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Castration of Sexual Offenders, 2006.
This paper is a literature review examining the efficacy of the castration as a means of controlling sexual offenders.
4,880 words (approx. 19.5 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that surgical castration involves either the physical removal of the testes in order to reduce or eliminate testosterone production in the male body ot chemical castration, which is more popular and less invasive and which employs specific chemicals designed to halt testosterone production. The author points out that the literature suggests that, although the public may favor castration, authorities in corrections, the law and the sciences are not convinced that castration is, or even could be, an effective deterrent to sexual offenses. The paper concludes that extensive research is needed to investigate the extent to which castration of sex offenders is a violation of basic human rights and of the basic freedoms of the United States Bill of Rights.
Table of Content:
Introduction: Castration as Control of Sexual Offenders
Literature Review
Conclusions, Summary and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Some see castration as an easy fix to a terrible and complicated problem. Russell (1997) explains that the general public in Western nations has been increasingly discouraged with the ability of the existing correctional institutions to contain and control the actions of sexual predators. Given that the existing prison systems don't seem to be effectively working to reduce the rates of recidivism or even to act as a deterrent to future sexual offenders, many challenge that more extreme measures need to be taken in order to make society safe from sexual offenders. While some question the ethics of sexual castration, it is gaining popularity and momentum in a number of modern and developing nations. Already internationally, a number of Western nations have adopted sexual castration in some instances."
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Chemical Castration for Sexual Offenders, 2002.
The paper discusses whether the benefits gained from castrating sex offenders justify violating the constitutional rights of those treated with it.
964 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the different chemical castration laws that call for such treatment on sexual offenders. It also looks the effectiveness of castration on different types of sexual offenders and the benefits of this treatment in reducing recidivism rates. The paper analyzes the danger of creating a false sense of security by relying solely on this treatment. It also discusses the infringement of offenders' constitutional rights by castration.
From the Paper
"Chemical castration is becoming a popular ?get tough? measure against sex offenders that is gaining popularity across the country. In 1996 California became the first state to enact a chemical castration law, and in 1997 three other states followed their lead. Under the California statute chemical castration is mandated for all paroled two-time sex offenders, and within the judge or parole board?s discretion for first time offenders. ?It will now be possible for judges in chemical castration jurisdictions to condition probation on the convict accepting chemical castration? (Meisenkothen 141). This widespread injection of the chemical castration treatment into the criminal justice system before the effectiveness and weaknesses of the treatment are fully understood is a mistake."
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Chemical Castration for Sex Offenders, 2005.
Explains the various methods and argues in favor of the use of chemical castration in conjunction with other forms of treatment.
1,021 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that chemical castration is a viable, cost-effective option that ought to be given more consideration in dealing with sex offenders in our society. Chemical castration is a treatment-based approach and is most suitable for convicted sex offenders who also receive receive psychotherapy and behavior modification treatment. Various chemical methods are described in this paper, such as CPAs, MPAs and SSRIs.
From the Paper
"Chemical castration is a relatively new treatment method for altering the deviant behaviors of convicted sex offenders. In the United States, this method has been employed since the 1960s and has been enshrouded with controversy since its inception. Many Americans remain divided on this issue for a variety of reasons, a few of which include its effectiveness, potential side effects stemming from the use of pharmacological agents, humane concerns, lack of research and conclusive findings, and disapproval for releasing sex offenders back into society. However, chemical castration shows potential as being a very viable option to be used in conjunction with other treatment methods (e.g.- psychotherapy and behavior modification), and deserves to not be discounted prematurely. As with any new treatment approach, longitudinal research and findings require ample time and funding to produce conclusive results, and in the least, chemical castration appears promising enough to warrant further studies before being excluded."
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Chemical Castration Of Male Sex Offenders, 2002.
Discusses use of hormone therapy, or chemical castration, as an effective treatment program for recidivist sex offenders.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 23 sources, $ 119.95
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Abstract
Discusses use of hormone therapy, or chemical castration, as an effective treatment program for recidivist sex offenders. Describes how hormone therapy works. States that permit its use. Controversy over the treatment regarding medical risks and Constitutional issues. Research studies conducted on effectiveness. Need for psychological therapy Need for future research studies.
From the Paper
"For many years, the U.S. has sought to eliminate sexual offenses by treating sexual offenders with various methods such as behavioral modification therapy, relapse prevention and cognitive reconditioning (?Review of the research literature,? 2001, p. 5). Since 1981, with the discovery of the effectiveness of specific hormones in reducing testosterone levels in human beings (Berlin & Meinecke, 1981), hormone therapy, known as chemical castration, has been tested extensively on sex offenders. Essentially, the objective of administering these drugs is to reduce the blood serum testosterone levels and lead to a concomitant decrease in sexual arousal and sexual preoccupations. The drugs work by acting on the hypothalamus..."
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Vocational Programs for both Offenders and Non-Offenders, 2001.
A look at various educational programs for prisoners and the possible benefits thereof.
4,400 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 25 sources, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the educational programs available for prisoners. The author discusses the controversial topic of prisoner education, the type of skills and rehabilitation that prisoners can acquire and the economic issues concerned. The author argues that the cost of housing a prisoner are higher than educating one and that the possible behavioral and life skills that prisoners may learn are beneficial in that they not only improve prisoners morale, self-esteem and academic level, they also produce positive behavior and provide an alternative for prisoners when they are released back into public life.
From the Paper
'Providing all individuals with educational services is a fundamental value in the American society. Discipline and education has been the mainstay of prison programs for inmates since the early years of our penal history. However, providing inmates with an education is a controversial issue, and presents a difficult dilemma to be confronted by tax-paying citizens. There are many conflicting opinions regarding whether we should strive to rehabilitate rather than to merely punish inmates. Yet, when one carefully considers the average cost to provide quality education against the cost of keeping one inmate adequately housed and fed for one year in a state or federal institution, the question becomes, ?How can we afford not to educate??'
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Chemical Castration, 1999.
Argues for castration as best deterrence against repeat male sex offenders.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
" This paper is an argument in favor of the use of chemical castration as a means of dealing with male sex offenders, especially pedophiles. Since the early 1980s, scientists and the courts have experimented with a method of inhibiting the testosterone levels of convicted rapists, using injections of medroxyprogesterone acetate, commonly known as Depo-Provera. Developed for women to control excessive menstrual bleeding and regulate contraception, Depo-Provera has been used in men to reduce aggressive tendencies and repress the sex drive. Although a controversial technique, this form of treatment is reversible, unlike physical castration, and some courts have been willing to consider it as an option in repeat cases; California became the first state in the nation to mandate this treatment as a condition of parole for repeat child molesters. This paper.."
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Chemical Castration, 2002.
An argument that this is not a cure-all treatment and should not be used for all sex offenders.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 31.95
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Abstract
Argues that this is not a cure-all treatment & should not be used for all sex offenders. How chemical castration (Depo Provera) works in treating paraphiliacs, but is not effective for the majority of sex offenders. Cites several reasons against chemical castration including danger of releasing sex offenders taking Depo Provera; infringement on Constitutional rights.
From the Paper
"Chemical castration for sex offenders is a punishment that is rapidly gaining in popularity in the U.S., but does its effectiveness justify the violation of the rights of those treated with it? While chemical castration has been found to be effective in treating one type of sexual offender, chemical castration laws are calling for such treatments to be performed on all types of sexual offenders. The evidence indicates that the limited benefits of chemical castration are outweighed by the significant infringements of rights against those it will not help and the false sense of security that it provides.
Chemical castration is becoming a popular ?get tough? measure against sex offenders that is gaining popularity across the country. In 1996 California became the first state to enact a chemical castration law, and in 1997 three other states..."
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Juvenile Offenders, 2002.
A discussion of whether juvenile offenders should be tried as adults.
2,634 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines, through a literature review, the issue of whether juvenile offenders should be punished in the same way as adults in light of the increase of crimes involving juvenile offenders and also the level of violence associated with such crimes. In response to the perceived skyrocketing in juvenile crime, states throughout the country have passed a variety of measures to send more juvenile offenders to criminal court. Historically our criminal justice system has encouraged law enforcement officials and prosecutors to focus on rehabilitation when it comes to juvenile offenders since law enforcement officials, prosecutors, and researchers believed that youths often make mistakes and are more able to learn and re-train their behavior than adult offenders who are often more jaded and violent. It evaluates how the decision to prosecute a juvenile offender as an adult has momentous consequences for the individual involved, with the juvenile offender frequently being confined with the general adult inmate population, arguably increasing the likelihood of recidivism since the juvenile offender will be exposed to ?new? crimes as well as techniques for avoiding punishment.
From the Paper
"There is a large array of literature concerning juvenile offenders and the issue of whether juveniles should be tried as adults. Presently there are three possible mechanisms used to allow juvenile offenders to be tried as adults. Judicial waiver involves a juvenile court judge transferring an adolescent to criminal court based on, among other things, the seriousness of the crime, the offender?s history, and the chances of the offender repeating his or her act. (Steinberg). Direct file policies allow the prosecutor to decide whether to file charges against a juvenile offender in criminal or juvenile court. (Steinberg). Finally, under statutory exclusion, certain categories of juveniles are automatically tried in adult criminal court. (Steinberg). Statutory exclusion is generally determined by a combination of age and the seriousness of the offense. (Steinberg)."
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Rehabilitation of Non-Violent Ex-Offenders, 2006.
An analysis of critical success factors for a reform and rehabilitation program to support non-violent ex-offenders.
6,135 words (approx. 24.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 144.95
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Abstract
This study focuses on the potential benefits of a rehabilitation and support program for non-violent ex-offenders in the community. The intent of the research is to gain insight regarding the critical elements necessary for a rehabilitation program to succeed and help reduce rates of recidivism in the community. After conducting an extensive preliminary literature review, the paper shows multiple critical success factors for a successful ex-offender support program. In addition to the literature review, the researcher proposes further investigation and field research that examine inmates' views and opinions regarding the potential benefits of a rehabilitation program for nonviolent ex-offenders.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Problem and Objectives
Background Of The Problem
Significance of the Study
Preliminary Literature Review
Ex-Offenders Problems
Programs In Other Countries
Opinions On Programs To Aid Ex Offenders
Benefits Of Rehabilitation
Programs That Work
Social Support For Ex-Offenders
Summary of the Research
Methods
Results
Limitations Of Study
Conclusions
References
From the Paper
"Every year more than 600,000 people are released from prison, and this number continually grows (Petersilia, 2005). Studies suggest that up to 93 percent of inmates are released at some point in time (Petersilia, 2005). The needs of ex-offenders continue to grow as fewer and fewer rehabilitation programs exist to house and enable ex-offenders to gain meaningful employment. Reentry programs are vital to the success of ex-offenders and may substantially impact rates of recidivism among ex-offenders (Petersilia, 2005)."
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Youthful Offenders Under British Law, 2006.
A research into how youthful offenders are handled by British Law.
2,108 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper researches the British legal system with regards to youthful offenders and the sentencing of juvenile offenders in British Courts. This research shows that more studies are necessary in order to develop a program to better assist young offenders in the British legal system.
Contents:
Research Proposal Objective
Statement of the Problem
Introduction
Methodology of the Research
Age of Juvenile Offender According to General British Law
Alternative Sentencing Solutions Available in British Courtrooms
Youthful Offenders: Custodial Sentence
Argument Both For and Against Custodial Sentencing of Young Offenders
Findings
From the Paper
"The age of 'responsibility' or 'accountability' in the criminal justice court in England and Wales is the age of 10. Juveniles in the age range between 10 and 17 years old must appear before a youth court upon receiving a criminal charge A National Institute of Justice report states that "the sanctions available to youth courts are more restricted than those for adult courts, the major differences being that fines can be imposed which parents must pay and supervision or attendance center orders may be imposed." (NIJ Report) Options exist that may be pursued in lieu of typical trial on the case the defendant is charged under. For example, the following options are available in the British Court/Legal System. Alternatives to trials exist, according to the National Institute of Justice Report due to the possibility of a "formal caution administered by the police, used disproportionately for young offenders...." Stated is that a caution of a formal nature makes as a requirement that specific conditions be met. Inclusive in these requirements is that the offender: (1) admit to the offense; and (2) The offender and their guardian must be willing to "proceed as the police wish".
The following is stated in relation to Youth Courts which are one within the division of various Special Courts: Courts. Youth courts are specialized magistrates' courts that adjudicate cases involving defendants less than 18 years of age. There are restrictions on the access of the public and press to such courts. The defendant and any other witnesses under 18 years old must not be identified. "
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The Gender Distribution of Sex Offenders, 2005.
Dispels the myth that sexual offenders are exclusively male.
2,948 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
In the last fifty years, there has been a strong shift in the attitudes and beliefs that deal with sexual abuse and sexual offenses. This is particularly true when it comes to female sexual offenders and the rates at which they abuse others. This paper shows that the rates are actually much higher than were first thought and, most alarmingly, the rates of child sexual abuse are also rising. This appears to be the case for female sexual offenders as well as male sexual offenders, but some of this could come from the fact that female sexual offenders are just now beginning to be recognized in larger numbers. In other words, the abuse may have been just as prevalent in the past, but the rates at which it was reported and believed were much lower. The paper shows that, due to this, it was assumed that females did not commit sexual crimes. When most people, even today, think of sexual offenders, they assume that the perpetrator is male and the victim is female. This paper shows that in reality, this is not always the case.
Paper Outline
Introduction
Prevalence
Judicial and Mental Health Decision Making
Formal Culture
Training Initiatives
Organizational Policies
Crime Reports
DSM-IV and Sex Offending
Informal Cultures
Culture of Denial
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Individuals that are female, or 'feminine,' are considered to be nurturing, caring, protecting, non-aggressive, and non-sexual (Denov, 2003). Because of this, the idea that they might harm someone, especially in a way related to sexuality, is almost impossible for some individuals to comprehend, even if their knowledge and training tells them a different story. The sexual scripts that most people live by are not only heterosexual, but gender-based as well. Asking people to suspend this type of 'normal' thinking to say that a women is completely capable of a sexual offense is something that even those that are educated about the issue struggle with frequently (Denov, 2003). This could be part of the reason why so many women that are suspected of sexual offenses or even charged with them escape with little to no punishment by the judicial system and often do not spend as much time in counseling for their 'problem' as their male counterparts."
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Chemical Castration Law, 2003.
A review of legal issues surrounding a chemical castration law.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a review of legal issues surrounding a chemical castration law for the state of California. It looks at the design of the law as a measure to protect children from sexual offenders. The paper looks at current methods of chemical castration, the vagueness of the law and the question of whether chemical castration is a treatment or punishment.
From the Paper
"Today as it tries to deal with the reality of the sexual abuse of children within its borders the state of California is faced with a quandary. On the one hand the sexual abuse of children is an appalling fact that devastates thousands ..."
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First Time Offenders, 2005.
This paper is a detailed report of a research project to discover what average people think of when they hear about the sentencing process as it pertains to first time offenders.
2,405 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the research polled 320 (N=320) random individuals through a survey that gathered personal data and a scoring system of four dependent variables: (1) How serious is the offense?, (2) How much do you believe the offender deserved the penalty?,
(3) How pleased are you with the penalty the offender received? and (4)
Based on the crime, how fair do you believe the penalty is? The author points out that, based on this research, especially among persons who have been victims of crimes, a criminal history should play a major role in the sentencing process and that first time offenders should be treated differently than repeat and violent offenders. The paper relates that an assumption can be made that, even though offenders with no prior record merit less serious punishment, they also may be subject to a prejudicial jury in some instances. Many statistical tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Methods and Materials
Results Section
DV 1: Tests of Between- Subjects Effects - Dependent Variable: How Serious this Offense?
DV 2: Tests of Between- Subjects Effects - Dependent Variable: Did the Offender Deserve the Penalty?
DV 3: Tests of Between- Subjects Effects - Dependent Variable: How Pleased are You with this Penalty?
DV 4: Tests of Between- Subjects Effects - Dependent Variable: How Fair is the Penalty?
Discussion Section
Appendix: Statistical Tables
From the Paper
"Over the last few decades, local, state and federal prisons throughout the United States have inmate populations that are steadily rising may even be as high as two million strong. This has added a great strain on society and of course the entire incarceration system. The media during this period of increased prison populations have proclaimed that the overall national crime rates have ironically fallen to new lows. This may imply that the public may have less to fear in regard to crime and victimization, but still policymakers and society should address sentencing policies so as to ensure that we are best utilizing punishment policies that ensure the safety of the masses and provides a reasonable rehabilitative opportunity for offenders. "Public opinion plays an important role in the sentencing process in Canada and elsewhere.""
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Abuse of Male and Female Offenders in Prisons, 2002.
An examination and analysis of the many issues related to the abuse of male and female offenders in prisons.
926 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by giving a general introduction to crime and its main causes. It then analyzes and examines the multitude of issues related to the abuse of male and female offenders in prisons. In the second part of the paper the writer discusses the nature and extent of this abuse. In the concluding section, recommendations are offered for improving the relationship between male and female offenders and prison officials. This is in order to eliminate or at least reduce the level of abuse of offenders in prisons. The paper argues that only when government, law enforcement officials, and society ensure that offenders have the same basic human rights as non criminals, will the practice of abusing inmates end.
From the Paper
"Few issues transcend all economic, educational, ethnic, occupational, political, religious, and social lines and impact all individuals, either directly or indirectly. Crime is one such issue, affecting all individuals and society, both economically and non-economically. The main causes of crime are relatively simple to identify, i.e., lack of affordable housing, lack of high-paying jobs for lower and middle class wage earners, lack of trust between citizens and police officers, racial tensions, rising unemployment, etc. However, while the main causes of crime are relatively easy to identify, few effective and viable solutions to eliminating and/or reducing crime have been identified and implemented".
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The Rehabilitation of Sex Offenders, 2002.
This paper scrutinizes various treatment methods available for sexual offenders (including sexual assault, incest and paedophilia) as well the future and societal issues concerning this problem.
2,717 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 14 sources, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper endeavours to explore the different types of treatment employed in the rehabilitation process for sex offenders and what the current and future societal issues surrounding offender treatment are. It defines what a sexual crime is, what types of sexual offenders there are and the various styles of treatment that are currently employed to battle this type of psychosis. It looks at matching the type of treatment most influential to the different type of sexual offender and highlights some future concerns society needs to address in order to continue the research the rehabilitation of the sexual offender effectively.
From the Paper
Incest offenders usually do not have long criminal histories before the current charges, and most are being convicted for the first time. They are the most minimising and denying of the sexual offender sorts and will be adamant that it happened 'only once', that the child ?propositioned? them, that alcohol was to blame, etc. Destroying this system of denial and twisted beliefs is necessary and can perhaps best be achieved in tandem with family-based therapy. Within a correctional institution setting, endeavours must be made to contact the family and/or social service networks dealing with the family so as to successfully face the offender
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