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The Camp X-Ray Case, 2003.
This paper discusses the judgment of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) about Camp X-Ray.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the ICJ Camp X-Ray case regards the status of detainees at Camp X-Ray and their treatment. The author points out that the case involves Saudi Arabia v. U.S. regarding non-Americans captured by the United States Government (USG) during the conflict in Afghanistan and detained at USG naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The paper reports the reasons for the ICJ's rejection of the argument of Saudi Arabia.
From the Paper
"This opinion sets forth the judgment of the International Court of Justice ICJ in the Camp X-Ray case, Saudi Arabia v U.S. regarding the status and treatment of non-Americans captured by the United States Government USG during the recent conflict ..."
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Early Days of X-rays, 2002.
An examination of the pioneering technology of radium and x-rays and the unknown dangers to those pioneers.
2,128 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper looks into the period of when X-rays and radium were discovered and how they were hailed as miracles. Widely using radioactive substances for presumed ?curative? effects and to produce a range of products, pioneers into these fields eventually reaped the deadly effects of radiation. It discusses how many researchers, patients, and consumers died of radiation poisoning during these early decades.
From the Paper
"Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen was a relatively unknown professor and research at the University of Wurzburg until one fateful day in 1895. It was on November 8th of that year, while working with a variant of Crookes's shrouded cathode ray tubes, he ?saw the shadows of the bones of his hand when held between the tube and a fluorescent screen.? (Hausfeld, 1993, 1) Within months he had published his research and a radiograph of his wife?s hand. He suggested usage in medical diagnoses, but the world of science would take his discovery much, much further. Within 30 years, hundreds if not thousands of people would be dead from radiation research, ?treatments,? and commercial use. These early pioneers and victims of X-ray technology would discover first hand precisely what it did to living cell structures."
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Computer Tomography, 2004.
This paper discusses computer tomography, an X-ray technique that is used to produce very detailed images of internal organs, commonly know as a CT, CT scan, or CAT.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while conventional X-ray exams produce two-dimensional images, CT scans use an X-ray-sensing unit that rotates around the body and a large computer to create cross-sectional images of the inside of your body. The author points out that the paranasal sinuses, a complex three-dimensional structure, prior to the use of CAT, could only be viewed through dangerous surgery; however, now with CAT, they can be viewed by computer-aided, image-guided, endoscopic sinus surgery avoiding surgical pitfalls. The paper relates that there can be risks associated with CAT scans similar to the risks of conventional rays; however, doctors and other scientists believe that CAT scans provide enough valuable information to outweigh the associated risks of radiation.
Table of Contents
Brief History
Benefits for Computer Tomography
How Does Computer Tomography Work?
Risks of Computerized Tomography
Conclusion
From the Paper
"During its brief history, advancements for computerized tomography have made great improvements in speed, patient comfort, and resolution. As scan times have gotten faster, more anatomy can be scanned more quickly and more efficiently. The extreme speed of scanning allows the elimination of artifacts from patient motion such as normal breathing. Faster scanning helps to eliminate artifacts from patient motion such as breathing or peristalsis. CT exams are even now quicker and more patient friendly than ever before. Tremendous research and development has been made to provide exceptional image quality for a diagnostic guarantee of the lowest possible x-ray dose."
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Diagnosing Sinusitis, 2004.
A discussion of whether x-rays are pertinent to diagnosing sinusitis.
3,519 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by describing sinusitis as the swelling of the paranasal tissues, which can be caused by either communicable or allergic symptoms. The purpose of this paper is to see if x-rays are necessary in diagnosing this condition. The paper explains how x-rays work and, therefore, why they can be useful in obtaining a correct diagnosis in the case of sinusitis.
From the Paper
"Sinusitis is basically classified into chronic and acute cases, in which the acute sinusitis involves abnormal secretion and production of mucous, which is a lot similar to cystic fibrosis. This is diagnosed after noticing the air fluid levels in the sinuses after an x-ray. It has been noticed that patients who are suffering from an immunodeficiency diseases like HIV or AIDS are more prone to this acute sinusitis. Chronic sinusitis on the other hand can be diagnosed if the patient has had a sinus infection for more than three weeks to three months. There are different causes for chronic sinusitis that could be allergies, asthma, nasal polyps, and damp weather. The nasal sinus wall thickening and the body sclerosis noticed while x-rays are its best symptoms. This disease can affect a lot of the general population."
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Digital Radiography, 2006.
This paper defines and examines the topic of digital radiography which has basically replaced the need for traditional x-ray images and photography.
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper defines digital radiography as a branch of radiography which converts X-ray images to electronic data which can then be viewed and read by radiologists on a monitor. The writer stresses the convenience of being able to store digital radiographic images on computer discs. This paper details the various uses and advantages of digital radiography including the fact that this particular method is quicker and far more accurate than the previous practice of producing x-ray images. This paper discusses the differences between computed radiography and digital direct radiography while also delving into the pros and cons of both radiographic methods.
From the Paper
"The 'Direct Digital Radiography' System provides options for the transition to digital technology. This system offers the highest quality images that are available in DR today. Developed only in recent years, the system can be used across a large number of potential applications. The advantages of the system are that it consists of two types of detectors, one direct and the other, indirect. In the setup for its imaging, indirect sensors convert x-rays into light, and then convert that into electronic signals. The images depend on both signal profiles as well as on image resolution. The system relies on a scintillation method, wherein x-ray energy may be converted into light, and this light can then be converted into electronic signals by thin-film diodes."
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NMR spectroscopy, 2003.
This paper discusses the use of NMR spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography in nucleophilic substitution reactions.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper critiques NMR spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography in nucleophilic substitution reactions. The author describes methods of the scientific procedures. The paper discusses the principles and procedures used in the study.
From the Paper
"Bassindale Parker Taylor Aunerb and Herrschaft measured the x-ray crystal structure of four halodimethylsilylmethyl quinolinones to model the reaction profile for the nucleophilic substitution of silicon. They developed a method to obtain similar structural.."
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Boot Camps, 2000.
An examination of boot camps as used to solve youth crime problems.
9,930 words (approx. 39.7 pages), 30 sources, MLA, $ 201.95
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Abstract
This paper aims at researching boot camps in an effort to go beyond the overly simplistic media portrayal, to clarify the who, what, when, where and why of the issue. The paper illustrates all the issues involved in the designing of a successful boot camp which will allow for maximal societal adjustment of juvenile criminals and minimal recidivism. The writer outlines the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of boot camps and discusses the future of boot camps.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The History of Juvenile Boot Camps
What is a Boot Camp?
Why Do Juvenile Boot Camps Exist?
Who Occupies Juvenile Boot Camps?
Where Are Juvenile Boot Camps?
Boot Camp Design
A Made-In-Ontario Solution: Canada?s First Juvenile Boot Camp
Types of Offenders
Youth Demographics
Factors Associated with Delinquency
The Effectiveness of Boot Camps
The Ineffectiveness of Boot Camps
The Negative Impact of Boot Camps
Boot Camps as a Less Costly Alternative to Incarceration
Positive Impacts on Behavior
Aftercare
Public Response and Boot Camps
The Future of Boot Camps
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"If the average North American were to rely solely on the media for accurate information about youth crime, we would have a continent of misinformed people. The media would like us to believe that there is an epidemic of youth crime despite extensive evidence to the contrary. This media attention, however inaccurate, has led the public to demand the justice system deal more harshly with young offenders. The result of this public outcry was the establishment of boot camps for juvenile offenders."
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Gamma-Ray Bursts, 2006.
This paper defines and analyses gamma-ray bursts.
1,316 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that about once a day, somewhere in the universe a burst of gamma rays appears as if out of nowhere. It lasts a very short time, no more than a few seconds, and then disappears. The writer points out that during the event, the level of radiation from the gamma-ray bursts is so high that it overwhelms any other gamma rays coming from other cosmic sources. It has also been observed that most gamma-ray bursts have an afterglow in the x-ray, and sometimes even optical, wavelengths ranges. The writer maintains that the research into gamma-ray bursts will continue until their nature is finally understood. The writer concludes that while this research goes on, the accumulated information and the intermediate hypotheses are already helping astronomers and cosmologists to better understand the universe, particularly the time when it was just beginning to form.
Outline:
Definition and Description
Research Goals
History
Analysis
Future Research
From the Paper
"Despite the inconsistent nature of these bursts, some patterns have been identified. One prominent distinction is between long and short bursts, those over 2 seconds and those less than that. Analysis of almost 2,000 gamma-ray bursts recorded by the BATSE device on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory between 1991 and 2000 showed that each falls into one of two groups: the short bursts have closely-spaced high-energy photons; the long bursts' photons appear to have lower energy and are more widely spaced.
"Another pattern that was discovered is related to the degrees of brightening and fading that the bursts exhibit over time in various channels of the measured energy spectra over the life of the burst. This analysis showed that different bursts release their gamma rays at different rates in different energy spectra When plotted, these variations manifested themselves as 5 distinct patterns: flat, crescent (or double-crescent), loop, lobe and island."
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Invisible Man and Malcolm X, 2005.
A literary review and comparison of Ralph Ellison's "Invisible Man" and "The Autobiography of Malcolm X" by Malcolm X.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts Ralph Ellison's novel, "Invisible Man" and Malcolm X's "The Autobiography of Malcolm X". The paper focuses on the sociological and political ideologies illustrated in the two books. The author of the paper highlights how the search for self-definition is a major theme of the analysis.
From the Paper
"It was an era of racism segregation and inequality during which Ralph Ellison and Malcolm X lived. Lacking equal protections in law comparable to Whites. African Americans endured second-class citizen status in American ..."
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Malcolm X, 2006.
An examination of the book "The Autobiography of Malcolm X: As Told To Alex Haley", by Malcolm X and Alex Haley.
2,422 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
In this examination of "The Autobiography of Malcolm X: As Told to Alex Haley", by Malcolm X and Alex Haley, the author highlights many pertinent points from the book and about the life of Malcolm X. The author tells us that the book looks at the era in which Malcolm X lived as a time when racism was running rampant in the United States. As a result of his experiences Malcolm X became an angry activist who hated everything that white society represented. The paper describes how Malcolm X himself became a racist and he believed that all whites were evil, after his conversion to Islam. The author delves into this further pointing out what made Malcolm X change his way of thinking to become a well known civil rights activist, who is still thought of in a positive light today. Finally the paper reiterates the major changes that Malcolm X went through during his life to make him a key leader of the black civil rights movement in the United States.
From the Paper
"Malcolm continued to have a great loyalty to Muhammad, even when Muhammad became too old to actively participate in Nation events. Malcolm then became more and more active in the groups decision making processes. It was at this time that Malcolm and Muhammad noticed that have had some differences in ideology. While they both wished to fight for black rights, Muhammad's goal was to create a completely separate black nation-state that would have a different economy and culture than the rest of the country. Malcolm, however, believed that this would only happen if they took care of the poor black people living in ghettos first. Malcolm wanted the group to become more involved with politics and to change America as a whole, rather than just trying to separate black America from white America. These differing philosophies, as well as Malcolm's growing influence led to Muhammad trying to have Malcolm killed. While this was very difficult for Malcolm, it led to another change in philosophy for him."
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"The Autobiography of Malcolm X", 2002.
This paper provides an analysis of Malcolm X's views on racism in America in "The Autobiography of Malcolm X".
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the main themes that are covered in the work "The Autobiography of Malcolm X" by Malcolm X. By understanding the main ideas behind his view on racism in America, the writer demostrates the different view of a black that fought hard for equal rights, within the period of the civil rights era. Some of the basics precepts of his work are examined, as well as the core ideas that represent his thought in the struggle for equality of the races in the United States.
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"Malcolm X"?.
This paper discusses Spike Lee's film, "Malcolm X ," an adaptation of "The Autobiography of Malcolm X".
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Spike Lee's film, "Malcolm X," depicts the way Malcolm X, in prison, forged his identity based on social and religious values, not the values of the dominant white culture, but rather values in opposition to the white Anglo-Saxon Protestant culture, which, for centuries, had oppressed persons of African descent. The author points out that Malcolm X was a sincere adherent to Islam, which was not the religion of his African ancestors, but the religion of modern Africa. The paper relates that Spike Lee demonstrates how, when Malcolm X embraced Sunni Islam and incorporated its teachings into his approach toward black liberation, his militant views became more tempered; this shift from pure militancy toward cooperation directly led to his assassination.
From the Paper
"As Lee's movie shows, Malcolm's family history and early experiences affected his radical political views. He joined the Nation of Islam while in prison, as he felt a sense of camaraderie and solidarity that he never would have found in the outside world. Lee depicts how Malcolm X was deeply and personally affected by his exposure to the Muslim religion. In fact, one of the most remarkable things about the life of Malcolm X was his ability to grow with his religious beliefs, rather than having his religious beliefs dictate strictly what his actions were. As the film points out, Malcolm X did the necessary pilgrimage to Mecca shortly before he was assassinated."
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"Ray", 2007.
A review of the character of Ray Charles and the time in which he lived, as portrayed in the film "Ray," directed by Taylor Hackford.
1,089 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the 2004 film, "Ray," directed by Taylor Hackford. The paper discusses the story of the film and shows how the filmmakers reflected on the time in which Ray Charles lived. It discusses the background of the Civil Rights era and the changes it brought about and shows how this is seen in the film in the changing relationship between the performer and his audience.
From the Paper
"Ray Charles is not depicted as a saint but as a sometimes very difficult man, even without the drug problem that afflicted him for some time. The racism of the 1950s did not stop him from performing as he wished any more than had his blindness. In 1961, he decides that he will no longer play for segregated audiences in the South as he had before, since that was expected of performers at that time and in that part of the country. Because of his stand, though, another instance of racism is seen as his home state of Georgia bans him from performing at all. The film addresses this with a section at the end set in 1979 as the state give the singer an apology for this action, showing just as much that times have changed and that a segregated audiences is no longer possible. The central issue in the film is not racism or even the society of the time, though that background is recreated well for the film. Instead, the film offers "a potent sampling of Charles' demons, faults and addictions to go along with the charm, talent and strength of character" (McCarthy 3)."
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Fragile X Syndrome, 2003.
Discussing the paradigm for understanding normal and disordered neuronal development, known as Fragile X Syndrome.
7,532 words (approx. 30.1 pages), 44 sources, MLA, $ 165.95
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Abstract
Examination of Fragile X Syndrome from a genetic, neurological, and neuro-psychological perspective. Includes current research on this disorder. It provides information about the characteristics of the disorder, treatment available, and medical research performed. It also examines how this disorder affects a sufferer's daily life.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
i. Physical characteristics
ii. Behavioural and non-physical characteristics
II. Neuronal Development
i. Normal development
ii. Development in FraX
III. Fragile X Mental Retardation Gene (FMR1)
i. FMR1 and FraX
ii. Gender differences
IV. Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP)
i. FMR1 mutation and FMRP
ii. FMRP and synaptic plasticity
iii. Evidence from animal models and non-human studies
iv. FMRP as mRNA-binding protein
V. Molecular-Genetic Basis of Fragile X Syndrome
i. Normal development
ii. Moderate FMRP deficiency
iii. Severe FMRP deficiency
iv. Mechanism of FMRP in mediating neuronal development
VI. FMRP and Development of Fragile X: Hypotheses
i. FMRP and synapse formation during development
ii. FMRP and translation at postsynaptic site
VII. FRAXE and FMR2
i. Mutation and phenotype
VIII. Brain Abnormalities
i. Evidence from structural magnetic resonance imaging studies
IX. Neuro-psychological Profiles
i. Males with FraX
ii. Females with FraX
X. Current Research
i. Cortisol and stress-related behaviour in children with FraX
ii. Neurocognition in female permutation carriers
iii. FRAXE and obsessive-compulsive disorder
iv. Fragile X permutation and neurologic disorders
XI. Future Directions of Research
i. Potential areas of exploration
ii. Treatment
XII. References
From the Paper
"Fragile X syndrome (FraX) is the single most common form of inherited mental impairment (Glaser et al., 2003). Studies place prevalence rates of the disorder at approximately 1 in 2000-5000 live births, affecting as many as 1 in 4000 females and twice as many males (Churchill et al., 2002). It is second only to Down syndrome as a cause of mental impairment and appears in children of all ethnic, racial, and socio-economic backgrounds (Fragile X Association, 2003). The pace of research into the genetic, molecular, anatomical, neuropsychological, and psychosocial factors underlying this disorder has grown at an exponential rate in recent years. FraX is described by Nobel Laureate and co-discoverer of the DNA double-helix, Dr. James D. Watson, as the ?first major triumph of the genome project? (FRAXA Research Foundation, 2002), and its potential as a paradigm of study by which to understand normal and disordered processes of development is immeasurable."
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Boot Camps and Troubled Teens, 2008.
A discussion of the benefits of correctional boot camps for
troubled teenagers.
1,769 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the advantages of correctional boot camps for troubled teens. The paper explores how the goals and benefits of such a program are being realized. The paper explains that the key to producing new behaviors is discipline and that using discipline in these boot camps produces positive physical and mental effects on the young offender, making him alert and offering him insights into the value of discipline. The paper then looks at how the correctional boot camp (in contrast to the military format) is aimed at correcting behavior through educational and occupational training. The paper points out that the camps that received the most positive public response were those that stressed education. In conclusion, this paper shows that correctional boot camps can produce impressive benefits for the young offender. Whether those benefits actually are realized, however, depends on the design of the boot camp and the types and quality of programs it includes.
From the Paper
"The correctional boot camp originated in 1983 in Georgia and the idea was quickly adopted by other states. Boot camps had become widely popular during the late 1980s. At that time, "state and local agencies operated 30 juvenile boot camps, and larger counties operated 18 boot camps in local jails" (Ashcroft et al. 2). The rationale for the camps was that the same environment which prepares the soldier "is highly conducive to assisting in the correction of first-time, nonviolent offenders, and preparing for their reintroduction into the community" (Zachariah 71). Virtually all correctional boot camps are directed to young offenders with felony charges."
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