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Noam Chomsky's Theory of Universal Grammar, 2006.
An analysis of the pros and cons of Noam Chomsky's theory of universal grammar.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In recent years Noam Chomsky has become more famous as a political activist and critic of various American governments than he has ever been as a linguist. Be that as it may there was a time when Chomsky was one of the leading linguistic theorists in America and this paper looks at arguably his most important scholarly contribution to that area of inquiry. Specifically this paper explores the strengths and weaknesses of Chomsky's theory of universal grammar, in particular what it reveals and what it does not reveal or rather what it obscures.
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Chomsky's Theory of Universal Grammar, 2002.
This paper is a discussion of the ideas espoused by Chomsky that the capacity for language acquisition is something we are born with.
1,810 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a detailed evaluation of Chomsky?s theory of Universal Grammar and innate Language Acquisition Device, which is central to the field of linguistics and psycholinguistics. It reviews the controversies surrounding Chomsky?s theory and discusses alternative theories.
From the Paper
"Language acquisition is undeniably biologically programmed as children all over the world, from varying cultures and linguistic environments produce the same levels of language at the same stages. Chomsky proposes that this is a direct result of Universal Grammar, which is an inherent part of every human mind. However, his theory of an innate Language Acquisition Device provokes controversy on two grounds. First is the debate between nature and nurture, with many theorists criticising Chomsky for dismissing any environmental factors. Second, is the dispute as to whether language acquisition is an independent innate faculty as Chomsky claims, or part of the child?s wider cognitive development. Such disagreements demonstrate the enormous impact Chomsky?s theory has had on the field of linguistics and reflects how ?the Universal Grammar theory is for many the central pillar in our understanding of language.? (Cook, V. Inside Language. Arnold. 1997, p249)"
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Universal Reason, Universal Mind, 2002.
A discussion of some of the parallels and differences in Kantian and Buddhist assumptions.
1,263 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how there is a marked similarity between Immanuel Kant?s ideas of the empty universe and universal reason and the Buddhist idea of the universal mind. It attempts to explore these parallels, while also being mindful of the difference that exists between Kantian and Buddhist thought. It analyzes how both Kant and Buddhism demonstrate that the universe is empty since it is not different from the not-self ? because it cannot differentiate, for in order to differentiate it must somehow have cognitive access to the object outside itself. It also demonstrates how the crucial difference between Kant and Buddhist thought is one of quality. Kant assumes that the universe is inherently empty and neutral and his attempt is to demonstrate it to be so. On the other hand, Buddhist internalizes this process and accepts the fact that the universe is empty but that it must be experienced by the individual mind ? by way of the empty, universal mind, the individual mind may also become empty, free of the distinction/perception between subject and object.
From the Paper
"Kant assumes that the universe or universal reason is innate by way of this distinction. In order to grasp that a representation is a representation of an object, a being must be able to comprehend several things. First, that being must recognize that there is an object that the representation is a representation of. Next, there has to be a recognition that the representation is different from the thing represented. Thus, the representation of an object is a bridge that connects a being?s consciousness with the things that surround it. Thus universal reason must be able to reason itself, to see itself, plus the representation, and the object. The representation is the means by which a being can have any awareness of objects as objects at all."
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Theories of Language Acquisition: Peters, Chomsky, and Brown, 1999.
An assessment and description of the different aspects of the Peters' Chomsky's and Brown's theories in detail and opinions on which theory proves to be the most successful and credible based on research.
2,706 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, $ 81.95
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From the Paper
"How does a child begin to speak? Why? These are questions that many linguists set out to answer as they explore the world of language acquisition. Three credible linguists, Ann M. Peters, Noam Chomsky, and Roger Brown, all have different opinions and theories of language acquisition. All of them address influences, grammar, and patterns of speech in their theories, but in different contexts. Chomsky believes it is genetic, Peters believes it is totally up to the environment, and Brown believes it is due to positive reinforcement and trial and error. All three theories are credible and have provided great insight into the ways children do acquire language. Language acquisition is a widely researched topic, and will continue to have new theories evolve as long as children keep talking. This paper assesses and describes different aspects of each linguists? theory in detail and offers the author?s opinion on which theory proves to be the most successful and credible based on reasearch."
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Theory of a Language Instinct, 2002.
Explains Steven Pinker's theory of a language instinct, partially derived from Noam Chomsky's work with generative/universal grammar.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Pinker's ideas expressed in his book "The Language Instinct", and explains the position of those who oppose his theory of language instinct and advocate a more or less behaviorist position in which nothing is "innate" in the mind.
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Universal Preschool in Illinois, 2004.
This paper is a research dissertation focusing on the concept and implementation of universal preschool in Illinois.
13,600 words (approx. 54.4 pages), 75 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issue of universal preschool, especially as it pertains to the state of Illinois. The paper takes a look at the history of the universal preschool movement across the country, at large, and the current movement toward universal preschool in Illinois, in particular.
Background
What is Universal Preschool
The History of the Universal Preschool Movement
Current Research in the Universal Preschool Issue
Arguments in Favor of Universal Preschool
Arguments Against Universal Preschool
Why Has There Been Such an Increase in the Interest in Universal
Current Research in the Universal Preschool Issue
Arguments in Favor of Universal Preschool
Arguments Against Universal Preschool
Why Has There Been Such an Increase in the Interest in Universal
Preschool
The State of Universal Preschool in the United States Today
Current Universal Preschool Initiatives
The Perry Preschool
The Carolina Abecedarian project
The Quest for Universal Preschool Illinois
The Work that has Already Been Done
The Work that is Currently Being Done
The Cost of Universal Preschool in Illinois
The Quest for Universal Preschool Illinois
The Work that has Already Been Done
The Work that is Currently Being Done
The Cost of Universal Preschool in Illinois
Illinois State Legislators
Senators
State Representatives
Likert Scale for Identifying State Legislators to Target for Universal Preschool Support
From the Paper
"Universal pre-school is what happens when a state implements a state-wide pre-school system in the public schools. This means that all parents in the state then have access to pre-school for their four-year-olds, and sometimes their three-year-olds, if they choose to send their child to pre-school. In a universal pre-school system, all school districts in the state are required by state law to include free pre-school programs as a part of their educational offerings. Those who advocate universal pre-schools do so in part because universal pre-school seamlessly melds child care and early childhood education."
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Advanced Universal Service, 2005.
Explores the need for universal service based on skills needed to compete in the Information Age and identifies key areas that public telecommunications policies should address in defining universal service for the future.
16,665 words (approx. 66.7 pages), 50 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper seeks to address whether access to relatively new telecommunications technologies such as the Internet and broadband should be covered by a redefinition of universal service-advanced universal service. This paper examines the concept of universal service from a historical perspective to evaluate its current regulatory status. It examines the needs and barriers to implementing advanced universal service, explains broadband technologies, looks at initiatives to help narrow the digital divide, explores policy objectives and finally makes recommendations for policy makers for basic and advanced universal service. This paper finds that universal service policies should continue to ensure access to basic Internet and that policy makers should continue to closely monitor the deployment of advanced telecommunications technologies to ensure equitable access by all citizens. It does not, however, recommend that advanced universal service be deployed at this time.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Overview
Methodology
History of Universal Service
Initial Executive, Legislative, and Regulatory Environment in 1934
Deregulation and Universal Service Fund in 1996
Bill Introduction
Conference Committee
Passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996
Section 254: Revision of Universal Service
Federal-State Joint Board on Universal Service
Public Interest Advocates
Section 706: Advanced Telecommunications Incentives
Need for Universal Service
Information Age
Economic Benefits
Digital Divide
21st Century Job Skills
Empowerment
Access as a Right
Broadband Technology Descriptions
Broadband
Cable TV Networks
Digital Subscribe Line: xDSL
Fiber Access Networks: FTTx
Wireless Access Networks
Applications
Internet Access
Video-Conferencing
Video on Demand
Near Video on Demand
Digital Television
Barriers to Advanced Universal Service
Opposing Arguments
Executive, Legislative and Regulatory Climates
Monopoly vs Competitive Environment
Emerging Policy Arenas
Current Initiatives
Public
Next Generation Internet
The President's National Information Infrastructure Advisory Council
Department of Education
Department of Commerce
National Science Foundation
Department of Agriculture
Universal Service Administrative Corporation
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Private
OpenNET Coalition
AT&T
IBM
Partnerships
Presidential Advisory Committee
The Benton Foundation
Family Technology Resource Centers
Policy Objectives
Access
Standards
Competition
Content
Positive Outcomes
Negative Outcomes
Options
Option A
Option B
Option C
Recommendation
References
From the Paper
"Section 254 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 not only reaffirms the central importance of universal service in telecommunications, but it has vastly expanded the concept. The FCC is charged with assuring that all rates for universal service are just, reasonable, and affordable, not just the rates for interstate service. The word "affordable" had not been used before this legislation, but the 1996 Act introduces the concept of affordability directly and explicitly into national policy. The 1996 Act expands the services to which the universal service concept applies and institutes a formal process for expanding the definition of universal service over time. Although access to the network for high-cost areas and low-income consumers has been supported for years, the 1996 Act explicitly requires this policy and requires that it be implemented with specific and predictable mechanisms, in the form of contributions from all providers of telecommunications services to support universal service. A whole new range of institutions has been identified as having a role in universal service policy."
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Noam Chomsky and Linguistics, 2003.
An analysis of the contribution of Noam Chomsky to linguistics.
1,674 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper tidentifies and analyzes the important contributions made by Noam Chomsky to the field of lingusitics. It looks at important concepts such as generative grammar, I-language and universal grammar. The resistance to the behaviorist approach to understanding language is ultimately linked to his anti-establishment politics.
From the Paper
"The idea of universal grammar is a central one to Chomsky?s linguistic theory. Inherent to this idea is the concept that human beings are equipped with a distinct language faculty in our minds; this faculty is governed by an innate understanding of universal grammar, ?All the minds of human beings include the principles that movement is structure-dependent and that heads are on certain sides of phrases; they are part of the common Universal Grammar. It is not relevant to UG theory that English has a particular set of properties, French another, German another; what matters is what they have in common? (Cook & Newson, 1996, p. 32)."
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Universal Studios, 2002.
Examines the history and present situation of the motion pictures company, Universal Studios.
2,320 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The motion picture industry, like the automobile and the steel industries, saw tremendous growth and change in the twentieth century. The paper shows that motion pictures evolved over the twentieth century from a collection of widely dispersed small operations to a handful of large companies which comprised not just motion pictures, but "entertainment" in a broader sense. Universal Studios has been at the heart of the motion picture industry for much of the twentieth century and this paper explores the history of the company, its current situation and the outlook for its success.
Outline
Introduction
Getting Started
Universal Studios
Carl Laemmle
IMP
Universal's Image
The MCA Years
History of MCA
Historical Relationship between Universal and MCA
MCA's Acquisition of Universal
Universal Under MCA
Matsushita
Seagram
Acquisition
Universal and Barry Diller
Non-filmed Entertainment
Filmed Entertainment
Lackluster Performance by Universal to Date
Outlook
Mergers and Joint Ventures
Increased Involvement by Bronfman
Universal as an Entertainment Company
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Over the years, Universal struggled to create a unified vision for itself. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer is often associated with large, lavish musicals while Paramount Studios was often associated with westerns. Universal produced prestige pictures such as All Quite on the Western Front (which won the Best Picture Academy Award in 1930), but also produced horror films such as Dracula and Frankenstein. Abbott and Costello, W. C. Fields and Basil Rathbone also became associated with the studio. Standard Capital took control of the studio in 1936 for $4.5 million. In 1946, Universal merged with International Pictures forming Universal-International, a subsidiary of Universal Pictures. One year later, a British distributor purchases a majority interest in Universal ("Time Line," 1999, p. 2)."
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'Noam Chomsky's MisEducation', 2007.
This paper examines Chomsky's theories on education as seen in the book "Noam Chomsky's MisEducation" by Donaldo Macedo.
1,146 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper presents the opinion that the author of "Noam Chomsky's MisEducation" provides an excellent evaluation of schooling. The book provides the edited text of five essays, lectures, interviews, and a debate in which Chomsky took part, on the subject of education. The paper relates that Chomsky presents an exceptional assessment of schooling that reclaims the idea of schooling as both a public good and an autonomous strength. The paper maintains that Chomsky and Macedo's book accomplishes this assessment with great courage and thorough insight. The paper concludes that this is a book which is recommended to everyone interested in education and the crisis of democracy.
Outline:
Introduction
Background
Summary of the Book
Analysis of the Book
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the book Chomsky has put together global technological change as well as the dominance of responsible media along with the autonomous role of schools and higher education. The objective of writing on this subject was to inform his readers that a true democratic society cannot prosper in a swiftly transforming world till the approach to education is formal or else it's dramatically reformed (McChesney, 2000).
The first chapter opens up with a dialog between Chomsky and Donaldo Macedo, where the author argued that American schools do not encourage independent thinking and are more keen in controlling students and catering to the wishes of only those who have wealth and power. However, Chomsky very quickly goes off the track of the subject and steers the discussion to American foreign policy (Westbrook, 1991)."
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Theory of Universal Pragmatics, 2002.
The following paper examines and critically analyzes Jorgen Habermas? theory of universal pragmatics.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the study of general and universal aspects of language with specific reference to Jorgen Habermas? rules for using and understanding language rationally. The goal of universal pragmatics is to identify and reconstruct conditions of possible understanding. The advantages and disadvantages of Habermas? ?Universal Pragmatics? are discussed. It is of the writer?s opinion that Habermas' emphasis on systematization and organization at times forces linguistic phenomena into pre-established categories, which leaves little room for nuances, details or humanly necessary embellishments.
From the Paper
?This concept when adequately applied extends across the boundaries of culture and language, e.g. two Englishmen would use the same formulations to communicate in English, as would two Frenchmen?in French.? In this seminal work, in the book, ?Communication and Evolution of Society,? Habermas provides a simple construct for ideal communication (Habermas 1979). Throughout ?What is Universal Pragmatics?? he maintains that all the complexities of sentence structures and their utterances are successfully communicated if an original intent is adhered to. Habermas maintains, that each form of communication, direct and otherwise, is to reach understanding. Such a pure communication is only possible if it is conducted?in a nutshell?clearly and honestly.?
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Universal Health Care Insurance, 2007.
An analysis of the pros and cons for universal health care insurance in the United States.
1,164 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the arguments for and against universal health care insurance in the United States. The paper concludes that health insurance coverage should be assured in a nation that is as financially strong as the United States and should be instituted according to the guidelines as set out by the National Institute of Medicine.
Table of Contents:
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
I. Arguments Exist on Both Sides
II. Arguments Against Universal Health Care Insurance
III. Arguments in Support of Universal Health Care Insurance
IV. National Institute of Medicine Report Recommendations
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Arguments provided against the Universal Health Care Insurance include the reasons as follows: (1) There isn't a single government agency or division that runs efficiently; if they can't run an office such as the DMV efficiently, how can we expect them to handle something as complex as health care? (2) "Free" health care isn't really free since we must pay for it with taxes; expenses for health care would have to be paid for with higher taxes or spending cuts in other areas such as defense, education, etc. (3) Profit motives, competition, and individual ingenuity have always led to greater cost control and effectiveness; (4) Government-controlled health care would lead to a decrease in patient flexibility; (5) Patients aren't likely to curb their drug costs and doctor visits if health care is free; thus, total costs will be several times what they are now..."
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Universal Health Care, 2007.
A presentation of a potentially new and improved universal health care system for the United States.
1,883 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the present state of the health care system in the United States. In an effort to improve that system, the paper defines what constitutes a better health care system, what would be included in that system and the role of the parties involved in the new system. It then looks at the political and sociological factors that would be involved in enacting the changes presented (as a universal health care system) and ultimately, summarizes this new, universal health care system.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Present State of United States Healthcare
Definition of a Better Health Care System
What is Included in a Better Health Care System
Role and Position of Payers, Purchasers and Providers in the New System
Political and Sociological Factors to Enact the Changes
Summary
From the Paper
"Politically, there needs to be a "crossing of the aisle" for those who are politically opposed to one another in the halls of Congress and Senate if the new system will ever happen because of the Federal role in financing, accounting, and administrating the new system. Perhaps most importantly, what the political officials need to understand is that this is an American, or more precisely human issue, rather than one that is associated with one political party or the other. A healthy population is best for everyone and should not be discarded for the sake of political wrangling, advantage, or the pursuit of power. If everyone in all political parties work together to allocate the necessary resources, then and only then can this system be born, grow and prosper over the long term (Nichols, 2003)."
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Universal Perfect Competition, 2002.
Argues against universal perfect competition as the ultimate form of capitalism.
3,400 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper presents arguments against the proposal that universal perfect competition is capitalism at its best. Universal perfect competition is theoretically flawed. In practice it has tremendous social costs and neglects common pool resources.
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The United Nation's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 2001.
This paper critically analyzes the United Nation's Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The following paper critically analyzes the United Nation?s Universal Declaration of Human Rights with reference to two events, that of racial apartheid that was the official policy of South Africa and the systematic raping of Bosnian women during the conflict in that region.
From the paper:
"According to the United Nation?s Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ?Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. (UN Website)"
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