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Client Centered Theory, 2005.
A review of Carl Roger's client-centered theory.
2,396 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses Carl Roger's client-centered theory. According to the paper, the most important characteristic a therapist can hold is one of empathy. The paper further discusses how Roger's approach is based on humanist theories in which the human must be considered first and foremost as a human and not as a scientific machine.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Discussion
Examples
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This practice of treating each person as an individual means that the therapist must respond to each and every individual based on the client's needs (Pollack, 1993). This does not mean, however, that each client should be treated different. In each case of therapy, self actualization is the goal, and there are different methods and different levels necessary to achieve this (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). But there are three key factors which the therapist should use to and they are: "congruency (or genuineness), unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference" (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). Already discussed, congruency is important because a client will notice if a therapist is not genuine. Positive regard is the notion that the client shall not be judged by the therapist, as humans are positive, and thus the therapist should be unconditional in the positive regard of the client. Lastly, the therapist must try to understand the emotions of the client, and help to bring forth the reasons those emotions exist. In the end, this means according to Rogers that the client is moved "forward in a constructive direction without intervening and assuming therapeutic expertise" (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). In other words, the therapist should reflect and maintain a positive attitude, and let the client move towards self actualization. The therapist is responsible to treat each person as an individual within these guidelines in order to help the client."
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Projective Testing and Client-Centered Therapy, 2004.
Questions the move in psycho-therapy of combining projective testing with client-centered therapy.
5,500 words (approx. 22.0 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 134.95
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Abstract
The work of Carl Rogers has contributed in substantial ways to the development of psychotherapy. There exists an extraordinarily extensive amount of writing about the value of his research, his clinical work, his methods, his style, and his profound impact on therapy. This paper poses the question, ?Could interpretation of projective testing aid the process of reflection and clarification of communication between client and therapist during client centered (Rogerian) therapy??. The paper provides a critical analysis of Rogers?s work and into ?projective testing? itself. There are many forms of projective testing and diverse opinions with reference to projective testing. This paper critiques and analyzes several of them, using existing research in order to best formulate an informed answer for the central question being posed.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Carl Rogers?s Life and the Seeds of his Interest in Psychology
Client-Centered Therapy and Listening to the Client
Professional Responses to and Critiques of Client-Centered Therapy
Process of Reflection and Clarification in Client-Centered Therapy
Projective Measures / Projective Testing: an Introduction
The History ? and Methods of ? Projective Testing
Six of the Best-Known Projective Tests
Zeroing in on Spurious Therapists and Rorschach Projective Testing
Rogerian Reflection and Projective Testing
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Sir Francis Galton is generally given credit for devising the first projective test, which the British explorer and intellectual researcher developed in 1879. His test consisted of a word-association challenge; subjects were given a set of words and asked to produce a ?first response? to each word. Following Galton?s work, Carl Jung ? a Swiss psychiatrist and renowned prot?g? of Freud ? utilized a word-association test in combination with blood pressure measuring devices to detect what he called ?complexes.? Those complexes were ?constellations of feelings and thoughts organized around an emotionally charged issue? (Lilienfeld). And Jung believed that a ?delayed or physiologically pronounced response to a word? can indicate the existence of a complex."
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Client Centered Therapy, 2005.
An examination of the strength of client centered therapy.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 8 sources, $ 115.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses client centered therapy, a concept that was developed by Carl Rogers throughout the 1940s and 50s. The paper explores how the focus of the therapy is on the client, as the therapist allows the client to discuss issues within his or her life. Through the client's own words he or she is capable of discovering answers to life issues, being supported by the therapist through questions and answer, clarification of thoughts, or restating situations. The paper further discusses how client-centered therapy is a non-directed approach in which the therapist allows the client to talk and discuss answers by themselves.
From the Paper
"Events in life can often lead the individual to doubt whether he or she has any control over the present or the future. As conditions mount at different crossroads of existence, the feeling or powerlessness begins to extend into every realm of being. This was the condition of this writer's world a few years ago after a painful divorce and the death of my father. It was at that time, therefore, that counseling seemed the only method of recovery. The initial point of attending therapy was to be capable of handling that moment in time. What was discovered, however, was that I had not lost the power to control my world; I had only briefly lost my way."
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Asthma and Client-Centered Care, 2008.
This paper discusses the relationship of the nurse and the asthmatic patient as required in client-centered care.
1,355 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, from the standpoint of the author who is an asthmatic, the very first nursing action when dealing with someone suffering from an asthma attack should involve empathy for the patient. The author points out that the nurse's goals for asthma management are the prevention or reduction of attacks, patient education, maintaining normal activity levels for the patient and improving quality of life. The paper relates that, because asthma is a chronic illness, self-care, in which the patient decides the degree and quality of participation in her care, is a very important element in asthma management. The author states that nurses tend to error by seeing the individual as a passive patient and by agreeing only to the idea of self-management if it is a matter of collaboration with the nurse. The paper stresses that the most effective form of self-management is self-agency, which often includes activities with which nurses do not agree such as adjusting drug dosage.
From the Paper
"Wilson and Kendall (2006) found from their own study that nurses felt very uncomfortable with the idea of clients as experts for their own lives. The general interpretation by nurses of this concept was that patients think they know better than the nurse. Even though nurses no longer view themselves as expert, many of them feel that patients with asthma are too influenced by the information they receive from the Internet (Wilson & Kendall, 2006). It was mentioned to me that I thought I knew it all. Many nurses are also fearful that if they agree to let the patient be expert, then they will be accountable for the patient's actions and will be liable to lawsuits."
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Reality Therapy and Client-Centered Therapy, 2004.
Compares and contrasts two different schools of thought on counseling.
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 191.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at Reality therapy and client-centered therapy, comparing and contrasting the approach that each therapy takes to counseling. The paper discusses humanistic theories and self-actualization, as well as the theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. The paper also talks about the fundamental task of all therapists.
From the Paper
"Humanistic theories and related therapies including client-centered or person-centered therapy regard people as unique, self-determined and worthy of respect and see human development as guided by a variety of human needs. Key humanistic theorists include Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, both of whom take a holistic view of human growth that attempts to account for all of the diverse aspects of human experience. Humanistic theories propose that individuals pursue self-actualization and the acquisition of unconditional positive regard..."
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Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy, 1978.
This paper reviews psychological literature to discuss the philosophy, methods and effectiveness of humanist, non-directive therapy techniques; focus is on Carl Rogers.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 18 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to review some of the literature dealing with client-centered therapy. Client-centered counseling and therapy was a radical departure from the field of therapy. It began in December 1940 when Carl R. Rogers, its leading exponent, presented a paper on the attitude and orientation of the counselor at the University of Minnesota. The paper later became a chapter in Rogers' controversial book, Counseling and Psychotherapy (1942). Basically Rogers proposed that therapy be nondirective rather than the current practice of directive techniques.
Counseling and Psychotherapy, unlike other writings, was almost entirely theory-free and empirical in tone. Controversy ensuing from the publication of Rogers' book has not yet subsided. The development of theory and research in all areas ... "
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Cost Centers & Profit Centers, 1997.
Defines two approaches to organizational control, benefits & risks of changing from cost to profit, effects on management & accounting and implementation.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
Organizations with decentralized operations typically divide those operations into cost and profit centers. This delineation, which is a management and strategic decision, has long-term ramifications for the success of the organization, and helps define (and is defined by) the culture which exists in the company at the time the decision is made. Companies which have operated with cost centers in the past may determine that changing some or all of those cost centers to profit centers may be more beneficial to the organization in the long-run. This research examines the considerations which must be taken into account when making this determination, and evaluates the effect that such a change might have on the organization as a whole.
Cost Centers
A cost center is a.."
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Theory Application, 2008.
An analysis of the application of the social constructionism theory, the labeling theory and the social exchange theory to the clients of the DePaul Family Services.
2,888 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how interactions with people, places and situations all leave their imprint on a person's way of being. The paper discusses whether a client's behavior is the result of the events occurred within his society, community and family or, if he is the intersection of the macro, mezzo and micro environments. It also discusses where personal characteristics intervene and impact of the resiliency and strengths of the individual. The paper focuses on the DePaul Family Services and analyzes their clients from three theoretical standpoints: the social constructionism theory, the labeling theory and the social exchange theory.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Agency Description
Agency Client
Theory Application
Social Constructionism Theory
Labeling Theory
Social Exchange Theory
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Resiliency, in the general meaning of finding the strength to pick up the pieces and carry on, is vital for the success of the DePaul clients. The area in which the social organization activates is extremely tough and challenging and it often offers more disappointments than actual successes. The social workers in the organization are constantly faced with refusal and a generally negative outcome. But they know not to give up, for the beneficial result of these humanitarian actions resides in persistency. It is impossible to teach and integrate a child with mental disabilities from the first day of program implementation. But with persistence, the results will show in time. Character strength and resiliency is also a must for the client and his family. Parents and other close family members generally find it hard to accept that their child is mentally challenged and when they do seem to find a solution in the DePaul services, they soon come to expect a miracle. And when this miracle does not happen, they often feel frustrated and tend to take it out on the representatives of DePaul and its social workers. But the employees at the organization and the family members only represent the close environment of the client's and their being resilient is required in order to support the client. He is the one that must truly be resilient and strong to make sure the treatments take effect. This is one more proof that the microenvironment directly impacts the behaviour of the client."
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Rogers? Theory of Personality., 2005.
An evaluation of Rogers' theory of personality.
1,606 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Carl Ransom Rogers (1902 -1987) was the forefather of client centered therapy and how his approach was humanistic and how he believed that all individuals had the basic capacity for good. In particular, it critically appraises his theory of personality.
Outline
Actualizing Tendency
Self
Self - Actualizing Tendency
Organismic Valuing and Conditions of Worth
Fully Functioning Person and the Self
The Maladjusted Person
Evaluation of Rogers' Theory of Personality
From the Paper
"As Rogers' theory of personality was compiled by means of his clinical work and his work on client centered therapy there have been questions raised as to how free from professional bias the research is. In any research that is carried out in psychology it is possible that results can be manipulated merely by facial or verbal expressions that are displayed by the researcher. Psychologists have questioned how much of the information in therapy has come from the clients and how much the therapist has influenced the individual."
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Personal Theory of Psychotherapy, 2007.
A discussion on cognitive behavioral theories and an examination of the author's personal theory of psychology and approach to client-therapist relationships.
2,367 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the author's foundation theories in a multi-modal treatment of the client's mental problems. The paper examines how, if the root of a problem is found in early childhood, and has expressed itself then or later in an adult, then the author may treat the condition with the techniques of K. Egan and other cognitive-behavioral theories.The paper includes an analysis of Egan's theory and a brief overview of cognitive-behavioral theories. The author displays his own preferences for how he would approach the client-therapist relationship.
From the Paper
"The Egan model is particularly helpful for clients who are still in the early stages of personality development, especially younger people. This model helps him or her work on things in the recent past or in the present. The next step would be to choose the strategy that is best for him or her. Finding their particular talents, resources, style, temperament, and timetable is a valuable exercise for the future. It involves asking: "What actions are best for me?" It might mean introducing the idea of strategy, and to involving the client creating a list of pros and cons of possible results of different actions."
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Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory, 2008.
This paper provides an overview and application of Orem's self-care deficit theory.
2,160 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a brief overview of the self-care deficit theory based on Dorothea Orem's use of the four meta-paradigmatic concepts. The paper demonstrates how a client, Mrs. S., has specific health-care deficits along with strengths and also looks at any areas in which the theory is not effective. The paper explains Orem's theory that a client's health is affected by a number of contributing personal factors and various factors that are found in the environment and maintaining and restoring health depends on whether the client can effectively cope with these factors and self-care requisites.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview of Self-care Deficit Theory
Self-care Theory Applied to Mrs. S
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Orem's theory of self-care is based in her concept of the human being. The person is a biopsychosocial self-care being who is capable of self-care. This is a holistic view involving multiple domains of the person. The goal of nursing is to assist and support the client with the need for self-care and to promote health. This goal is achieved by nurses who use the nursing process to develop a plan of care for the client. The environment contains internal and external stimuli with which the client interacts, and such interaction is crucial because the environment contains resources which contribute to self-care (Sousa & Zauszniewski, 2006)."
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Bowen Theory in the Office, 2004.
Application of the Bowen Theory (Family Systems Theory) in an office environment to facilitate improved interaction between staff and between staff and clientele.
7,215 words (approx. 28.9 pages), 26 sources, MLA, $ 160.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Bowen?s family systems theory can be used in an office environment to facilitate better interaction between account officers and between account officers and clients. An overview and background is followed by a description of the existing office environment. A discussion of the staff-staff and staff-clientele constraints is followed by a description of how the family systems theory can help resolve these issues. A summary of the research and recommendations are provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"First discussed by Murray Bowen (1976, 1978), family systems theory provides a developmental paradigm that focuses on how an individual's sense of self emerges in the context of emotional attachments in his or her multigenerational family system. In this regard, differentiating from one's family of origin, the cornerstone of Bowen's theory, is a key developmental task associated with young adulthood (Carter & McGoldrick, 1989). Many family therapists believe that one must get at historical or causal factors in order to relieve a symptom or achieve change. Family therapy versions of the psychoanalytic concepts of insight, catharsis, and abreaction seem to be the major avenues of change, and a mature objectivity is, as with most Freudian therapies, the desired end result."
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Family Centered Care, 2007.
This paper discusses the family centered care of patients and looks at its importance within health care.
777 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer introduces the family centered patient care model and describes its impact on health care delivery today. The writer notes that the Institute of Family-Centered Care, a nonprofit organization that is dedicated to research, education, policy change, and program development defined the model that is used currently. The writer points out that the family centered patient care approach is based on several principles such as seeing the patient as a whole, instead of just a disease or possible disease. The writer maintains that viewing a patient in a holistic manner allows a health care provider to observe a patient's external support group, such as their family and community environments.
Outline:
Introduction to Family Centered Patient Care
Historical Developments of Family Centered Patient Care
Case Study of Family Centered Care
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Through researching this paper, a case study was discovered that truly mirrored the concept of Family Centered Patient Care. A mother of a son with multiple complex problems; such as Down's Syndrome, autism, pulmonary hypertension, frequent pneumonias, avascular necrosis of the left femoral head, and multiple other conditions. This was the patient's first time to this particular facility and was presenting with an infected central line. The facility had incorporated the Family Centered Patient Care model to their healthcare delivery and added a personnel resource, a pediatric nurse practitioner that followed the child's case from beginning to end. The nurse began the relationship with the mother and included her in every decision that was made. When the mother and the nurse collaborated on antibiotic therapy, was discovered that the mother had not had relief from being the main care giver in three years. The treatment options considered were a home antibiotic therapy or the child could stay in the hospital until the end of the antibiotic therapy. The nurse practitioner was able to get authorization from the insurance company to allow the child to remain inpatient for the antibiotic therapy and the mother was able to take a much need vacation without worrying about her child. By working with the mother, the nurse was able to abstract information regarding the outcomes of previous treatment plans and discovered that the child had a failed home treatment course of antibiotics and was able to justify the respite care."
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Parse's Human Becoming Theory, 2008.
A case study presentation and examination of the theoretical framework of Parse's human becoming theory.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Parse's theory of human becoming and how it represents an alternative knowledge base to guide nursing practice. It presents a case study in order to illustrate how Parse's theory provides structure. It demonstrates how the pivotal concepts in Parse's theory is the person as expert for his or her life and the significance of client choice. The paper shows how Parse's theory has been used as the theoretical framework that has guided the writer's own practice.
From the Paper
"Parse's human becoming theory enabled me to understand that Amy was the expert in her life and the expert in her care. The structure which Parse provided facilitated my working with Amy along a direction that correlated with her needs. As a result of that client- and family-centered perspective, we were able to develop a strong trusting relationship. She was aware that she was valued as a human being and that her point of view was at the core. She therefore was able to request assistance without feeling intimidated my professional expertise and profession. This is because in human becoming theory, the nurse never situates herself as expert (Kelly, 1999). As a result of using Parse's theoretical framework, I have acquired an enhanced understanding of what being a nurse means."
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