| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "CALIFORNIA AFFIRMATIVE ACTION PROP 209": |
|
|
California's Affirmative Action "Prop 209", 2005.
This paper discusses the linguistic problems of California's Affirmative Action "Prop 209".
3,215 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that nowhere has the struggle to mandate "affirmative action" in a meaningful way been more viciously fought than in California, and its Proposition 209. The author points out that, at first glance, the wording of Proposition 209 sounds the same as the federal Civil Rights bills of 1964 and 1991 but it is actually very different: The sticking point is that phrase "or grant preferential treatment to", which seems to continue to make all the difference between normal equal rights and forced equality. The paper stresses that the idea of affirmative action is not to exclude anyone, but, at the same time not to include someone simply because of race or gender; while it would seem logical that affirmative action opens doors for admissions or for hiring in the workplace, it is just as logical that previous discrimination should not now become the basis for inclusion.
From the Paper
"Proposition 209 was only the latest attempt to "right some wrongs". California, it seems, has always tried to find some means of balancing hiring, education, and fairness, regardless of gender, race, religion, or ethnic background. With the growing minority populations of both Hispanics and Asians entering the state, some sort of fairness needed to be legislated. And, there were just as many who sought to defeat any sort of mandated (i.e. forced) hiring or college admissions. So, years before Proposition 209, there was CCRI...California Civil Rights Initiative
This is a proposed amendment which, as in proposition 209, forbids discrimination and preferential treatment. It was a Republican initiative, co-written by Tom Wood and Glynn Custred. They enlisted the aid of Ward Connerly, who was black and a Republican, and considered a traitor by many blacks in California, since he was one of those working with the Board of Regents to re-establish admissions and hiring guidelines in Berkeley. The reason he was called was because the Amendment was in trouble, lacking enough signatures to put it on the ballot in November."
| |
|
Affirmative Action in California, 3.
Examines the history and present state of affirmative action in California.
2,943 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
Diversity in the work-place, the school room or the production line is not usually done by popularity poll or the kind heartedness of the majority; in the majority of cases it has had to be mandated. This paper examines the history of affirmative action in the state of California. It centers on Proposition 209 which aims to reverse affirmative action in California.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Background
The Peaks and Valleys of Affirmative Action in California
Proposition 209
Conclusions
References
From the Paper
"What the framers of this Proposition have done is two-fold. First, they are almost claiming that prior legislation has resulted in reverse discrimination. (To some degree, it had.) As a matter of fact, instead of strengthening affirmative action policies, it will "allow for vast discrepancies in hiring and promotion because it does away with one very powerful tool: affirmative action." The other effect of the writing of Proposition 209 is to refer to Affirmative Action as "preferential treatment". By using this idea, the writers of the Proposition have already provided a reason for voter opposition to the Proposition. In a sense, a vote FOR Proposition 209 would bwe a decisive vote against the federal Civil Rights legislation."
| |
|
Affirmative Action, 2002.
Essay on affirmative action, including an outline, history, con and rebuttal, past court cases, recent events including the University of Michigan case, and work cited page.
2,034 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This essay covers most topics surrounding affirmative action, including background, first affirmative action case and more recent events. The writer claims that affirmative action, while created to help bring blacks and whites together, only further spreads the races apart and should be abolished.
Table of Contents
History
Civil War
Reconstruction
Jim Crow Laws
Presidential Orders
Past Court Cases
Con and Rebuttal
Con Quotes and Opinions
Jessie Jackson on Affirmative Action
Lyndon B. Johnson on Affirmative Action
Rebuttal
How Affirmative Action Hurts the Civil Rights Act
Ill Effects of Affirmative Action
Recent Events
Piscataway Board of Education vs. Taxman
Proposition 209
California Ballot
Suit against Proposition 209
Arguments for Proposition 209
Arguments against Proposition 209
University of Michigan and Bush Brief
From the Paper
"According to the Webster?s Dictionary, affirmative action is an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women. ?Born of the civil rights movement three decades ago, affirmative action calls for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment, education, and contracting decisions? (Froomkin 1). It has been a controversial topic in the United States since it began to plague the country in the early 1940?s. Affirmative action as it is now seen, is giving unequal or special employment, or educational rights to minorities. ?Affirmative action programs were originally created to correct racial and cultural discrimination, dating from the days of slavery and public segregation. But the initiative has proven controversial, and enforcement has often applied in a random and confusing way? (Mears 1). While created to help bring blacks and whites together, affirmative action only further spreads the races apart and should be abolished."
| |
|
Unconstitutionality of Affirmative Action, 1997.
An argument of the unconstitutionality of Affirmative Action and proposition 209 in California.
1,740 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper shows that affirmative action is unconstitutional and is actually a form or reverse discrimination. By taking proposition 209, which is a California initiative, the writer proves that it is a step back for racial equality. It explains economic and social disadvantages of the law giving examples such as poorer quality service and job acceptance not on the basis of merit.
From the Paper
"In this paper I will prove that affirmative action is unconstitutional because it discriminates against the majority in favor of minorities, resulting in reverse discrimination. Currently there exists a proposition, in California, that calls for the public elimination of preferential treatment on the basis of race. This proposal is called proposition 209. Proposition 209 is also known as the California Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI) and was written by Glynn Custred and Thomas Wood. These two also created the Californians Against Discrimination and Preferences (CADAP) that was the political committee that carried proposition 209 to victory. This victory took place on November 5, 1996 when the California electorate passed the proposition, and made it part of the California Constitution. Though proposition 209 was passed by California, many people throughout the United States believe in affirmative action. However, I feel that affirmative action is step backwards in the attempt for racial equality. Therefore, more states should abrogate the affirmative action proposition and use merit and skill as the only criteria for judgement. (Thesis Sentence) Affirmative action laws are unconstitutional because they reverse discriminate against the majority of individuals."
| |
|
Affirmative Action, 2004.
This paper considers affirmative action in the workplace and in education.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses affirmative action in the workplace and in education, generally taking a favorable stand. The paper includes the critical role played by diversity programs. The paper also incorporates a discussion of Prop. 209 in California and provides copies of sources.
From the Paper
"In recent years affirmative action has come under increased scrutiny when applied to university applicants. A recent Supreme Court decision was hailed as a victory by both sides of the affirmative action issue, for example. In the workplace diversity, but not necessarily affirmative action, has evolved to be seen as highly desirable in many organizations, giving companies an edge in the market and enriching the creativity of the workforce."
| |
|
The Death of Affirmative Action, 2006.
A position paper arguing that affirmative action is the same as reverse discrimination.
115 words (approx. 0.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 17.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper takes a strong stand against affirmative action, arguing that such policy simply replaces discrimination against one race, with discrimination against another. The paper looks at California's Proposition 209, which banned affirmative action programs, and asserts that by passing this proposition, California voters have voiced their wish to put an end to reverse discrimination.
From the Paper
"Affirmative actions sounds like a good idea. Help eliminate discrimination in the classroom and workplace, so that minorities can gain greater economic independence and find better jobs. It was most likely necessary in the 1960's when racism was prevalent. However, since that time, it has been used as a kind of reverse discrimination. Ayn Rand who believed the hardest workers should be rewarded the greatest, is probably turning in her grave. To her, affirmative action stinks of communism. In communist countries, all workers were seen as equal regardless of their production or intelligence. Affirmative action does the same thing. It rewards the inferior and punishes the superior. It is simply wrong, and California voters have decided they have had enough."
| |
|
Affirmative Action in Higher Education, 2004.
This paper is a personal essay that discusses how affirmative action helps qualified candidates overcome racism and sexism in higher education.
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper explains that the whole point of affirmative action in higher education is to stop the discrimination of minorities and increase minority enrollment in higher education; but some white individuals feel as if they are the ones now being discriminated against. The author points out that California Proposition 209 banned all programs involving race and sex preferences run by the state. The paper relates that many students of color attend public schools that do not offer the advanced placement courses that can raise their GPAs in excess of 4.0; therefore, they will not even be considered for admission.
From the Paper
"Affirmative action quest to equalize groups has instead allowed for legalized prejudicial practices against white males. In face in Texas a lawsuit was filed alleging discrimination against white males. This is known as the Hopwood act. The affirmative action programs has been under attack in many cities because of many men, who like minorities, feel that they have been discriminated against by a system that prefers minority and gender preferences. It can be argued that the very groups targeted to benefit from affirmative action are no longer the ones that need protection. Instead the direction has changed to so that white males are now looked upon as minorities in many educational areas."
| |
|
Affirmative Action in California, 2004.
This paper presents research designed to analyze affirmative action in California by examining the past, present, and future of African-Americans at two California, upper-tier, medical and law schools.
4,775 words (approx. 19.1 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 122.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that the reason this study is proposed is that many argue the mere elimination of the discriminatory practices of the past has not eliminated the deeper problems of racism and the lack of equal rights, equal opportunity, and equal consideration for the African-American community. The author points out that the United States seemed to be moving ever-closer to a curious situation, one in which an artificial system of quotas, or ?preferences?, was aiming to create a ?color-blind? society in which positions of employment and trust were occupied, at all levels, by persons of various racial and ethnic groups in proportion to their numbers in the general population. The paper states that the researcher will use a questionnaire to examine both how African-Americans view their own experience at UCLA and USC?s medical and law schools and how they perceive the African-American experience in general at those schools.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Proposed Research
Purpose of Study
The Setting
Participants
Survey Instrument
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
Evaluation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Everything changed, however, as a result of the Civil Rights Movement and the calls made for justice and change by such outstanding spokesmen for human rights as the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and a host of other political and social activists. Jim Crow was abolished, and schools across America were desegregated. Judges all over the country ordered the busing of school-age children to schools that were often far from their homes. The aim was to create schools with student populations that reflected the genuine racial and ethnic make-up of America and of its local communities. From now on, Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and other Minorities would learn side by side with Whites. Colleges and universities too, actively sought African-American, Hispanic, Latino, and Asian students. The law schools of both public institutions of higher learning like UCLA, and private schools like USC, established Affirmative Action Programs that aimed to guarantee a certain number of places for these Minorities."
| |
|
The Passage of Proposition 209 in California, 2004.
Examines the background and impact of California's Proposition 209.
2,253 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 69.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines the content and intent of California's Proposition 209. Those who supported and those who opposed the proposition are discussed, as well as the arguments that supported their position. Also studied are the effects or lack of effects Proposition 209 had governmental, business, and educational services.
From the Paper
"The language of the original Proposition #209 (public initiative) sounded like civil rights legislation from the 1960s, and was intended to sound that way; but according to detractors, the law sought to reverse civil rights gains from that era. The title, ?Prohibition against Discrimination or Preferential Treatment by State and other Public Entities,? had an anti-discrimination ring to it, and one of the #209 campaign themes, played heavily on television, was the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. line, that people should be judged by ?the content of their character,? not by ?the color of their skin.? But what all the slogans and even the title of the legislation actually meant was an end to many affirmative action programs in California."
| |
|
Affirmative Action, 2004.
An explanation and comparison of goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper distinguishes between two forms of affirmative action policies, the goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action. This paper argues that most people who protest against affirmative action are actually against goals-based affirmative action. This paper further argues that a greater emphasis on process-oriented affirmative action policies will more effectively address the concerns of both sides of the affirmative action debate.
From the Paper
"Critics decry race-based admissions policies as an undermining of the merit-based system. However, Jesse Jackson points out the effects of race and socio-economic class in the academic performance of many minority children. Jackson argues that unlike affluent white, many minority students from low-income families do not access to resources like honors classes and SAT preparation courses. Also, the fact that many have to work after school to augment the family income places minority students at a distinct disadvantage at the college applications process (Jackson 290)."
| |
|
Affirmative Action in Schools, 2004.
A comparison of goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action within the education system.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper distinguishes between two forms of affirmative action policies, the goal-based affirmative action and process-based affirmative action. In goal-based affirmative action, the emphasis is placed on giving minority racial status special consideration even before a qualified pool of candidates is established. This form of affirmative action was evident in the controversial admissions policies at the University of Michigan Law School, where African-American and Hispanic applicants were given 20 extra points solely based on their ethnicity.
From the Paper
"Other opponents of affirmative action in universities argue that by fostering an atmosphere of race-based promotion, these policies also serve to minimize the individual gains that many African Americans, women and other minorities achieve on their own merit. Instead, their achievements are tainted by a stigma. In one example, a young black woman made the University of Virginia's Law Review just as the university's affirmative action went into effect. The change from the previous, merit-based system significantly reduced the value of the young woman's Law Review achievement (Conti and Stetson 44-45)."
| |
|
Affirmative Action in the Medical Community, 2002.
Looks at the continuing debate over affirmative action programs and, in particular, affirmative action programs in the medical community.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper presents arguments on the advantages and disadvantages of affirmative action programs. Specifically, it looks at the arguments presented in favor of and in opposition to affirmative action in medical schools. A landmark legal case about affirmative action is reviewed, and the utilitarian view of affirmative action is stated. The paper concludes by asserting that, ultimately, affirmative action programs do more harm than good.
From the Paper
"COMMUNITY
America has a long history of racial segregation and gender discrimination and unfortunately most actions to resolve these ugly issues have resulted in a failure. The opponents of affirmative action programs maintain that this law is also one of those failed attempts. Affirmative action was developed to remove racial and gender discrimination problems by making merit the only criterion for selection thus promoting equal opportunities among qualified women, colored and disabled people. But it has been noticed that despite its good intentions, the law has failed to produce positive results because it is ironic that while the law aimed at removal of racial discrimination, it has resulted in a new kind of racial segregation, which can be called ?reverse racism?"
| |
|
Affirmative Action, 2005.
This paper argues the dichotomy of affirmative action in education and the workforce.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that affirmative action is a moral and political question which seems to divide Americans more than it unites them, because some people regard it as a program designed to rectify racism and reverse the effects of both past and present discrimination but others simply see it as another form of discrimination. The author feels that affirmative action is a program of opportunity, not a program of discrimination; affirmative action's mission has never been about hiring less qualified workers, but about opening up equal opportunity and ensuring that equal opportunity with equal results. The paper stresses that diversity in education and the workforce not only includes African-American men and women but also includes other ethnicity groups, such as Asians, Latinos and Indians, who have been able to gain both an invaluable education and work experience through affirmative action programs.
Table of Contents
Educational Aspects of Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action in the Workforce
The Counter-Argument against Affirmative Action
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These policies have been when minorities are actively sought or preferred, the reason given is usually that this is necessary to compensate for advantages to groups such as males or those of European descent from racism, sexism, results of historical circumstances, and institutional racism. In the U.S., the most prominent form of affirmative action centers on access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of tertiary instruction. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are often taken into account when assessing the meaning of an applicant's grades and test scores."
| |
|
Affirmative Action, Against whom are we Discriminating?, 2001.
A closer look at how Affirmative Action affects the College Admissions process.
3,710 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 102.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This argumentative paper deals with the issues surrounding today's struggle to get into colleges and how race is involved in this process.
Table of Contents
Introduction of Affirmative Action and how it relates to today and the college application process.
History and evolution of Affirmative Action
Causes for Affirmative Action
Pros of Affirmative Action
Cons of Affirmative Action
Theories of how to maintain diversity while eliminating Affirmative Action
Resolutions
From the Paper
"Year after year as high school seniors apply to colleges they are turned away from their school of choice and are forced to watch silently as a less qualified person takes their spot. These students are not turned away because of their test scores, or because they do not have good grades. They are not pushed away from their dream college for a lack of community service or extra-curricular activities. Contrary to the usual reasons for not being accepted into colleges, these students are denied the chance of higher education because of what basically comes down to their skin color. One might assume that racial discrimination ended in the 1960?s with the Civil Rights Act, but that person would be wrong. Perfectly qualified students are being rejected by college admissions time and time again for students who are less qualified, but are ethnically diverse. Affirmative action is often used on college campuses in order to maintain diversity among the student population, as well as to furnish opportunities of higher education to minorities who would have otherwise been unable to attend college. Yet, many students believe that affirmative action has outlived its intended purpose, and that granting preferences towards anybody for anything other than his or her own academic merit is a form of discrimination in itself, a sort of reverse discrimination. Although some schools are slowly ridding themselves of this practice, affirmative action still exists throughout the college world. Should this trend of ?dissolving? affirmative action continue, or do minorities still need the help getting into post-secondary institutions that affirmative action provides? Or, is there some sort of middle ground that can be reached?"
| |
|
A Historical Perspective of Affirmative Action, 2004.
Discusses affirmative action from a historical, economic, and social perspective.
4,816 words (approx. 19.3 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 123.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper presents an extensive study of affirmative action programs. It begins with a definition and explanation of the objectives of affirmative action policies and then goes on to look at the many societal areas the policies impact. The paper also looks at the primary focus of affirmative action policies, some of the arguments supporting and opposing affirmative action, and rulings on affirmative action programs that will affect their implementation in the future.
A Historical Perspective of Affirmative Action
Worldview
Roles in Affirmative Action
Education
Ethnic View
An Economic Perspective
A Sociological Perspective
From the Paper
"The American government justifies affirmative-action programs as ?the principal of compensatory justice (Giraldo, p. 45)?. Basically, this means that just compensation must be awarded to an injured party if an injustice has occurred. Affirmative action requires employees to hire members of groups that were wronged in the past in an effort to undo or compensate for historical injustices."
|
|
|
