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"The Case for Torture", 2005.
Position paper arguing against Michael Levine's essay about the use of torture and when it is justifiable.
1,154 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper takes a strong argument against Michael Levine's position that, under certain circumstances, governments are justified in using torture. The author of the paper criticizes the example Levine uses in his essay, "The Case for Torture", arguing that the premise of Levine's example is too simplistic and unrealistic. The author offers additional rebuttals to Levine's arguments for the use of torture, including the fact that torture is against international law, the validity of information received from someone who has been tortured is rarely reliable, and government-authorized torture threatens the very foundation of democracy.
From the Paper
"In my opinion, Michael Levin?s arguments in his essay, "The Case for Torture?, cannot be sustained and are easily dismantled for the simple fact that they are not fully logical and are too much based on simple suppositions and false premises. I will be able in my essay to dismantle his arguments one by one, so as in the end to prove that the use of torture, under any circumstances, is not only immoral, unethical and illegal (under international laws), but also impracticable."
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Torture, 2004.
An analysis of the possible benefits of torture as a measure to ensure national security.
5,330 words (approx. 21.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 131.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the timeliness of torture as a current issue. Additionally, international laws in place today are investigated and evaluated. The nature of information obtained in the practice of torture and its reliability is examined. The paper puts forward necessary qualifications for the potential legitimization of torture in accordance with recommendations for the future. The paper contends that, essentially, the possible benefits of torture as a measure to ensure national security demand that its uses be formally assessed.
Outline
Introduction
Why Should Torture Be Discussed?
Current International Law
Effectiveness of Torture
Arguments For and Against Legitimized Torture
Possible Qualifications for Legitimization of Torture
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The mere utterance of the word ?torture? immediately demands a psychological response from any who hear it. Most individuals feel uncomfortable even imagining it, let alone acknowledging that it has happened to people before, and that it will probably happen to people again. A common response is to simply not allow the concept to enter your mind?if someone is in excruciating pain, look away. This is the response most analogous to the face governments attempt to put on the practice. Obviously, no democratic government wants to be thought of as cruel or inhumane by its citizenry or by the international community. Accordingly, torture remains a topic generally outlawed, and yet unhindered by rigid repercussions. To personify most governments, when torture is used in other parts of the world they turn their heads."
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The Use of Torture, 2006.
A look at arguments against the use of torture, even in extreme circumstances.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
Arguments against the use of torture, even in rare extreme circumstances, generally focus on the violation of humanity that occurs when a person is tortured. Torture, critics state, has a devastating affect on a victim's physical, mental, and social well being; it inflicts psychological agony which lasts indefinitely, creates a sense of disconnection in the individual and violates the tortured person's dignity and trust, as stated by Allen S. Keller, an assistant professor of clinical medicine and the Director of the Bellevue NYU Program for Survivors of Torture. This paper reviews and discusses arguments put forth against the use of torture.
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Torture and the American Culture, 2007.
This paper argues the conflict between the situation of torture at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq and the American culture.
1,475 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the use of torture is counter to the U.S. constitution; however, American ethnocentrism, which includes the beliefs that the country represents all that is good and decent and honorable and that freedom and the American way of life must be defended at all costs tend to underscore the acceptance of the use of torture in the case of preventing terrorism. The author believes that the White House response to photos of young military personnel at Abu Graib prision sexually assaulting and humiliating prisoners was to imply that only a few poorly supervised bad apple MPs would do such things. The paper states that, although President Bush says publicly that the U.S. is committed to the worldwide elimination of torture as an inalienable human right, the Bush administration actually fosters and encourages torture.
From the Paper
"Information and confessions obtained by torture are notoriously unreliable. People will say anything to escape the pain being inflicted upon them. Pain and fear are what torture is all about in tactics such as holding a person's head under water or wiring a mans hands, legs, and penis in order to deliver electric shocks. The people who are tortured are not necessarily guilty either. Many haven't even been charged. When Congress watched 1800 slides and several videos (three hours worth) of Abu Ghraib Prison, they saw American soldiers sexually assault prisoners with chemical light sticks."
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Torture and Rendition, 2007.
An analysis of the justification of practicing rendition and torture.
1,043 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the advantages of using rendition and torture as measures that must be taken to prevent a catastrophic terrorist attack. The writer discusses the very real threat of biological weapons and argues that since there is little or no effective military or civil defense against biological weapons once they are weaponized and delivered effectively, torture and rendition must be used in order to prevent them from being weaponized by terrorists and delivered to a vulnerable target. The paper concludes that U.S. agents should be permitted to use torture and/or rendition when interrogating a terrorist suspect who may have information about an impending attack in order to prevent massive biological global destruction.
From the Paper
"When interrogating a terrorist suspect who may have information about an impending attack, U.S. agents should be permitted to use torture and/or rendition, which is the practice of turning suspects over for interrogation to countries whose agents use more severe interrogating techniques than allowed under U.S. law. The use of such measures is regrettable, but the threat posed to millions of innocent people by terrorists willing to use dirty bombs or biological weapons leaves U.S. agents no alternative but to do everything in their power to prevent such a nightmare."
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Canadian Centre for Victims of Torture, 2002.
This paper takes a good look ath the social services and victim-assistance for survivors of torture in Canada.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper evaluates a social service organizations, the "Canadian Centre for Victims of Torture" in Toronto. The essay describes the organization as well as the services it provides for women, and then argues for a better understanding of sexual assault, torture, and post-traumatic stress when evaluating the viability of these kinds of vicitm-assistance services.
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Torture and Human Rights, 2006.
Examines the controversy over whether it is ever okay to inflict torture in order to gain information for the purposes of providing for public safety.
1,052 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, following the tragic events of September 11th, the U.S. needs to develop and follow a sound methodology for determining when it is time to reconsider moral codes with regard to inflicting torture in order to gain information.
From the Paper
"Torture is banned by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Further, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) was adopted by the U.N. General Assembly in 1984 and has been ratified by 129 countries, including the United States in 1994. CAT defines torture as "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted by or at the instigation of a public official on a person for such purposes as obtaining information . . . or confession." CAT makes clear that "no exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of war or a threat of war, internal political instability, or any other public emergency may be invoked as a justification for torture." Following the tragic events of September 11th, public sentiment and perhaps even practice regarding these moral codes has dramatically changed, with many traditionally on the liberal side of the fence saying that new rules are needed to fight a new kind of war. However, what's really needed is the following of a sound methodology rather than public hysteria to determine when moral codes should be revisited."
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Torture and Morality, 2007.
This paper discusses the moral issue of torture and human rights.
1,203 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that different organizations, governments and people hold different philosophies by which they designate actions as either moral or immoral. The paper discusses how Emmanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill and Thomas Hobbes argue that morality is unique to the person in question and can be based on any number of criteria. The paper shows how just as there is no consensus among philosophers as to the nature of morality, there is no clear consensus over torture. The paper looks at the current international laws regarding human rights.
From the Paper
"Recent historical events suggest that an evaluation of torture is apt in timing. To begin with, the terrorist acts that occurred on September 11, 2001 'dramatically demonstrated the destructive power that terrorist cells were capable of wielding on U.S. soil.' Terrorism is an unconventional form of warfare that calls for unconventional forms of response. The scale on which the terrorist attacks of September 11 wreaked their damage was well beyond any that had previously occurred, and beyond what many people believed was possible. If nothing else, these events illustrated the limitations of conventional modes of deterrence. Consequently, a poll of the American public following the attacks revealed that a substantial portion backed torture as a legitimate tool to reduce the likelihood of future terrorist attacks."
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Medieval Torture Techniques, 2006.
This paper explores the true depths of human torment that were endured during medieval times.
2,130 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the various torture devices used in medieval times including the head crusher, the hanging cages, the wheel, thumbscrews and the rack among others. This paper details how each torture mechanism had its own method for pushing the physical and psychological limits of a fellow human being to the maximum.
From the Paper
"The Wheel was one of the most excruciating methods of torture and execution practiced in medieval Europe, in that it was not only painful but also humiliating. Second only to hanging the wheel was the most prevalent means of execution employed throughout Germanic Europe from the early Middle Ages until the dawn of the eighteenth century. In this particular process the victim was forced to lie naked on the ground, with all four of his limbs spread out and bound to stakes or iron rings."
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The Abu Ghraib Torture Scandal, 2005.
An analysis of U.S. violation of international humanitarian law during the Iraq War.
5,077 words (approx. 20.3 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 127.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the official culpability of the United States in the Abu Ghraib torture scandal and argues that the superpower is guilty of the deliberate violation of the most basic tenets of warfare and international humanitarian law.
From the Paper
"The fact of the matter is that the United Nations has repeatedly demonstrated its incapacity to fulfill the roles and goals that it established for itself. This observation is implied, even though not explicitly stated, in Diehl et. al.'s article on the United Nations' peacekeeping functions ad its record in controlling conflicts (683-684). According to this viewpoint, the United Nations, as an organization, and irrespective of the many institutions and organs that it comprises, has neither the manpower nor the financial resources needed to fulfill its duties and responsibilities towards the international community (683-684)."
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Sylvia Plath: Tortured American Poet, 2005.
A brief biography of 20th century, American poet Sylvia Plath.
946 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a look at the death by suicide of poet Sylvia Plath and her previous attempts at suicide throughout her life. The paper then looks at Plath's childhood, her relationship with her parents, her academic achievements, her marriage and her writings.
From the Paper
"One of America's best known twentieth century poets, Sylvia Plath (1932-1963) lived an artistically productive but tragic life, and committed suicide in 1963 while separated from her husband, the British poet Ted Hughes. Before her death at age 30, Sylvia Plath had suffered a bout of severe depression for several months, the likely result of her separation from Ted Hughes and her strong suspicion of his adultery with the English poet Assia Wevill ("Sylvia Plath"; "Sylvia Plath, 1932-1963" 2). Sylvia Plath had also made several previous suicide attempts, beginning at age 20, or perhaps even earlier, always precipitated by the spells of depression and debilitating self-doubt that dogged the poet from early adolescence on (Neurotic Poets, Sylvia Plath 6-7)."
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Rape in International Law: Definitions and Prosecutions, 2006.
A discussion on whether sexual assault during armed conflict should fall within the definition of torture as described in the United Nation's Convention against Torture.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 10 sources, $ 178.95
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Abstract
As the women's movement has grown in recent decades, the debates it has pushed forward have changed the ways in which society views certain problems. Specifically, sexual assault during armed conflict is something which is a much more high-profile issue today than it would have been even a couple of generations ago. This paper examines whether or not rape during armed hostilities should be explicitly subsumed within the definitions of torture detailed in the United Nations' Convention against Torture. In a closely related vein, the paper also explores whether or not rape during the aforementioned type of conflict should be subject to the same international norms and procedures as those laid out in the preceding Convention.
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Punishment and Its Effects, 2007.
An analysis of inflicting pain, as a form of punishment, and the effects this has on both the person being tortured as well as the torturer.
2,139 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of punishment. The paper discusses the physical, emotional, and mental effects of each example. The paper explores how many diverse and deviant forms of punishment and torture have been used throughout the ages for intelligence, retribution, and even sexual pleasure. The paper further analyzes how pain, and the avoidance of pain, are two of the most motivating factors in human history. The paper examines how forms of punishment that do not inflict permanent injury may not leave scars, but they are still effective ways to dominate, subjugate, and humiliate the victim.
From the Paper
"In many cultures and sub-cultures, punishment and torture are unavoidable. Another study indicates, "In cultures in which torture is condoned and practiced widely by many persons and organizational groups, it simply becomes no one's responsibility to stop the practice" ("Understanding Torture and Torturers"). Perhaps the most notable example is Saddam Hussein's regime of terror in Iraq. Brutal torture was among his favorite weapons, and it kept the people under his tight control. A people who live in fear of harsh punishment rarely speak out against those with power and weapons of torture. Another place where punishment and torture are encouraged is in the deviant lifestyles of those into bondage, sado-masochism and other deviant lifestyles."
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Kants Perspective, 2002.
A look at the justification of torture through Kant's philosophy.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper argues in favor of the torture that took place of the two women as presented in the case study.
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Gregg vs. Georgia, 2004.
This paper discusses the Supreme Court case, Gregg vs. Georgia, which declared the death penalty to be constitutional, and its relationship to the "Furman" case.
1,160 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that ?Gregg? specifically reaffirms the continued importance of earlier Supreme Court decisions prohibiting the purposeful infliction of pain or torture in implementing the death penalty, as well as the imposition of capital punishment where the sentence is out of proportion to the crime. The author points out that, under ?Gregg?, state criminal courts may impose the death penalty, but only for crimes sufficiently heinous so as to be considered proportionately as serious to the victim as the consequences and severity of the punishment. Statutory schemes invalidated as unconstitutional under Gregg,include those non-homicidal crimes, such as rape. The paper states that the historic ?Gregg? decision still inspires opposition on the part of those who sympathize with the dissenting opinion co-authored by Justice Thurgood Marshall and Justice Brennan; even its proponents acknowledge that statistical evidence of its value as an effective crime deterrent is inconclusive more than a quarter of a century later.
Table of Contents
Rationale for the Decision
Distinguished from Statutory Defects Underlying ?Furman?
Elements of Statutory Constitutionality under ?Gregg?
From the Paper
"The main line of reasoning underlying the earlier Supreme Court ruling in
Furman rested on the specific characterization of capital punishment as completely different in kind from all other forms of criminal sanctions. The Furman decision expressed grave concern that the statutes under consideration in that case allowed for the imposition of the death penalty under circumstances and sentencing procedures that failed to safeguard defendants against arbitrary, capricious or prejudicial motivation."
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