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Nutrition and Cancer, 1999.
Examines the connection between diet and cancer, types of cancer, effective cancer-fighting foods and nutrients and research.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
"Inhibition of human breast cancer cell proliferation and delay of mammary tumorigenesis by flavonoids and citrus juices" by So, Guthrie, Chambers, Moussa, and Carroll (1996) reports that in women from developed countries, breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer; incidence is increasing worldwide at an average rate of approximately two percent annually.
From the Paper
"NUTRITION & CANCER
Introduction
"Inhibition of human breast cancer cell proliferation and delay of mammary tumorigenesis by flavonoids and citrus juices" by So, Guthrie, Chambers, Moussa, and Carroll (1996) reports that in women from developed countries, breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer; incidence is increasing worldwide at an average rate of approximately two percent annually. Chemotherapeutic techniques fail to reduce death rates from cancers of the breast, lung, brain, colon, prostate, ovary, and pancreas. Studies on diet and cancer offer information regarding naturally occurring anticancer agents. Research concludes that plant-based diets with whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables reduce risk of cancer. Carotenes and antioxidant vitamins may act as anticancer ..."
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Skin Cancer And How it is Caused, 2006.
This paper talks about skin cancer, what exactly skin cancer is, how one gets the disease and how to prevent it.
795 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author essentially talks about what skin cancer is, and how people can be exposed to getting it. He talks about the instances of skin cancer such as people who have a lighter skin tend to have an increased probability of being affected by the rays compared to dark skinned individuals. The paper discusses symptoms attached with skin cancer, like bumps around the head, neck or the shoulder area which might be the sign of a growing skin based tumor. In conclusion the author highlights that instances of skin cancer are growing daily and that more care when in the sun needs to be taken, to prevent the ultraviolet rays of the sun which are the main cause of skin cancer.
From the Paper
"Within the field of medicine, there are a whole range of cancers and one of them is skin cancer. Skin cancer has been getting a lot of media attention in the past couple of years primarily due to the reason that it has been faced by many people, especially in the Western world. In fact, skin cancer, in a relatively short period of time has come to become an increasingly common condition. The most common reason due to the increase in the number of cases of skin cancer has been the increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation, against which there seems to be no strong way of prevention. Many people use a number of sun screens (a type of cream) to decrease the effects of this type of radiation from coming into their bodies but at times, this mechanism of protection simply might not be enough."
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Breast Cancer and African-American Women, 2007.
This paper examines several issues concerning African-American women and breast cancer.
6,569 words (approx. 26.3 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 151.95
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Abstract
This extensive paper examines a number of issues related to African-American women and breast cancer, with an emphasis on detection, treatment and survival. The paper gives a brief overview of cancer, the breast and types of breast cancers. The author then describes the purpose of this study, which was to determine the impact of racial disparity on breast cancer survival. The study also addresses socio-economic factors, such as lack of health insurance, and low incomes. The study attempts to identify the reasons why African-American women have a higher mortality rate than all other ethnic groups. Finally, the author questions whether education, community out-reach programs, resources would influence the probability of reducing breast cancer mortality rates among African-American women.
Outline:
Introduction and Problem Background
The Breast
Development of the Breast
What is Cancer?
What is Breast Cancer?
Major Types of Breast Cancers
Risk Factors for developing Breast Cancer
Purpose of Study
Research Objectives
Limitation
Assumptions
Definition of Terms
Scope of Study
Review of Related Literature
Historical and General Background
Possible Barriers to The African-American Women having Mammograms
Existing Studies
Another Study of Racial Disparities in Breast Carcinoma Survival Rates
Methodology
Instrumentation
Statistical Approach
Relevant Results and Significant Studies
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
Association Between Socio-economic Status and Breast Cancer Survival
Relationship between racial difference in treatment, and breast cancer mortality among the African-American women and the Caucasian-women
Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
From the Paper
"The incidence of breast cancer among the African-American women is slightly lower than it is for the Caucasian women. In any given year, 95 out of 100,000 African-American women are diagnosed with breast cancer, compared to 112 out of every 100,000 the Caucasian women. However, the African-American women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer after age 50 (www.netwellness.org, 2004). Breast cancer is the cancer with the second highest death rate for both the African-American women and the Caucasian women. The overall lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is 10% for the African-American women and 14% for the Caucasian women. However, about 31 out of every 100,000 the African-American women died from the disease each year compared to just 27 out of every 10,000 the Caucasian women from 1989 to 1992, but the rate also rose by 2% for the African-American women during the same period."
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Cigarette Smoking and Cancer, 2007.
This paper discusses the relationship between cigarette smoking and cancer.
703 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies the extent to which cigarette smoking is responsible for cancer and the types of cancers caused by smoking. The paper examines the main cancer-causing ingredients in cigarette smoke and explains how they cause cancer.
Outline:
Abstract
How Far is Cigarette Smoking Responsible for Causing Cancer
Types of Cancer Caused by Cigarette Smoking
Cancer-causing Ingredients in Cigarette Smoke
The Cancer-Causing Mechanism
From the Paper
"A major WHO Cancer Report in 2003 identifies tobacco consumption as "the most important avoidable cancer risk" worldwide ("Global Cancer Rates" 2003). According to the U.S. National Cancer Institute , "cigarette smoking alone is directly responsible for approximately 30 percent of all cancer deaths annually in the United States" ("Cigarette Smoking and Cancer," 2004). Since active smoking is a purely voluntary act, these statistics make cigarette smoking the single most preventable cause of death in the United States. Statistics on Cancer in other developed countries are no different with approximately a third of all cancer deaths in the UK being attributable to smoking in the year 2000 ("Fact sheet No. 4" 2005). Although the rising smoking trend in the developed world, including the United States, has reversed in recent decades due to increased awareness about the harmful effects of smoking, it is increasing in the developing world by 3.4% per year ("Tobacco and the Developing World," 2007). "
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Breast Cancer and Genetics, 2001.
This paper discusses the relationship between the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and breast cancer.
1,875 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 18 sources, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how certain genes, specifically BRCA1 and BRCA2 can be used in diagnosing and treating breast cancer. It outlines the possible causes of breast cancer, its symptoms, and treatment. It also discusses the issue of genetic screening, as an ethical issue and how it can help to treat breast cancer.
From the paper:
"Breast cancer is a disease characterized by the growth of malignant cells in the mammary glands and can actually can strike both men and women, although women are about 100 times more likely to develop the disease than men. Most cancers in female breasts form shortly before, during, or after menopause, with three-quarters of all cases being diagnosed after age 50. Generally, the older a woman is, the greater is her likelihood of developing breast cancer. Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, and in North America and Western Europe, where life spans are longer, the incidence is highest."
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Prostate Cancer, 2005.
This paper discusses prostate cancer and research to determine if it has a genetic cause.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that prostate cancer is the most frequent non-dermatological cancer in men in the United States and it is second to lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer deaths in men. The author points out that, as with other cancers such as breast and colon cancer, which have a familial clustering pattern; prostate cancer cases are believed to be due to a high risk of inherited genetic factors or perhaps even a susceptibility gene. The paper relates that increasing incidence of prostate cancer may be due to better detection, greater awareness on the part of the public of the condition and perhaps even a greater life expectancy with a decrease in the number of competing causes of death rather than a true increase in the prevalence of prostate cancer on the whole.
From the Paper
"It is interesting to note that maternal cancers also seem to have an affect on the risk of prostate cancers. It is felt that risk of prostate cancer is higher in men with a family history of breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer in a primary relative. This was only reported out in two studies, however, and other studies failed to find any association between family history of female breast cancer and greater risk of prostate cancer. This perhaps may be explained by the questionable increase in prostate cancer in men with BRCA 1 / 2 mutations in the setting of a family history of breast or ovarian cancer. "
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Nurses and Breast Cancer, 2007.
The paper presents a project that examines the benefits of nurse knowledge regarding breast cancer interventions for both nurse oncologists and breast cancer patients.
2,661 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper's study seeks to identify patient information needs, as well as these needs as perceived by the nurse. The paper also seeks to identify the informational needs of breast cancer patients regardless of cancer type, stage or treatment that is undergoing or is completed. The paper determines the informational needs for both groups by administration of the 75-item Information Needs Questionnaire-Breast Cancer (INQ-BC) while patient satisfaction and quality of life is measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy.
Outline:
Abstract
Project Description
Research Problem/Question
Outline of Methodology
Literature Review
From the Paper
"Nurses are an underutilized health care resource, especially in the care of breast cancer patients and survivors (Gray, Goel, Fitch, Franssen & Labrecque, 2002). Traditional practice has always placed specialists at the forefront, who provide most patient services, from consultation, assessment, diagnosis, treatment to maintenance and follow-up. It is also understandable that, with these numerous responsibilities placed on the shoulders of specialists, in addition to their busy work schedules, these specialists may not be always able to spend adequate and "quality time" with their patients. However, with the expansion of the nursing profession to cross-cover most of the roles of physicians, there is promise in exploring these new roles by the advance practice nurse."
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Colorectal Cancer and MBD4, 2004.
A review of recent colorectal cancer statistics in the U.S. and the U.K. including recent facts about a key player in colorectal cancer called MBD4.
1,071 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how colorectal cancer is the third most frequent cause of cancer death behind lung and prostate cancer in men and the third behind lung and breast in women in the U.S and the U.K.. It reviews the current statistics of colorectal cancer and the basics for its development as well as the current status of a very significant factor of carcinogenesis a protein called MBD4. Tables and diagrams aer included.
From the Paper
"Cancer is a malignant growth which results from uncontrolled cell proliferation and loss of cell differentiation and programmed apoptosis. The word 'cancer' describes a group of diseases that can affect any part of the human body. Cancer is a problem of great importance, affecting millions of people around the world and owes its success partly to the ability to spread-metastasize to other areas of the body through the lymphatic system and blood stream. According to McDonald (1997), cancer begins when a single cell undergoes mutation. This mutation promotes cell growth and permits this cell to bypass normal controls of proliferation. Additional mutations will occur, producing tumours."
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Colon Cancer, 2002.
An overview of the causes, symptoms and treatment of colorectal cancer in women.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Cancer is a cause of alarm. And colorectal cancer like any other cancer is a cause of alarm because it kills more than 50,000 people each year, making it second only to lung cancer in cancer deaths each year. Yet it is highly preventable, through a healthy lifestyle, and regular screening to prevent the minor irregularity in the body to develop into some malignant growth. Regular medical examinations are very important, once the candles of the fortieth birthday are blown out. The following five-page undergraduate paper is a brief study about the causes, symptoms, and patterns of occurrence of the colorectal cancer, with specific reference to its occurrence among women at age 40 and above.
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Skin Cancer, 2007.
This paper discusses skin cancer prevention, treatment and risk factors.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the three main types of skin cancer. These are basal cell, squamous cell and melanoma. The paper presents strategies to identify skin cancer and describes what skin conditions are of concern and should be checked out. The paper discusses the four kinds of treatment; surgery, micrographic surgery, low-power laser and liquid nitrogen. The paper discusses ways of prevention and the importance of blocking UV rays even on cloudy days. The paper explains that melanoma is a very serious kind of cancer. The paper relates that melanoma needs to be detected early and treated early, because it can spread quickly into the rest of the body, leading to death. The paper lists the eight risk factors associated with melanoma.
Outline:
What Is Basal Cell Skin Cancer?
How Does Squamous Cell Compare With Basal Cell?
The Latest Information on Skin Cancer
Identifying Skin Cancer
Treating Skin Cancer
Preventing Skin Cancer
Rates of Skin Cancer in Americans
Melanoma and Cancer
From the Paper
"According to the journal Nursing2006 (www.nursing2006.com), basal cell is "the most common type of skin cancer... [and] typically appears on skin that's had a lot of sun exposure over the years, such as face and neck" (Holcomb, 2006). Basal cell is "rarely fatal," according to Holcomb's article, but if not treated promptly, "it can eat away at surrounding skin and bone." It develops in the lowest layer of the skin, "and grows slowly," Holcomb continues. And at first, it appears as a "flat, shiny, yellowish or gray spot of skin," or a "waxy-looking bump with rolled, pearly edges," according to Holcomb, who is an RN and a PhD. It usually doesn't cause pain, and it may bleed occasionally, she writes."
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Ovarian Cancer.
This paper discusses ovarian cancer, the disease caused by the rapid growth and division of cancerous cells within one or both ovaries.
3,180 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that ovarian cancer is the 'Silent Killer' because, 70 to 75% of the time, by the time the cancer is discovered, it has spread to other areas of the body, especially into the abdomen. By then, it is too late to hope for a recovery. The author points out that abdominal swelling, abdominal or pelvic pain, and a feeling of fullness are some of the symptoms of ovarian cancer, which are common symptoms to many other disorders; therefore, doctors, presented with these symptoms immediately should perform a pelvic and recto-vaginal examination, order some blood tests including CA125, and order a transvaginal ultrasound examination. The paper relates that, although the direct cause of ovarian cancer is not known, some of the major risk factors are family history and breast cancer at an early age; other factors are menopause, obesity, early menarche, late first pregnancy, the use of clomiphene citrate to encourage pregnancy, and infertility.
From the Paper
"Sometimes it so happens that the cancerous cells break away from the original tumor and end up in another entirely different part of the body. This process is known as 'metastasis'. Many different kinds of tumors can be formed within the ovaries of a woman, in fact more than thirty known types. However, ovarian cancers are generally divided into three main categories, according to the type of cells that formed them, which are epithelial cancers, that are the most common form of ovarian cancers, and which are formed from the various cells that line or cover the ovaries. The second broad category of ovarian cancer is the germ cell cancer, which in other words means that this cancer starts from germ cells within the ovaries."
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Male Breast Cancer, 2004.
A brief examination of the rare form of cancer known as male breast cancer.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an informative research on male breast cancer. It gathers information from written articles, research, and studies. This paper includes causes and effects of breast cancer in men, types of male breast cancer, the risk factors, treatment procedures, and statistics of male breast cancer.
From the Paper
"The disease of breast cancer is known to the world as one of the diseases that tolls lives when not immediately diagnosed and properly cured. In the past years, breast cancer has caused thousands of deaths, specifically on women. The disease is mainly caused by diverse factors, which, in the present, are already known to many. To prevent more victims of breast cancer, medical authorities are active nowadays in disseminating information about the disease. Some even provide free consultation and lecture on the risks of breast cancer, as well as the proper procedures in examining one's self."
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Night Shift and Cancer, 2004.
This paper discusses the causes and effects of working night shifts as related to breast cancer.
2,555 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that only a few studies examine the direct relationship of working night shifts and breast cancer; but, based on the several studies that used different methods, medical researches have hypothesized that working night shifts puts women at greater risk of breast cancer. The author points out that the most common cause cited is the decrease in the level of melatonin and the exposure to bright artificial lights at night. The paper relates that the lack of melatonin as a risk factor to breast cancer is linked to the
overproduction of estrogen, another breast cancer-causing hormone. According to studies, melatonin regulates a hormone system's production of estrogen; therefore, a decrease in melatonin can cause a reproductive system to produce more estrogen, thus allowing a higher risk of breast cancer.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Epidemiological Studies on Working Night Shift and Cancer
Links to Working Night Shift and Breast Cancer
Other Links to Working Night Shift and Breast Cancer
Conclusion
Policies to Address the Issue
From the Paper
"Melatonin is a hormone that is essential for the body. It acts as a protection against the growth and development of tumors. According to studies, during sleep at night is the peak time when melatonin is produced, specifically between 1 am to 2 am. Because working night shift deprives an individual from a night sleep, production of the right amount of melatonin is also being deprived. Thus, allowing a higher risk of developing cancer tissues. Daniel DeNoon, in his Hormone Melatonin Slows Breast Cancer, indicates the following report of David E. Blask of Bassett Research Institute in Cooperstown, N.Y. about the relationship of melatonin to growth of breast cancer."
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Breast Cancer, 2001.
The following paper discusses and defines breast cancer.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 3 sources, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The following defines and discusses the different types and causes of breast cancer. In addition it looks at how this cancer is treated, the different stages of this illness and the proposed treatment.
From the paper:
"A doctor should be seen if changes in the breasts are noticed. The doctor may suggest a mammogram. A mammogram is a special x-ray of the breast that may find tumors that are too small to feel. If a lump in the breast is found, the doctor may need to cut out a small piece of the lump and look at it under the microscope to see if there are any cancer cells. This procedure is called a biopsy. If the biopsy shows that there is cancer, it is important that certain tests (called estrogen and progesterone receptor tests) be done on the cancer cells. Estrogen and progesterone receptor tests may tell whether hormones affect the way the cancer grows."
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Breast Cancer Mortality, 2007.
This paper discusses female breast cancer mortality in New Jersey counties and looks at the relationship with certain environmental variables.
3,331 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that today, breast cancer remains the focus of a growing amount of research around the world and new, improved diagnostic techniques, drugs and treatment are constantly improving survival rates. Nevertheless, the writer points out that the incidence of female breast cancer remains unacceptably high in many regions of the country, especially New Jersey. To identify recent trends in the incidence of female breast cancer generally and in New Jersey specifically, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed literature and an analysis of the statistical rates by race for the state and its counties. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion. The writer concludes that the the research is clear in showing that virtually every county in New Jersey is considered high-risk for increased rates of breast cancer by virtue of their geographic proximity to nuclear reactors, as well as the potential environmental toxins that go hand in hand with high concentrations of humanity.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Environmental Factors
Table 1 - Breast Cancer Statistics - New Jersey
Table 2 - Female Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality by Race, New Jersey and the U.S. 1989-1993.
Table 3 - Cancer Death Statistics for the State of New Jersey by Race
Summary of Breast Cancer Trends Identified in New Jersey
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Other environmental factors may relate to socioeconomic conditions. While the National Cancer Institute and other medical organizations agree that women age 50 years and older should obtain a routine mammography every one to two years, estimates of breast cancer screening utilization show that participation in mammography screening is typically lowest among groups of women with whom social workers often work; that is, older, low-income, rural, and racially and culturally diverse women. Studies have investigated a variety of factors predictive of women's decisions about breast cancer screening, including socioeconomic factors, and to a lesser extent, psychological and cultural variables; the results of these studies generally indicate that older and ethnic minority women, women with inadequate insurance coverage and no regular source of medical care, women that are less educated, women that live in medically underserved areas, and women that report strong religious values, attitudes, and beliefs about breast cancer, are less likely to obtain breast cancer screening and are at greater risk of dying from breast cancer than are white women who are younger, educated, have health insurance and access to medical care, and that do not express strong beliefs about breast cancer."
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