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Classical Liberalism, 2007.
An analysis of the history, development and threats to classical liberalism.
2,140 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses classical liberalism and the threats and challenges that it faces from other ideologies. It looks at the reasons that classical liberalism may be undermined to such a degree that some form of theocratic ideology replaces it. Additionally, the paper describes the history and development of classical liberalism and its influence in politics and society in general.
From the Paper
"Analyzing these issues in the context of classical liberalism's survival in the twenty-first century reveals that liberal doctrines of individual rights and citizenship are always threatened because of fundamental flaws in human nature, especially self-interest and self-righteousness. Most social, political, economic, and religious actions people engage in are self-serving. They rationalize this, and persuade themselves and others that they are acting in the best interests of society, but this is little more than self-delusion."
"Fortunately, classical liberalism has survived the tensions and challenges imposed by other ideologies, for as Churchill observed, despite its flaws and the flaws of its citizens, liberal societies are like a life raft. The raft may leak constantly, may be rocked by rough waters, and may be navigated by unscrupulous captains, but it rarely sinks because the bonds that hold it together are stronger than the currents pulling it apart."
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Classic Liberalism Tradition, 2002.
The ideas of thinkers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx on the issue of classical liberal tradition.
1,104 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
Classical liberalism tradition comes from a tradition of thinkers who developed an ideology, rather than a political system. Although many say that classical liberalism stopped after the nineteenth century, libertarians argue that there is no interruption in the classical liberal tradition. This paper examines the critiques of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx on various aspects of the Classical Liberal Tradition argument.
From the Paper
"Rousseau believed that liberalism should be replaced with a social contract. According to Rousseau?s social contract, individuals may exit an anarchic system by voluntarily giving some of their personal rights to the community in exchange for security of life and property. All rights and property would be vested in the State, which would be under the direct control of the people. The social contract would be a voluntary state."
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Classic Liberalism, 2005.
This paper discusses numerous definitions by scholars of the term "classic liberalism," which ultimately is rooted in the belief of individual freedom.
1,135 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the fundamental liberal principle states that freedom is normatively basic; therefore, any political authority and law must be justified because they limit the liberty of citizens. The social contract theory, as developed by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant, is generally viewed as liberal. The author points out that the classical liberals believe that private property is the only effective means for the protection of liberty, which results from a free market economy based on private property and protects the liberty of subjects against encroachments by the state. The paper relates that John Stuart Mill, 1806-1873, is the single best example of classical liberalism, representing the crossroads of English, French, and German strains of thought by warning against the tyranny of opinion, which silences other voices, calling for a form of intellectual tolerance and advocating the limitation of the state.
From the Paper
"Liberalism as a political tradition, a political philosophy and a general philosophical theory encompasses a theory of value, conception of the person and a moral theory as well as a political philosophy. Liberalism, as a political tradition, has varied in different countries. In England, it has centered on "religious toleration, government by consent, personal and, especially, economic freedom," while in France, it has been closely associated with secularism and democracy. "In the United States liberals often combine a devotion to personal liberty with an antipathy to capitalism, while the liberalism of Australia tends to be much more sympathetic to capitalism but often less enthusiastic about civil liberties."
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| Term Paper # 74548 |
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| Term Paper # 56984 |
temporarily unavailable
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?Liberated Parents, Liberated Children?, 2004.
A review of the book, "Liberated Parents, Liberated Children: Your Guide to a Happier Family", by Adele Faber and Elaine Mazlish.
1,108 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 0 sources, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the book, "Liberated Parents, Liberated Children: Your Guide to a Happier Family", by Adele Faber and Elaine Mazlish, which discusses their experiences attending a series of parent workshops given by child psychologist, Dr. Ginott. It looks at how its approach to parenting appears to be very simplistic in nature: do not control your children, but rather respect them for their individuality and uniqueness. It discusses how punishment is not an effective tool for establishing a trusting relationship, nor is a power trip, or being too protective or defensive. It shows how an adversarial relationship with a child will normally escalate or deteriorate as he/she gets older and becomes more defensive and less intimidated.
From the Paper
"Similarly, a child?s autonomy need not threaten a parent. Dr. Ginott saids, ?We help most by not helping.? How many parents are afraid of what will happen if their children fail? If their school project is not perfect or if their hair is sticking up or they wear clothes that are wrinkled? The problem is that the parents? self-esteem is so wrapped up in their children?s success or failure that it is taken as a personal affront. If the son a daughter does not make the team or get invited to a party, it is as if the parent did not make the grade. The child who is better prepared for the future is the one who has to remember to return his/her books to the library, finish a homework assignment or even makes the same mistake over again."
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?Liberated Parents, Liberated Children?, 2004.
A review of the parenting book, "Liberated Parents, Liberated Children: Your Guide to a Happier Family", by Adele Faber and Elaine Mazlish.
1,460 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how authors Adele Faber and Elaine Mazlish wrote their counter-cultural book, "Liberated Parents, Liberated Children: Your Guide to a Happier Family", regarding tips and tactics for parents to use as they raised children before the term ?counter-cultural? had become politically correct. It looks at how, in 1974, when the majority of children were being raised under the questionable, permissive advice of Dr. Spock, these authors focused on another aspect of child rearing. It looks at how they were significantly influenced by child psychologist Haim Ginott ,who believed that it was the emotional well-being of the child that would guide his actions.
From the Paper
"This differentiation between giving of ourselves to our children, and giving ourselves over to our children is the delicate line which Mazlish and Faber walk throughout their book as they discuss skills for parents to learn to build emotionally balanced and self-secure children. The approach which encourages parents to remain in their authority role in the child?s life, as well as equips the parent to connect with the child?s feeling is the element of this book which sets it apart from other works. Dr. Spock taught parents to reason with their children rather than correct them. By doing so, the well intentioned doctor instructed parents to abdicate an important role in their children?s development, which is the role of authority to which the child is accountable."
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Fascism and Liberalism, 2008.
A comparative analysis of the competing ideologies of fascism and liberalism.
1,509 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the two ideologies of fascism and classical liberalism are at opposite ends of the political spectrum in almost every category, but most significantly in terms of how each places the role of the individual within the larger community. It looks at how the basic role of the individual, in terms of rights and duties, is what defines both of these political ideologies and how, by interpreting that role in exactly opposite ways, these political philosophies create by extrapolation two very different views of society, government, and mankind.
From the Paper
"Classical liberalism, the older of the two ideologies, developed in both England and France during the 18th century as a response to centuries of monarchical despotism and religious strife; it championed reason and individualism and had its natural expression in republicanism and in the American and French revolutions. It asserted the "equality of all men by nature" (Locke II.5). However, as the fascists would later point out, rather than seeing an end to international strife, the triumph of classical liberal ideals led to further bloodshed and civil strife, especially in France. Not long after the French revolution, Napoleon's rise put an end to ideals of peace and rationalism, as well as republicanism, and initiated the worst series of wars to be seen in Europe prior to the 20th century."
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Liberalism: Past and Present, 2004.
Examines a 1764 pamphlet on the ideas of liberalism and shows how these ideas differ from the concept of liberalism today.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
Liberalism has always encompassed the basic premise that individuals are fundamentally free. The political concept of liberalism has gone through some changes over the centuries, but the philosophical concept of liberalism has remained mostly unaltered. The paper shows that the ways in which liberal ideas were put into practice during the infancy of American civilization are illustrated through a widely acclaimed pamphlet written by Governor Stephen Hopkins and published by William Goddard, entitled ?The Rights of Colonies Examined.? This pamphlet was put into publication on December 22, 1764, and consecutive editions ran in 1765 and 1766. The paper explains that the pamphlet was written in response to the imposed Revenue Act of 1764, as well as a proposed Stamp Act, which would have only caused undue economic burdens on the American colonies. The paper shows, therefore, that the liberalism expressed at this point of history is different from contemporary liberalism, both politically and practically.
From the Paper
"The pamphlet argued that the equal privileges and rights held by those in America are held as ?inherent indefeasible rights?, and as free-born subjects, are naturally entitled to rights outlined in the British Constitution. However, the author suggested that the liberty situation among the American colonies seems to be changing for the worst. It was explained how the British ministry, for some unknown reason, had passed an act that limited and hindered trade of the American colonies, and also resolved that taxes, including a duty on stamps, was necessary. This was seen as undermining the principles of liberty the colonies, as well as the British constitution, were built upon."
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The Evolution of Liberalism, 2007.
The paper examines the shift in the predominant models of the Western democratic state.
972 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the changes from the classical Liberal "Night Watchman" state to the Keynesian Welfare State to the contemporary Neo-Liberal model. The paper attempts to determine how these changes have impacted state, market and society relations and the quality of democracy. The paper argues that market forces have been predominant in Liberalism for much of this period, shaping both the quality of democracy and determining the limits of the democratic state's role in social economic relations.
From the Paper
"It may be argued that we cannot truly understand the shifting nature of Western Liberalism unless we appreciate the role of market forces in shaping these changes. Early classical liberalism, in the view of C.B. MacPherson, was highly influenced by attitudes towards property and the market. Indeed, as MacPherson notes, there exist clear structural parallels between the classical Liberal political system and the market:
". . . you have a society based on individual mobility, on contract and impersonal market allocation of work and rewards in response to individual choices. Everyone was swept into the free market. (Swift 41)""
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Western Civilization and Modernity, 2002.
An analysis of the ideologies that havecontributed to modernity in the West such as nationalism and classical liberalism.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper is on "the Western civilization and modernity". It includes that out of nationalism, classical liberalism, industrialism or classical conservatism, which was the most significant in its contribution to modernity in the West? It also gives a detailed definition of the West modernity (Western Civilization) and the "ism's" in question and demonstrates knowledge of all ideologies to support one.
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1960s Liberalism, 2007.
A discussion on liberalism in the 1960s, focusing on the Civil Rights Movement.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how modern liberalism reached a peak in the 1960s United States, when the Great Society program, initiated by President Johnson, resulted in a number of significant reforms. The paper discusses these reforms, particularly in the areas of civil rights and social welfare. The paper analyzes how, since the mid-1970s, however, there has been a definitive move away from liberalism and towards conservatism in the American society. The essay discusses reasons for this change.
Outline:
Introduction
The Philosophy of the 1960s' Liberalism & its Objectives
Accomplishments of 1960s Liberalism
Reasons for the Conservative Backlash
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"In the recent history of the United States, liberalism had its heyday in the 1960s when the Civil Rights Movement and feelings against social injustice in the American society culminated in the 'Great Society' program of LBJ that set the ambitious goals of eliminating poverty and racial injustice by launching major initiatives in the areas of education, health, urban problems, transportation, consumer protection, and the environment. Other spin-offs of the liberal era were the flowering of movement for Women's Liberation and the gay rights. From the mid-seventies onward, however, liberalism has gradually been overshadowed by a growing conservative tide in the US society to an extent that many observers have pronounced it 'dead and buried.'"
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American Liberalism, 2002.
Examines idea of Liberalism in American politics from 1776 to 1850 which stemmed from Federalist views and ultimately contributed partially to the Civil War.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
Liberalism in America has both waxed and waned, but by the 1850's the idea of a large central government dictating the behavior of states and individuals was abhorrent to at least 50% of the states. When America began, while there was one voice for the creation of an independent nation, there were two distinct voices claiming legitimacy for the form which that new nation would take. The Republicans believed that the best form was an essentially toothless national government with very limited powers other than those of creating laws, forming the military, managing money and negotiating treaties. The Federalists believed that a strong central government with broad powers that would supercede states' rights was the proper course. Liberalism emerged from the Federalist view - the idea that the Federal Government could and should, provide for an individual-level of influence and benefit. Liberalism, then, was the politics of managing the lives of the citizens in the manner that the central government perceived would provide the greatest benefit. This concept has been part of the American political scene since then, in various forms, but while it was a movement in the first 75-years of the nation's history, a central distrust of large centralized governments stemming from the anti-English and anti-Monarchy sentiments. Liberalism was, in part, cause for the Civil War.
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Liberalism vs. Marxism, 2005.
This paper discusses theoretical differences between Liberalism and Marxism on the question of state formation, its function and especially its future, the withering away of the "state".
4,625 words (approx. 18.5 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Marxist theory of the state is not only consistent with the understanding of society but also consistent with the historical facts, which reveals that the state is exploitative and infused with acute class bias, serving a particular end. The author points out that Liberalism falls short because it is an effort of the ruling class to replace the truth with lies and hide unpleasantness by portraying the state to be a need of society when it is really the need of only a certain class. The paper concludes that the reality of the state is only understood when it is analyzed through the lens of history, which is what Marxism does; a stateless society is not a fairy tale but a reality that existed in the past and will in the future, when it no longer serves one class. Chart. Many quotes.
Table of Contents
Liberalism
Marxism
Liberalism and the Development of the Social Contract Theory:
How does the State Wither Away According to Marx?
From the Paper
"Having turned the whole relation as it was understood upside down, Marx put forth that the civil society is "the real bedrock, real stage of history" . The state, envisioned to be a glorious classless entity, is in reality a political formation resulting from class struggles that are continuously developing in the heart of civil society. It is the "organ of a given system of production based upon a predominant form of property ownership, which invests the state with a specific class bias" . Thus, it is really the instrument, the organized political expression of the ruling economic class in the economy. Consequently, Marxism asserts that it is not the final stage in the process of human evolution or "an absolute and eternal being" , but a part of a stage bound to disappear as historical conditions change."
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Karl Marx and His Challenge of Liberalism, 2008.
An examination of Karl Marx's challenge to liberalism in "The Communist Manifesto."
1,831 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Karl Marx challenged liberalism in works such as "The Communist Manifesto", in which he condemned capitalism and predicted that the exploited working classes of capitalistic societies would become alienated and overthrow the system of capitalism. The paper explains that Marx was convinced that once liberalism was discredited and capitalism was overthrown, there would be a brief period of rule by the dictatorship of the proletariat and then the classless society of communism would emerge. The paper also discusses how Marx believed that working class Germans should be the chief focus of his revolutionary efforts because the political consciousness of the proletariat in Germany was more developed than in any other country in Europe. The paper then examines liberalism and its impact on society, in order to fully analyze Marx's challenges to liberalism.
From the Paper
"Marx believed that many political, economic, and social changes would be necessary in the aftermath of a proletarian revolution, for in his view, the only way the proletariat could free itself from exploitation was to abolish capitalism. In achieving this goal, the proletariat would have to destroy every remnant of bourgeois liberal culture because this culture perpetuated their misery. Family, religion, the worship of personalities, morality, and the legal system would all have to be abolished. According to Marx, the result of this abolishment would be "an association in which the free development of each is the condition for the development of all.""
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