concern about what human life is and raises the question whether we have the right or even the qualifications to alter life and living beings. It is no wonder that in the light of the extremely contentious way that cloning impacts on important issues that there should be strong and forthright opinions on the subject. Bearing this in mind, this paper shows that it is important to keep an open mind and to also hear the other side of the argument. The paper therefore examines several literature sources to view both sides of this controversial debate.
The paper includes an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"One of the better and more rational approaches to the issue of cloning which does not become dogmatic or insistent on a single point of view is Brock, Dan W. "Human Cloning and Our Sense of Self." (Science 296 (2002): 314-16) This is an important article in that it addresses one of the most significant and contentious issue in the cloning debate: namely the effect that cloning could have on the idea or concept of human identity. Those against cloning state that cloning will confuse and possibly even undermine the idea of human identity This article also explores the way that the "worth" or value of a human being may be affected by a reproductive process which is not based on normal sexual reproduction. It competently explores the fear that many opposed to cloning have that human beings will become 'manufactured' and seen as products. The article is well researched with documented references."
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Argument against Cloning, 2007.
This paper looks at the issue of stem cell research and provides an argument against cloning.
3,153 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1996, cloning has been a controversial issue in contemporary medical ethics and biomedical research. The writer notes that cloning has many advocates, as it seems to offer the prospect of cures for diseases and illnesses that are currently incurable. However, the writer points out that it also has vociferous opponents, many of whom believe that scientists have no business interfering with sacred human life processes and beliefs. The writer maintains that the media furor generated by this admission highlights the importance of this issue. Moreover, the writer discusses that there is the ongoing problem that few scientific successes have been achieved in cloning. It remains unknown whether cloning will be utilized to cure diseases in our lifetime. This essay attempts to find the facts beneath the sensationalism, and argues that cloning is undesirable.
Outline:
Introduction
Background Information
Therapeutic Cloning
Reproductive Cloning
Benefits of Cloning
The Potential Benefits of Therapeutic Cloning
Limitations of Therapeutic Cloning
Limitations of Reproductive Cloning
The Arguments against Cloning
Arguments against Therapeutic Cloning
Arguments against Reproductive Cloning
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As mentioned above, the first reported successful clone was that of Dolly the sheep. This was an example of reproductive cloning, in which an embryo is created in order to grow it into a replica of the creature from which it is cloned. This is the most controversial application, as it involves creating life - and potentially, even creating human life. The process is the same as the beginning stages of therapeutic cloning, described above. However, instead of killing the embryo by harvesting stem cells, scientists allow it to continue growing, and then implant it into a womb. In the rare cases when this is successful, the embryo then grows to term and is born - an exact, new-born copy of the donor from whom the nucleus was taken."
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Argument against Human Cloning, 2005.
This paper offers a scientific and ethical argument against human cloning, referring to the experiment of the animal Dolly.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This scientific and ethical argument against human cloning presents the pros and cons of this serious issue. The writer claims that the problems of experimentation on animals have not been adequately addressed to suggest that human beings should be cloned at the present time. Furthermore, the writer discusses that the ethical grounds of the property aspect of a cloned human being are not being explored in the environmental or societal ramifications that would logically need to be understood.
From the Paper
"This scientific study examines a scientific and ethical argument against human cloning in regards to the problems with "Dolly", the first animal to ever be cloned. In this manner, the problems of Dolly's death is examined through the science of cell research to realize the premature death of this pioneering animal. In this respect, Dolly died at an early age due to severe arthritis, which may be an error in the development of the cells that created Dolly from her "mother". Through an examination of the details of this erroneous cloning, there needs to be far better research and development before human beings should be considered for the cloning process."
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An Argument Against Human Cloning, 2004.
A focus on the ethical and moral dilemmas surrounding the science of cloning and why it should be avoided.
2,205 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the idea of cloning humans has always stirred debate, raising moral and ethical issues. It looks at how, as research and experiments continue delve into the frontiers of technology and science, we inch closer to the possibility of cloning becoming a reality. It examines how, in order to deal with the implications of cloning, we should not hesitate to consider the cost cloning would have on society as a whole. It puts forward the argument that human cloning is unethical because we cannot know the results, because it alters societal roles, and because it degrades humanity.
From the Paper
"One very important aspect of the cloning debate is the death of Dolly last year. According to New Scientist Magazine, Dolly suffered from ?arthritis - a condition that occurs most often in the elderly,? which suggests that Dolly ?was aging prematurely? (New Scientist). Although it remains unclear if cloning or genetics caused the arthritis, many are skeptical of the cloning process. In Dolly?s case, cells called telomeres were shorter than they should have been compared to sheep her age that are born normally. This may seem trivial, however, it is important because she was cloned from a sheep that was six years old. What this means is that Dolly might have been older than she looked. From her birth date, she was six years old, but genetic age was 12 years old."
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An Argument on Cloning and Patents, 2002.
Addresses the question whether the patent for the cloning process, currently awaiting approval in the U.S. patent office, covers human cloning in its definition.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses whether the cloning procedure can be patented. The arguments of those who claim that current patent law may include humans, and those opposing this claim, are presented. The legal issues facing the U.S. Patent and Trade Office are outlined.
From the Paper
"An article published in the New York Times, on May 17, 2002, entitled ?Debate on Human Cloning Turns to Patents? presents both sides of an issue raised over whether a patent request, currently in the US patent office, covers human cloning in its definition. The article presents both sides of the issue. The author himself takes no position, but only presents the arguments presented on both sides of the issue. Neither side presents a clear, well supported, independent argument or dependent argument. They both rely on pseudoarguments to make their appeals.
The two opposing positions can be summarized as follows. The pro-cloning patent side, who coincidentally are the inventors of the procedure in question, argue that they wish to hold the patent so that no one actually uses it for humans. Currently the procedure is only being used for pigs (Pollack, 2002). . They argue the fine points of the language, in that it covers all ?mammals? and humans are mammals. Their logic is that if the patent covers mammals, and humans are mammals, then the patent covers humans. This is a dependent argument, but is not clearly supported. Previous patents on cloning specifically excluded cloning humans, this one did not. It specifically mentions the use of human eggs."
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To Clone or Not To Clone, 2002.
An overview of cloning and the advantages and disadvantages of it.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses what cloning is and both pros and cons of cloning. Cloning can be used for different reasons from cloning kidneys to having a clone baby that will replace the lost of a child that might have been killed in an accident. The question arises about how safe this actually is and whether it is ethical.
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To Clone or Not to Clone, 2004.
This paper discusses the science of cloning.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer examines the science of cloning. The writer defines cloning and explains the science. The writer looks at the controversy that exists over human cloning. The writer discusses human embryo experiments, in addition to stem-cell research, or reproductive cloning. Further, the writer looks at the question whether or not cloned cells should be protected by law.
From the Paper
"A clone is an individual organism grown from a single body cell of its parent making it a genetic duplicate of the parent. According to an article in Wilson Quarterly, that a sheep had been cloned from the cells in the udder of a six year old ewe, the world was both elated and stunned. Despite the uncertainties regarding technology, the cloning of animals may benefit humans. For example cloning ... "
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To Clone or Not to Clone, 2006.
An overview of the debate on cloning.
1,432 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the public opinion dealing with cloning is still greatly divided and how many religious groups are against cloning because they feel that it is wrong to copy natural creation. It contends that the advantages of cloning far outweigh those concerns and also the disadvantages. It argues that cloning is completely ethical and there should be no bans against the production of organs, organisms, and living things for scientific and human enhancement, whether it is saving lives or creating them.
From the Paper
"Cloning has been a heated debate in America in recent years. It is one of the most controversial topics that exist today. Many people have misconceptions about it that lead to a misunderstanding of the possible advantages that could result from cloning. With President Bush pushing for a total cloning ban and swaying large numbers of Americans on his side, it is hard to oppose it and take the stance for pro-cloning. However, for every disadvantage on cloning, there are hundreds of advantages to support it. America is on the brink of a genomic revolution with the outcome of finding many cures they never knew were possible. It is time that a new light is shed on cloning. It is time that Americans look to pro-cloning in our new technological age for great improvements in life and on scientific discoveries."
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To Clone or Not to Clone? That is the Question!, 2002.
Paper deals with the good and bad that cloning has to offer.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
A paper which argues for the legalization of cloning, and the writer states reason why he is personally in favor of this measure. The writer also uses an excerpt from Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein"to show the other side of the table, as well as several other sources in support of the legalization of cloning.
From the Paper
"Just think of all the benefits that cloning could provide. Death and disease would be virtually nonexistent. People would be able to live longer, healthier, happier lives. There would no longer be an endangered species list. Survival rates would be at an all time high. Food production would be greatly increased. In spite all of these positive aspects of cloning, I do not believe that the world will ever see a cloning generation. There are too many anti-cloning activists that roam the earth and too many people afraid of change that science and technology can bring. There are not enough people willing to take the required risks. For, as Frederick B. Wilcox says, ?Progress always involves risks. You can't steal second base and keep your foot on first? (Quote Garden)."
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Ethics of Human Cloning, 2003.
An examination of the arguments for and against human cloning.
1,840 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the arguments for and against human cloning within a framework of ethics theory. The conclusion drawn is that the arguments against human cloning are stronger than the arguments favoring the process.
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Cloning, 2004.
Summary of an article by Gregory E. Pence, "Will Cloning Harm People?"
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the pro-cloning arguments presented in Gregory Pence's article on cloning. The arguments Pence makes about the positive aspects of cloning and why cloning should not be considered immoral or unethical are outlined, as well as some of the responses Pence provides to the moral and ethical arguments made against cloning.
From the Paper
"Cloning human beings raises a host of ethical problems and brings to mind heinous Frankenstein-like scenarios. Gregory E. Pence argues that science fiction, fear-mongering, and ignorance are at the root of common fears and prejudices against the science of human cloning. According to Pence, cloning is really no different from other means of tampering with the reproductive process such as in vitro fertilization. Furthermore, many of the arguments once used against in vitro fertilization are now being raised against cloning, proving that it is only a matter of time before cloning is accepted by the bioethical community and the general population. In his essay ?Will Cloning Harm People?? Pence offers pithy rebuttals to common moral arguments against cloning, focusing mainly on the potential well-being and rights of the cloned individual, as this is a central issue of concern in bioethics. Pence asserts that there is no inherent difference between a cloned human and a monozygotic twin or a baby conceived through in vitro fertilization and that there is no reason to assume that a cloned person would be treated any differently from his or her natural-born counterpart."
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Cloning and Human Engineering, 2007.
An examination of the arguments for and against cloning and human engineering.
1,838 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to provide an overview of the controversial topic of cloning and human engineering. It discusses the various arguments for and against cloning in practice and theory. It looks at the scientific and medical implications of human engineering, as well as the ramifications and implications for society as a whole. The paper also describes how cloning has affected philosophy, religion and politics.
Outline:
Introduction
Cloning: A Brief Overview
Stem Cell Research
The Arguments For and Against Cloning
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cloning has also initiated the possibly of engineering body parts from cells. Stem cell cloning is one of the most exiting and controversial areas in contemporary genetic research. However the reality of cloning has a long history and forms of cloning has been observed and used by scientists and biologists in the past. In fact cloning takes place in nature to a great extent. "Clones frequently occur naturally. Potato plants reproduce vegetatively by growing tubers from which the new plant will grow. Potatoes are clones". (Biology) Cloning activity has also been observed in colonies of bacteria where scientists have observed the replication of identical genetic duplicates."
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Cloning Embryonic Stem Cells, 2005.
This paper discusses, from a neutral position, ethical arguments either for or against the cloning of embryonic stem cells.
4,710 words (approx. 18.8 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 121.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that embryonic stem cells are self-renewing, undifferentiated cells that are extracted from the inner cell mass of a 5-6 day old embryo or blasto-cyst, which destroys the embryo in the process of extracting the stem cells. The author stresses that the basic problems in embryonic stem cell research are the very highly valued moral problems it presents: (1) The prevention or alleviation of suffering and (2) the respect of human life. The paper stresses that the argument for and against cloning embryonic stem cells is also an argument as to the meaning of life and the recognition of the loss, at any point in life, of inevitable death.
Table of Contents
Introduction
What is Embryonic Stem Cell?
The Basic Problem
Arguments Presented For and Against Cloning Embryonic Stem Cells
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To endorse any use of the human embryo which was not consistent with a reverence for human life would be widely regarded as wrong. Those who believe that therapeutic research on embryos is ethically permissible, might argue that the creation and use of a human embryo outside the context of human reproduction does not necessarily undermine the attitude of respect for the human body and human dignity, provided that the purposes involved in such creation and use are purposes which we would recognize as beneficial ones. Medical uses fall into this category. In this view, it would appear to be quite consistent with an attitude of respect for human life to allow the use of human embryos at an early stage of development, well before the stage at which anything resembling a self can be said to come into existence. Such use promises to provide the possibility of the relief of a great deal of human suffering, a goal which in no sense calls into question respect for the human body."
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Cloning, 2007.
An argument in favor of cloning for the medical benefits that it can provide.
1,341 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an argument in favor of cloning. The paper discusses the cloning of cells, tissues, organs or an individual, which is performed deliberately by human effort. The paper suggests that it is this type of cloning that holds the hopes of the medical future and that can positively affect a variety of other areas, despite the risks critics fear.
From the Paper
"Cloning can also be used for applications other than those that directly affect humans. Endangered species are another category that can benefit from cloning technology, and further supports the argument that this is valuable technology. In 2004, male and female clones of African wildcats were successfully mated to produce eight kittens, the first time wild species clones had been bred. This project was sponsored by the Audubon Nature Institute in New Orleans ("Clones Cloning Around") and is only the first step in a technology that could save some of the world's most endangered species. Hundreds of endangered species could be saved by this technology, perhaps brought to a point where they could be reintroduced into the wild."
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Debate on Cloning, 2002.
Summarizes arguments both for and against human cloning.
2,529 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the medical technique of cloning and then looks at its moral, ethical, medical, and sociological implications. Arguments that both favor and oppose human cloning are discussed and analyzed. The paper presents scientific, ethical, and theological arguments on both sides of the debate.
From the Paper
"Supporters of cloning believe that their efforts will mostly be for the good of humanity. The potential medical benefits of genetic engineering override any fears (perceived or real) from cloning. They agree that the technology should be pursued until safe and reliable and should be applied to humans with caution. They believe that there are dangers in attempting to make blanket legal and political assertions on human cloning. This issue is too important. It needs debate. They believe that a ban would be irreversible and preclude further discussions. They also believe that just as antibiotics vaccinations were eventually proven as lifesavers, this new technology should be embraced. Therapeutic cloning offers, for example, an in vitro embryo the chance to evolve into a human being free from painful and debilitating diseases."
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