| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS PEPTIDES": |
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Chemical Synthesis of Peptides, 1996.
Discovery, process, history, techniques, properties, side effects.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"Peptides were first synthesized around the turn of the century. During the following decades, the compounds found many applications. At present, both solid and liquid phase methods may be used to chemically formulate peptides. The formation of a peptide bond requires both activation and protection. Although these processes have a long history, researchers continue to search for better coupling reagents and improved protecting group strategies.
Curtius (1881) and Fischer (1902) were the first to synthesize simple peptide derivatives (2:1-8). About that time, Hofmeister (1902) and Fischer (1906) additionally recognized that proteins actually consist of amino acids linked together by amide bonds. Subsequent peptide research generally involved the..."
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Chemical Castration Law, 2003.
A review of legal issues surrounding a chemical castration law.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a review of legal issues surrounding a chemical castration law for the state of California. It looks at the design of the law as a measure to protect children from sexual offenders. The paper looks at current methods of chemical castration, the vagueness of the law and the question of whether chemical castration is a treatment or punishment.
From the Paper
"Today as it tries to deal with the reality of the sexual abuse of children within its borders the state of California is faced with a quandary. On the one hand the sexual abuse of children is an appalling fact that devastates thousands ..."
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Peptides, 2004.
An examination of the importance of amidation of peptides in humans.
5,530 words (approx. 22.1 pages), 26 sources, MLA, $ 134.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of peptides and their role in biological processes, how amidation of peptides works and its importance, and a description of the two functional domains of the PAM enzyme (PHM and PAL) and the roles they play in amidation. An assessment of whether amidation prevents C-terminal degradation is followed by a discussion of which peptides/proteins are susceptible to C-terminal degradation by carboxypeptidase. An analysis of whether E. coli can be modified to perform amidation is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Further, there are currently methods to determine peptide binding to some HLA class II-DR and -DQ molecules; some of these methods measure the relative strength of the peptide -HLA interaction using isolated class II molecules and purified peptides. Other methods are used to predict peptide binding to HLA using computer algorithms (Harding, Mucha, Power & Stickler, 2003). The number of amino-acid molecules present in a peptide is indicated by a prefix: a dipeptide contains two amino acids; an octapeptide, eight; an oligopeptide, a few; a polypeptide, many (Conley, Schwartz & Desforges, 2004). The distinction between a polypeptide and a protein is imprecise and is regarded as being largely academic; some authorities have adopted, as an upper limit on the molecular weight of a polypeptide, 10,000 (that of a peptide that is composed of about 100 amino acids) (Conley, Schwartz & Desforges, 2004)."
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Chemical and Biological Weapons, 2001.
Discussion of chemical and biological weapons and Kurt Vonnegut's novel "Cat's Cradle".
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper examines chemical and biological weapons, by defining them, defining their use in past wars and their use today. It illustrates the repetition of history in the correlation between historical use of mass destruction weapons and today. The paper uses Vonnegut's novel "Cat's Cradle" as an example to poses a scenario in which an ultimate chemical weapon (ice-nine) is used on soldiers. The paper shows that the greed in the novel results from the creation of chemical and biological weapons, which threaten to tear apart the world, which it eventually does, leaving a barren frosty wasteland.
From the Paper
"For the last century, the use of chemical and biological weapons has stood in the back of people?s minds as an impersonal and distant horror. This is especially true in the United States, which did not see the poisonous clouds over its battlefields or the sight of businessmen choking to death on its subways like Europe and Japan did. This has changed in recent times, with cases of anthrax continuing to arise from within the bounds of America. Though this danger of chemical and biological weapons is not anywhere near the proportions seen in the novel Cat?s Cradle, by Kurt Vonnegut, it has shown Americans that the threat and destructive power of chemical and biological weapons is valid. Now more than ever it seems that more measures need to be taken to stop the production and use of deadly chemical and biological weapons."
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Chemical and Biological Warfare, 2006.
This paper examines the issue of chemical and biological weapons and war.
4,855 words (approx. 19.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses that, throughout time, the quest to dominate another is limited only to the imagination of one man poised against the other. The writer points out that sometimes common flu symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, coughing, and shortness of breath are the first signs of chemical and biological warfare (CBW). The writer maintains that for some reason, the more one searches for answers to counter the effects of CBW the worse it gets. In this essay, discussion centers upon the 1972 Biological Weapon's Convention and the Geneva Protocol. The writer focuses on scientific research in this regard and identifies several items that are being used to help detect biological and chemical agents.
Outline:
Abstract
Advantages
Disadvantages
Chemical Agents and their Effects
From the Paper
"Throughout history, chemical and biological weapons (CBW), warriors and terrorists have used a wide range of tactics and techniques to help defeat their enemy on and off the battlefield. These weapons are used in war to gain the upper advantage against a more formidable adversary, to enhance the political status of a rogue terrorist group, or to cripple the economy of a nation from the simple mailing of a threatening letter with powder. Whatever the reason, the unknown effects of a release can be devastating. Law enforcement personnel who respond to the initial crisis of a release or assist with the aftermath have to know the difference between a chemical and a biological agent release. These weapons of war also have evolved from throwing rocks and sticks at each other to the unthinkable weapons of mass destruction called bioterrorism. You may ask yourself, what is bioterrorism? The Center for Disease Control defines bioterrorism as the intentional or threatened use of bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants and involves intimidation of nations or people to accomplish political or social ends."
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Chemical Warfare, 2002.
A paper describing the history, form and effects of chemical warfare through the ages.
1,687 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
In this report the writer explains chemical warfare and list the types of agents which can be used. It describes how a person is affected and the great potential hazards and dangers. The writer provides an overview of historical cases when chemical warfare has been used and explains how it?s transmitted. The paper gives specific examples of certain types, and lastly, looks at how a person can be protected from chemical warfare.
From the Paper
"On April 22 in 1915, six thousand pressurized cylinders full of chlorine gas were released into the wind near the Belgian village of Ypres. The chlorine floated in huge clouds slowly being carried by the wind until it reached an ally army to Germany, then killing 10,000 soldiers. Because of the amount of gas released the chlorine caused large amounts of yellowish fluid to form in the lungs of the soldiers causing them to choke to death. Germany attacked again another two days later killing another 5,000 soldiers with chlorine gas. This was the first chemical weapon attack in history and chlorine was the first chemical agent. Since then there have been a handful more times when chemicals have been used to attack other people and with the terrorist attacks on 9-11 Americans know the fear of chemicals being used against us. In this report I will explain chemical warfare, list the types, describe how a person is affected, explain when they’ve been used, explain how it’s transmitted, give specific examples of certain types, and lastly, how a person is protected from chemical warfare."
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Chemical Castration for Sex Offenders, 2005.
Explains the various methods and argues in favor of the use of chemical castration in conjunction with other forms of treatment.
1,021 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that chemical castration is a viable, cost-effective option that ought to be given more consideration in dealing with sex offenders in our society. Chemical castration is a treatment-based approach and is most suitable for convicted sex offenders who also receive receive psychotherapy and behavior modification treatment. Various chemical methods are described in this paper, such as CPAs, MPAs and SSRIs.
From the Paper
"Chemical castration is a relatively new treatment method for altering the deviant behaviors of convicted sex offenders. In the United States, this method has been employed since the 1960s and has been enshrouded with controversy since its inception. Many Americans remain divided on this issue for a variety of reasons, a few of which include its effectiveness, potential side effects stemming from the use of pharmacological agents, humane concerns, lack of research and conclusive findings, and disapproval for releasing sex offenders back into society. However, chemical castration shows potential as being a very viable option to be used in conjunction with other treatment methods (e.g.- psychotherapy and behavior modification), and deserves to not be discounted prematurely. As with any new treatment approach, longitudinal research and findings require ample time and funding to produce conclusive results, and in the least, chemical castration appears promising enough to warrant further studies before being excluded."
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Chemical Abuse Theories, 2006.
This paper explores some of the leading theories that attempt to explain why people use recreational chemicals and why they might become addicted to these drugs.
4,025 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 38 sources, APA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews several factors that help to modify individual's substance-use pattern including the physical reinforcement value of the drugs being abused, the social reinforcement value, cultural rules that govern recreational chemical use and the individuals life goals. The author points out that the medical or disease model of addiction plays an important role in the treatment of substance abuse. The paper relates that most recently, drawing on medicine's growing understanding of human genetics, scientists have attempted to identify the genetic basis for alcoholism and the other forms of drug addiction.
Table of Contents:
Factors That Influence Recreational Drug Use
The Process of Becoming a Drug Abuser
Biological/Physiological Theories of Substance Abuse
The Medical Model of Drug Addiction
The Biological Differences Theories
The Physical Reward Potential
Sociological/Cultural Theories of Substance Abuse
The Social Learning Components of Drug Use
Cultural/Social Influences on Chemical Use Patterns
Relationship between Different Social Groups and the Parent Culture
Social Feedback Mechanisms and Drug Use
Personality/ Individual Theories of Substance Abuse
Individual Expectations as a Component of Drug Use
Individuals' Life Goals as Helping to Shape Chemical Use
The Chemical Use of Decision-Making Process
The Personality Predisposition Theories of Substance Abuse
Ego State and Drug of Choice
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In support of the psychoanalytic model of addictions, an impressive body of evidence suggests that certain personality traits do seem to predispose the individual to specific forms of drug abuse. When forces conspired to limit the amount and quality of heroin available in Australia's capital territory, heroin addicts did not appear to switch their drug of choice in large numbers, suggesting that the particular drug played a specific role in their lives that could not be fulfilled by other chemicals. ... found that heroin-dependent people demonstrated higher scores for the traits of novelty-seeking and self-directedness on the Cloninger TCI personality test than did alcohol-dependent people..."
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Chemical Dependence And Mental Illness, 2004.
A look at the prevalence of chemical dependence in adolescents.
1,356 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the prevalence of chemical dependence and mental illness in adolescents and some its causes. The paper discusses primary and secondary causes as well as the most common chemicals abused. It also looks at the brain chemistry involved, and examines the genetic basis of chemical dependencies.
From the Paper
"Substance abuse by adolescents is a pattern of substance, drug or alcohol use leading to significant problems e.g., absence from school, interference with family or friend relationships or legal problems. Substance dependence is the continued use of drugs or alcohol even when significant problems related to their use have developed. There may be an increased tolerance to the drug of choice, a need for increased amounts of the drug to attain the same desired effect, withdrawal symptoms with decreased use difficulty stopping..."
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Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Copper, 2002.
An introduction to the general procedure of a chemical mechanical polishing process for copper.
2,209 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 27 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is one of the most effective methods in achieving adequate local and global surface planarization and how chemical mechanical polishing of copper attracts a lot of interest. It examines the effects of different factors including the slurry, polishing pads and down force etc. on the quality of planarized copper layer in CMP Cu. It also presents, a new CMP copper technique with the name of ?Abrasive-free polishing (AFP)?.
Outline
Introduction to CMP and CMP Copper(Cu)
Techniques of CMP copper
Removal Mechanism
Slurry-- Chemistry
Slurry?Abrasives Particles
Processing Factors
Polishing Pads
Abrasive-Free Polishing of Copper-a New Technique
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of using copper (Cu) for low resistivity electrical connections in microelectronic devices.1,2 In fact, copper is one of most commonly used pure metals in the electrical industry because of its low conduct resistivity of about 6?10-8W-m and excellent mechanical properties as well. There are various methods to deposit Cu thin films, for example, electroplating, electroless plating, sputtering and thermal evaporation can be used.3.4 The copper thin films achieved by these techniques, especially those from the electrochemical techniques, are not planar enough to promise a successful multilevel interconnection. However, in fabrication of a logic device with five or more layers, at least one layer should be perfectly planar. Lack of layer planarity may lead to severe problems for photo-lithography (such as insufficient focus depth) and dry etching in sub 0.5 mm 5. Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is one of the most effective methods in achieving adequate local and global surface planarization.6 Therefore, chemical mechanical polishing of copper attracts a lot of interests in recent years."
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Chemical and Biological Weapons, 2002.
A study of the use of chemical and biological weapons in war.
1,975 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the use of chemical and biological weapons during World War II. It uses many academic sources with eyewitness accounts of the horrors of this type of warfare. It discusses the types of chemical weapons used, such as mustard gas and liquid chlorine. The author discusses the attempts of the international community to abstain from this type of inhumane warfare since World War II.
From the Paper
"All weapons cause damage, but what makes many chemical and biological materials so dangerous is the extent of the damage they can produce. These are weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Chemical and biological weapons are two of the three kinds of WMD, and nuclear weapons are the third type. Chemical warfare is the intentional use of toxic (poisonous) substances resulting in death or injury. World War I is universally considered the beginning of the era of "significant" use of chemical warfare due to the unique "confluence of chemical science and military technology" at the time. "
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Chemical Fertilizers and Aquatic Life, 2006.
An analysis of the effects of chemical fertilizers on aquatic life.
1,449 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews, discusses and analyzes the effect that chemical fertilizer has on the aquatic life in the water surrounding the areas that have been treated by such fertilizers. The paper provides an overview of water systems and how they function, followed by a discussion of the different types of chemical fertilizers in use today.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The quality of water systems is determined by the degree to which bodies of water are able to support aquatic life while also meeting standards for the protection of human health and the preservation of human life; this level of contamination is determined by establishing baseline standards to measure the periodic relative quality of each individual water system against these original standards (Henning & Mangun 251). Attempts to either maintain or restore the quality of the water in these systems are developed according to the amounts and kinds of material that are emptied into the waterways; the quality of water in streams, rivers, lakes and oceans therefore depends on the capacity of each of these water systems to clean themselves of the various pollutants. According to Henning and Mangun, this ability depends on the types and amounts of the pollutants as well as with water temperatures, rate of water flow, degree of sedimentation, and mineral content (251). The mineral content of pollutants containing chemical fertilizers already account for the lion's share of the nitrogen being released into the world's water systems, but there are other elements involved in modern chemical fertilizers as well, and these are discussed further below."
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Chemical Weapons, 2002.
A quick background on the various types of chemical weapons.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper answers specific questions relating to chemical and biological weapons.
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Mill and Kant in a Chemical Plant, 2004.
An application of the ethics of John Mills and Immanuel Kant to the chemical industry.
1,031 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the application of ethical theory is an essential part of many industries and how the industrial, engineering, and chemical industries (among others) must include rigorous applications of ethical standards in order to insure public safety. It looks at how John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant are two philosophers who have made the greatest contributions to the understanding of ethical behavior in Western society and how, although they have significant differences, one can apply their respective theories to specific industrial scenarios and come to interesting conclusions.
From the Paper
"Unlike the ?utilitarianism? system, Kant believed that the individual is as important as the group?that the greater good is not an excuse for immoral means. Therefore, because one would presumably not want disregard of human life in order to save others to become ?universal law,? then the chemical plant worker must disclose the actions of the plant. The greater good is not a factor. Of course, like in Mill?s philosophy, there are complications. Whereas in Mill?s philosophy, the rights of the individuals can be greatly jeopardized by ideas of the ?greater good,? in Kant?s philosophy, the ?greater good? tends to be disregarded?perhaps a problem in itself."
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Chemical and Biological Weapons, 2008.
This paper explores the possibility of terrorists using lethal chemical and biological (CB) agents against the United States.
1,165 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that, although lethal chemical and biological (CB) agents are not very difficult to obtain or produce, the dissemination of CB agents may be more difficult. The paper reveals further that experts believe that only a few CB agents have the ability to paralyze a large city or area of the U.S., causing high casualties, a major panic and massive disruption of commerce. The paper relates that the most probable diseases are anthrax, smallpox and the plague that can and have caused large outbreaks. The paper concludes that the U.S. public health systems must be prepared to detect, diagnose and respond appropriately to these weapons and also be ready to deal with the wide-scale human psychological terror this would cause.
From the Paper
"The bombings of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City and the World Trade Center in New York, as well as ongoing terrorist attacks as the car bombs just last month have made it very clear that it is necessary to prepare for the effects of terrorism. Similarly, the sarin gas attacks in Matsumoto and later at the Tokyo Metro in the 1990s by the Supreme Truth religious cult and the anthrax attacks in 2001 added another level to coping with terrorism. With many different biological and chemical weapons possible, it is necessary to somehow narrow down the viable options for preparedness. "
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