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Catholic Art in 16th & 17th Century, 1997.
Examines painters' veneration of saints to counteract the challenges from Reformers & Protestants, focusing on the role of the Jesuits.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 10 sources, $ 103.95
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From the Paper
"In the course of nearly two centuries, a great number of artists from various countries worked in different styles to aid the cause of the Church. Despite this diversity, however, there was strong thematic continuity as the Church directly confronted the various challenges of the Reformers. Among the most interesting examples of these confrontations are works of art that celebrated the Church's saints--a practice condemned by the Reformers and, accordingly, reaffirmed by the Church and its artists. A review of several examples of this art demonstrates how the Church employed the depiction of saints to shore up its own popularity and influence and to confirm and spread its doctrines.
The visual arts were important tools of the Catholic Counter-Reformation of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries..."
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History of England: Reformation (16th-17th century), 2000.
A look at the foundation for separation, looking back over three centuries preceding the reformation which led to the change.
2,116 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 7 sources, $ 66.95
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From the Paper
"English reformation is a perplexing issue, influenced by the continent, yet indigenous in its character. The multiplicity of issues makes it difficult to identify a single rationale, but one thing is certain, the Church of England?s constitution is domestic in its origin. The foundation for separation dates back to the period when the Roman?s empire was contracting in defense against barbarians from northern Europe. During that time, England had little contact with Rome and was left without influence from Rome for a number of years. "
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16th & 17th Cent Baroque Painters, 1996.
Major works, themes & styles of Judith Leyster, Lucas van Leyden, Quentin Metsys & others, focusing on moralistic depictions of brothels & prostitution.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"The Baroque era in art was a manifestation of seventeenth-century life. It was expressed in different ways in different regions. The Baroque was the child of the Renaissance and was in part the result of a religious crisis brought about by the Renaissance emphasis on beauty and humanity:
It did not raise hopes of eternity nor promise everlasting glory to the poor to compensate for their earthly lot. The limitation of its message partly explains why the religious crisis came to a head, leading both to the birth of Protestantism and to the efforts of the Catholic Church to reorganize itself as the Council of Trent. Baroque. . . became the interpreter of the Catholic Church. . ."
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Women in 16th Century Europe, 2002.
An analysis of two literary works, illustrating their strong portrayal of women in late 16th century and early 17th century Europe.
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 0 sources, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the literary works, "Magdalena and Balthasar" by Ozment and "Mother Courage and her Children" by Brecht. The writer describes the two leading female characters of these two books, Magdalena and Anna, and draws comparisons between their strong personalities.
From the Paper
"It is in Ozment?s and Brecht?s portrayal of the feminine side of Magdalena and Mother Courage that, prima facie, there is a marked difference. Mother Courage is portrayed as almost callous and uncaring in the manner in which she carries on her business even while she is on the verge of loosing her children or her immunity to the peasants? suffering, to the point where she will not give up her shirts to provided bandages for the wounded (Scene 5). "
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Military Change in 16th Century Europe, 2002.
Examines the changes in the 'art of war' over the course of the long 16th century, and the continuities apparent.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
Fundamental changes over the course of the long 16th century acknowledged such as: 1) Firearms. 2) Artillery. 3) New Fortifications. 4) Larger armies and new tactics. 5) Naval warfare. Also, the continuities which the Middle Ages brought out, and the concept of an Early Modern 'Military Revolution' discussed.
From the Paper
"Central to reaching a conclusion on the issue of the nature of military change within 16th century Europe is an understanding of when generally fast-paced developmental alterations can accurately be called ?fundamental?, or in other words, profoundly serious. There can be no doubting the changes: the rise of firearms as the main armament of the foot-soldier, the brief reign of the Pikeman as the king of the battlefield before his relegation to the annals of history, the increasing use of artillery and consequent developments made in the types of fortifications seen in Europe as the ?Trace Italienne? ( literally meaning ?the fashion of Italy?) spread, the continued decrease in the importance of the heavily armoured cavalryman, the larger number of men under arms and the new strategic methods introduced, and the crucially important changes seen in the waging of war at sea. "
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German and English Reformation of the 16th Century, 2006.
A description of events between Germany and England of the causes and effects of the reformation of the 16th century.
3,898 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper clearly interprets event and actions leading up the German and English reformations of the 16th century. It begins on the topic of Germany and its catalyst feudal systems and religious overlords, and goes on to study the works of martin Luther and his conniving methods and perseverance to proceed with his reformation through his 95-theses to eventually win the hearts of fed up peasants, merchants growing rich off the New World, greedy nobility, and challenge the authority of the Church and Pope. This paper also discusses the reformation of England started by King Henry VIII. It discusses in detail how Henry VIII invented his own hybrid religion, infused it into his own country to build national unity and to suit his own desires, and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church all while making himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England. This paper looks at societal cause and effects such as the printing press which allowed lower classes to become more educated, bible translations to common languages that allowed the lower classes to step past the clergy to speak freely with God, new merchant opportunities in the New World, and political gains of money and land.
From the Paper
"In Sixteenth-century Europe, the material world was becoming increasingly distinct and spiritual ideals more confused, as the printing press spread information and humanist studies inspired ideas of doctrinal difference. The nations were becoming even more conscious of their nationalities, and the faithful were pained about the short comings of society and of the church. From the beginning the impulse to reform the Church had mingled with political currents. The spiritual impulse was dominated by dynastic intrigue, greed, and war, and in the end national politics determined the fate of the Reformation all over Europe. What began in a mood of spiritual piety had its triumph in the rearrangement of secular power."
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Christian Church Reform of the 16th Century, 2006.
A paper examining Martin Luther's contributions to Christian Church reform in the 16th century.
2,942 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Martin Luther's contributions to the Reformation were many, but it was his acknowledgment of the Church's greed that truly seemed to prompt him to revolution. The paper further explains that one of the most critical acts of the Christian Church Reform of the 16th century was Martin Luther's publication of his Ninety-Five Theses. The paper also examines Luther's background and explains how this background made him take sides against the Church and, instead, side with the ranks of the majority of peasants who were being forced to pay for their sins or else face eternal damnation. Finally, the paper asserts that Luther's eventual condemnation of the Church's practice of selling indulgences forged the very soul of the Reformation and prompted the spread of the revolution throughout Europe.
From the Paper
"On November 10, 1483, Martin Luther was born in Eisleben, a Saxon province of Germany, to a poor family of peasants. Luther's father was a copper miner who supported eight children working in the nearby mines of Mansfield. Luther managed to receive a decent primary and secondary education before enrolling at the University of Erfurt to study law. In 1505, Luther abruptly abandoned his master's degree and enrolled in an Augustinian monastery. Although he was reticent to explain why he had made this decision, the sudden death of a close friend (who was struck down by lightning while they were taking a walk) led him to consider the transitory nature of life. Because of this, Luther began to give himself over to more spiritual commitments."
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Family Order in 16th Century Europe, 2002.
Examines family order and general family laws in Geneva and France in the 16th century.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
What was the state of the family in Geneva and France in the 16th century? What laws governed marriage, divorce, and family life in general at that time? In this paper, I plan to address those questions, show how the two locations treated the issues, and show how leaders at the time saw the family and its relationship to society in general.
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Women of 16th Century Venice, 2001.
A discussion of women in society in 16th century Venice.
929 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an insight into the place of women in society in 16th century Venice. It examines how women fell into one of two categories; the angel or the courtesan (upper class prostitutes) and looks at how the credentials and restraints for each role were usually determined by factors over which the women had no control and yet they defined every aspect of her life. It evaluates why a women would want to be a courtesan and describes the life of Veronica Franco, the best-known of all the Venetian courtesans.
From the Paper
"The Venetian angel was a virgin woman born into a noble family. Her birth gave her not only the respectability that came with her name but also enough wealth to provide a dowry, which guaranteed her a marriage. These women were esteemed because of their nobility but often married women were unhappy because of the extensive limitations placed on them by their husbands and society. As far as education was concerned, Venetian noble women were given a very small one, and what they did receive was at the hands of the convent and so it was ridiculously religious."
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Tycho Brahe and 16th Century Astronomy, 2003.
Examines the influence of Tycho Brahe on astronomy during the Renaissance.
2,364 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
Throughout the course of scientific inquiry, many great men and women have influenced scientific thought. Although their theories don't always agree with one another, their observations are important as they lead to further examination and observations of the natural world. During the great period of history known as the Renaissance, new insights into the universe and stars that surrounded the Earth influenced man's thought as to his position in the World. One such great scientist, an astronomer by the name of Tycho Brahe examined and observed the motions of the planets and stars during the Sixteenth Century. His theories of the Earth's position correspond with those of the religious and scientific ideas of the Renaissance. By studying his life, this paper shows how his method of analysis was influenced by the paradigms of scientific thought during the Renaissance. In addition, this paper shows that Brahe's observations influenced many astronomers and their research at that time and penetrated deeper to influence future astronomers in addition to scientists in other fields.
From the Paper
"In early 1571, Brahe returned to his birth-home where he was called due to his father's illness. After his father died on May 9, 1571, Tycho shared a large inheritance and lordship with his elder brother. He didn't stay long, however, and soon moved to Herrevad where his uncle Steen promised to install a small observatory for Tycho17. On November 11, 1572, in this small observatory, Tycho discovered a new star in Cassiopeia. He continued to observe gradual changes of magnitude of this star during its appearance which lasted sixteen months18. Changing the paradigms of astronomical thought during the Sixteenth century, Tycho proved that it was not a meteor, but instead a real star which was within a region of fixed stars at the end of space."
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Reform of Catholic Church in 16th Century, 1999.
Causes & effects of reform and impact of the Protestant Reformation, looking at leadership, major issues, power of the pope and politics.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
" From a Catholic viewpoint, the Protestant Reformation proved positive in the long-run. By the end of the middle ages, the Catholic Church was already experiencing the fruit of much needed reform within its own household albeit this movement had not been officially sanctioned by the papacy. The possibility exists that had there been no Martin Luther, the Church itself would have eventually cleaned house. In some respects, the Protestant Reformation merely hastened the development of the Catholic Church's own reform.
The nature of spiritual renewal within the Catholic Church during the sixteenth century developed in two stages. It began within the Church as part of the widespread reforming movement, aroused by the abuses of the time, which in some countries led to the growth of Protestantism: "The lure that drew Luther into.."
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The Condition of Women in European Society: 16th-18th Centuries, 2002.
An examination of the fluctuating condition of women during the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Enlightenment periods.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 14 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
Examines the fluctuating condition of women during the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Enlightenment periods. Changes in social attitudes toward women. Connection between women & witchcraft. Belief in power of magic. Political aspects of witchcraft. Demonization of women in Renaissance. Reformation women & Protestant beliefs. Female sexuality. Domestication of women.
From the Paper
"This research examines the fluctuating condition of women in European society from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. The plan of the research will be to set forth salient characteristics of the condition of women in three periods: the Renaissance (ca. 1350-1550), Reformation (ca. 1520-1600), and Enlightenment (ca. 1680-1780), and to discuss era-to-era changes that can be identified in social attitudes toward women.
But one must begin with the big picture. Between 1350, which takes in the Renaissance, and 1780, which takes in the Enlightenment, the single most important feature of women's social history that is worthy of note is the transition of prevailing social consciousness from belief in the power of magic, spirituality, and witchcraft to a belief in the power of reason and science as the prevailing method of explaining he..."
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Art and Pop Art, 2002.
A comparative analysis of art with pop art using the works of Andy Warhol and Leonardo Da Vinci.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This discusses art and pop art, and distinguishes between the two by noting the characteristics of each form. As examples of each, two works of Andy Warhol are compared and contrasted to Da Vinci's "Last Supper" and Rembrandt's "Syndic of the Clothmaker's Guild.
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The "Art" of Art Forgery, 2002.
Shows that forgery is more than just a copying process, involving complex techniques found in art.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the skill involved in producing 'true' forgeries within the world of art. It is stressed that the forger is to be seen as an artist, in that he or she must sometimes enter the mind of the original artist, master his or her techniques,and otherwise execute works that can withstand the expert eye. Forgery is a normal aspect of the art world.
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17th Century Dutch Art, 2007.
A review of "The Art of Describing, Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century," written by Svetlana Alpers.
1,061 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes 17th century Dutch art and reviews the book "The Art of Describing, Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century," written by Svetlana Alpers. The paper discusses Alpers' assertion that Dutch visual culture needs to be examined more closely in order to better understand the Dutch genre in its own terms. It briefly discusses the origins and technique of Dutch art.
From the Paper
"Was it the influence of Baconian philosophy or new excitement over technology and exploration...or simply a grounded earthy pragmatism the Dutch environment encouraged? Alpers exhaustively-researched book invites one to ponder not simply on the art but the people who place such emphasis on individuals and things. A closeness and fondness for the overlooked or underappreciated is in these works, an empathy that suddenly seems badly missing in Italian art. Not every facet of Alpers book succeeds; lengthy translations and unexpected foreign phrases complicate an already excessively complex academic text. Still one finds surprising anecdotal humor and a refreshingly allegory-free people in the Dutch - and a feeling that Alpers may be winning the argument for deeper meaning behind the elegant brushwork!"
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