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Business Cycles and Interest Rates, 2002.
The paper traces the history of business cycles over the years and then looks at the role of interest rates within the business cycle.
2,196 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the lack of uniformity in international business cycles. It also examines the way the use and prevalence of business cycles has given rise to the practice of short-term and long-term economic forecasting. The paper looks at whether the fluctuation of interest rates is a result of or one of the contributing factors to a business cycle.
From the Paper
"Until the 1970s, it was widely accepted that the American economy passed through business cycles. Such cycles were characterized by expansion and contraction phases, and conventional wisdom held that such cycles differed in the length of the cycle, but not in the existence of the cycle overall. From 1854 to the mid-1960s, analysts generally considered that business cycles varied in length from between one and eight years, with the most common length being three years and the average length being four (Balasko & Ghiglino, 1995, p. 566)."
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Interest Rates And Business Cycles, 2002.
Examines the role of interest rates within business cycles.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 13 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
Examines the role of interest rates within business cycles. Centers on U.S. business environment. History of business cycles; lack of uniformity. Use of business cycles & practice of economic forecasting. Usefulnes of business cycles to companies. Analyzing economic measures & indicators. Fluctation of interest rates. Federal Funds Rate. 2 Charts.
From the Paper
"Introduction
Business cycles have long been an area of interest because of the criticality of economic trends for the social and political welfare of the country. Numerous public and private organizations are devoted to the production of regular economic forecasts, and heavily funded research projects seek more accurate and reliable models on which to base these forecasts. While much attention is focused on the area of economic forecasting, and numerous computerized models have been developed to predict economic performance, there is also considerable interest in the role of interest rates within the business cycle. This research examines the business cycle and the role of interest rates within cycles.
Background
Until the 1970s, it ..."
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Interest Rates & the Business Cycle, 2001.
Defines business cycle, theories and empirical relationships between interest rates and the cycle. 6 Diagrams.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
"What economists term the business cycle has been the subject of much study since its emergence during the industrial revolution. The roller coaster behavior of growth in the economy has eluded full explanation and led to the development of a variety of schools of thought on the issue. While traditional economists focussed on money as the key cause of cyclical activity, more recent analysis has turned to technological shocks as the driving force behind the business cycle (Christiano and Fitzgerald, 1998). Despite the tendency of these most recent studies (referred to as real business cycle theory) to discount the causal relationship between interest rates and the..."
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Business Cycles, 2004.
An analysis of business cycle theories, including a comparison between the Keynesian and the Monetarist theories.
1,790 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
Business cycle theories have been the topic of discussion for many years. There are several business cycle theories that are reliable and trustworthy, while others are controversial and easily disproved. This paper distinguishes between the different theories of the business cycle. These theories include Keynesian aggregate demand theory, the Monetarist aggregate demand theory and the new classical and new Keynesian theories of the business cycle and the real business theory. In addition, the paper describes the origins of and the mechanisms at work during the expansion of the 1990s, the recession of 2001 and the Great Depression.
From the Paper
"Aggregate demand simply describes the correlation between the amount of aggregate output and the price height when every other variable is held constant. According to an article entitled "Aggregate Demand and Supply Analysis" from the Keynesian point of view the aggregate demand is determined "in terms of its four components: consumer expenditures, investment (meaning investment in physical capital, not investment in assets) spending, government expenditures, and net exports." The equations that Keynesian use to express an aggregate demand curve is Y = C + I + G + Xn. "
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Business Cycles, 2000.
A look at the influence of business cycles on GDP and stock indices.
2,840 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses business cycles, which are recurring periods of expansion and contraction in the economy. The paper shows that properly analyzing the business economy and predicting the direction in which it is going for purposes of business and investment decisions is important to know what phase of the business cycle it is in. Forecasts and analysis can be based on major indicators such as GDP and stock indices, which provide quantifiable information on macroeconomic movement, trends and direction.
From the Paper
"The economy experiences periods of recurrent expansion and contraction; the pattern of recession and recovery is called the business cycle. A business cycle has been defined as ?recurrent sequences of cumulative expansions an contraction in various economic processes which are both sufficiently diffused and sufficiently synchronized to show up as major fluctuations in comprehensive measures of employment, product, income and sales.? (Hildebrand, 1992). The definition of business cycles includes a requirement that expansions and contractions be diffused throughout the economy. Transition points across cycles are called peaks and troughs; a peak is the transition from the end of an expansion to the start of a contraction, while a trough occurs at the bottom of a recession just as the economy enters a recovery."
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Turkish Political Business Cycles, 2006.
An in-depth look at political business cycles focusing primarily on Turkey and the effects of government fractionalization on the Turkish economy.
8,884 words (approx. 35.5 pages), 30 sources, MLA, $ 185.95
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Abstract
This in-depth paper discusses how if the number of parties in a coalition government, such as Turkey's, increases, public debt also increases. Additionally, if the government applies expansionary economic policies in order to influence voters and maximize its chance of reelection before election, then budget deficits and public debt increase. This paper focuses on ways the management of various government structures affected diverse fiscal and monetary variables, inflation and output in Turkey during the period of 1983 - 2005.
Contents:
Title page
Hypothesis
Table of Contents
Chapter I: Introduction
Chapter II: Literature Review
Chapter III: Methodology
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Electoral Political-Business Cycle "argues that a government would like to apply expansionary economic policies in order to influence voters and maximize its chance of reelection before election. Structure which analyzes the effects of the fractionalized governments (coalition or minority governments versus majority governments) on their economic policies. Roubini and Sachs (1989, Roubini, Nouriel and Jeffrey, D. Sachs. Political and Economic Determinants of Budget Deficits in The Industrial Democracies. European Economic Review,33, pp.903-938) present evidence, which suggest that the higher budget deficits are characterized by a short-term coalition or minority governments. Similarly, Andrabi (1997.Andrabi, Tahir. Seignorage, Taxation and Weak Government. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 29,pp.106-26) shows that fractionalization and political divisions tend to raise government expenditure and lower taxes. All of these studies argue that this result holds due to veto power on specific projects, spending cuts that interfere with the interests of their respective constituencies, and instability of coalition governments. More fractionalized and more polarized polities! Differences in ideological preferences face greater difficulties in coordinating action over fiscal policy (Roubini and Sachs, 1989). This causes an overexploitation of fiscal resources, especially in the form of public debt that falls on the shoulders of future generations (Velasco, 1999. Velasca, Andres. A Model of Endogenous Fiscal Deficits and Delayed Fiscal Reforms. Fiscal Institutions and Fiscal Performance, NBER Conference Report Series, pp. 37-57.) In order to enhance their re-election prospects and concretionary policies after the lections, governments in developing countries engage in expansionary fiscal policies before elections."
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Macroeconomics of Interest Rates, 2008.
This paper examines the issue of interest rates as it relates to the economy.
1,856 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the recent economic reports and events with respect to interest rates and interest rate movements. The current state of the US economy is examined as well as the Federal Reserve handling of monetary and fiscal policy relative to the economy. Of particular importance is the Federal Reserve's strategic shift in policy from accommodative to appropriate. The writer concludes that it can be seen that interest rates are much more than one of many economic devices that the Fed has to influence the economy but is actually one of theprimary methods in which the Fed interacts and influences the direction of economic growth and expansion.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction & Thesis
Overview of Interest Rates
Types of Interest Rates
Impact of Change in Interest Rates
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Risk structure as it relates to interest rates is essentially the relationship between the interest rates on bonds that have the same term to maturity features. This leads to an active consideration of the default risk which is the chance that a given issuer of a bond may default by not being able to make the interest payments on the bonds at completion of the term or may not be able to meet the face value payment of the bond either. This creates the default risk model which implies that as the risk associated to a bond family increase then interest rates must also increase in order to compensate for the risk premium being incurred. Thus, since corporate bonds are more prone to market failure they typically bear a higher interest rate than government bonds, for example."
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Interest Rates, 2005.
This paper discusses the Fed's measured and deliberate increase of interest rates over recent months up to current rates.
1,813 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses what interest rates are, who controls interest rates, how interest rates affect an economy, the conundrum of why 30-year interest rates have not increased in spite of all contrary experience, and a conclusion concerning whether interest rates should be increased at a measured or quick pace.
From the Paper
"I wonder if when Nostradamus was predicting the end of the world and saw the world awash in flames, what he really saw was the world awash in debt. Presently, because interest rates in the United States are so low, Americans and American businesses have taken out loans at an increased rate to keep pace with their high demand of goods and services. The Bush administration's tax cuts have added fuel to this spending trend also. The purpose for these two actions was to jump start the United States economy; Policies that have been successful. The real GDP has continued to grow at a good pace and the fourth quarter of 2004 growth of 3.1 percent annual rate is an indication of this growth . But what are the consequences of this growth come?"
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American Interest Rates, 2002.
Analysis of interest rates and its impact on the economy in context of the present U.S economic situation.
3,102 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
yThis paper discusses indepth the state of the economy in context of the rise and then consistent drop in interest rates over the last 5 years. It discusses what the impact is such rate cuts is on all aspects of the economy and also highlights the various kinds of interest rates.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Overview of Interest Rates and their Significance as a Macroeconomic Tool
Types of Interest Rates
Impact of Change in Interest Rates on the Current Economy
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve like other Central Banks seeks to maintain a financial environment within which competitive markets support the efficient use of productive resources. The overarching principle is that central bank should provide the necessary monetary and fiscal stability in a way that leaves the maximum freedom of action to private markets. In keeping with this principle, monetary policy is implemented by indirect means, with an interest rate policy instrument than with direct credit controls. Thus interest rates are part of the Federal Reserve?s key macroeconomic tools that it has at its disposal to control the markets? and inadvertently the entire economies money supply. The quantity of money within an economy can determine various exogenous and endogenous factors that can keep the markets and the economy in close range of the equilibrium position. This is important in-order to prevent the extensive number of boom and bust cycles the American economy has faced in the early part of the last century."
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Interest Rates, 2006.
An explanation of interest rates and how they affect the economy's performance.
2,116 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of how interest rates function, how the Federal Reserve manipulates interest rates as a means of exerting control of the economy and what factors affect interest rates. The paper also discusses Federal Reserve policy regarding interest rates in recent years and concludes that falling interest rates are good for both the economy and the individual.
From the Paper
"In recent months, we have heard a great deal about the importance of interest rates in manipulating our sagging economy. We know that interest rates affect what we pay on our mortgages, credit cards and educational loans. It also impacts how much money we make on the money we deposit with a bank. We have also learned about the effect of interest rates in the stock market: higher interest rates discourage businesses from borrowing money, expanding and hiring new workers, which causes their stock to either stagnate or fall in value. Interest rates have been lowered by the Federal Reserve eleven times in the past year to a four-decade low of 1.75% in an effort to salvage our hurting economy."
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Interest Rates, 2002.
An examination of several issues related to the history of simple and compound interest rates.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 31.95
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Abstract
Examines several issues related to the history of simple & compound interest rates. Centers on loans, credit. Defines terms. Overview of history of interest rates; fluctations; government economic policy decisions; supply & demand for money. Summary of averages of prime short-term rates (19th & 20th Centuries). Suggests that interest rates are tied to non-economic as well as economic factors.
From the Paper
"Introduction
Sidney Homer (1963), in his seminal history of interest rates, argues that such a history of often dramatic interest rate fluctuations provides an excellent summary of the success of some communities and the failures of others to develop effective commercial ethics and laws and suitable monetary and fiscal techniques and policies. While "credit" is considered a modern device (or vice), a brief survey of financial history will demonstrate that credit was in general use in ancient and in medieval times, antedating industry, banking and even coinage. It is the purpose of this brief report to examine selected issues related to the history of simple and compound interest rates, specifically on loans, and to consider periods when high rates were commonplace in their historical context."
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Interest Rates, 2002.
Examines the history of interest rates and credit.
1,148 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Sidney Homer, in his 1963 seminal history of interest rates, argues that a history of often dramatic interest rate fluctuations provides an excellent summary of the success of some communities and the failures of others to develop effective commercial ethics and laws and suitable monetary and fiscal techniques and policies. While "credit" is considered a modern device (or vice), a brief survey of financial history in this paper demonstrates that credit was in general use in ancient and in medieval times, antedating industry, banking and even coinage. This paper examines selected issues related to the history of simple and compound interest rates, specifically loans and considers periods when high rates were commonplace in their historical context.
From the Paper
"In this context, Gwartney and Stroup (1990) note that in Keynesian economic theory, the interest rate is linked to the supply of and demand for money. High interest rates have historically induced people to hold less money (i.e., to invest more), while low rates have the opposite effect. During normal times, the demand curve for money is like the demand curve for other goods; when the price (the interest rate) of holding money rises, the quantity of money demanded will decline. The Federal Reserve System, the U.S. monetary authority, often finds it necessary to intervene to "adjust" the interest rate to further "adjust" the monetary supply and demand curves and related activity."
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Interest Rates and the Consumer, 2001.
This paper examines how the shifting of interest rates affects consumers in the United States.
2,225 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how interest rates in the financial community affect the consumer and the stockholder. Investment strategies are also briefly investigated, with an emphasis on how interest rates indicate the performance of stocks in a long- term investment plan. It is hoped that through providing enough information on how interest rates affect the consumer, the reader will be better equipped to make informed discussions on the subject.
From the Paper
"Interest rates are essentially the rate of change in the economic community that expresses how the financial institutions are performing. They also act as incentives for the consumer, where if the interest rates are higher the customer is more likely to invest their funds. Interest rates are not stagnant, and change to reflect the current state of the market. As the consumer benefits more when he or she invests at a time where the rates are higher, the consumer is more likely to invest at that particular time."
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Austrian Business Cycle and Gold Standard, 2002.
An examination of the Austrian business cycle and the role that the gold standard plays in the cycle and the economy.
5,351 words (approx. 21.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 132.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes how Austrians are staunch believers in the gold standard, which puts them in conflict with economists all over the world that favor the current system of fiat money. It looks at how the Austrian theory of the business cycle is based on the idea of an economy-wide disturbance that happens to the market process, resulting in a downturn that is cyclical, how Austrians place a great emphasis on their business cycle, and how their theory has withstood significant criticism. It discusses how Austrians support this type of economic readjustment because they believe that it eliminates weak firms and poor investments that negatively impact the economy.
From the Paper
"The Austrian's theory is intuitive but its simplification of the process makes further explanation necessary. In most economies, expansionary policies are undertaken more than once. This makes the situation more complex as individuals begin to expect inflation and act accordingly. When people begin to expect inflation, sometimes prices actually rise faster than new money is being created. The effect of this is to create a shortage of money in the economy. While policy makers may argue that this phenomenon is a sign that still more money should be put in circulation, Austrians strongly disagree. They maintain that increasing the money supply further will only worsen the problem (Rasho, 2003)."
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The Effects of Low Interest Rates on Housing Markets, 2002.
A paper which discusses how lowered interest rates are affecting the housing industry in the United States.
2,422 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that bank interest rates have been steadily decreasing since the September 11th attack on America and that the attack caused the business failures of major corporations, such as World Com and Enron. It discusses that one of the areas that are going stronger then ever is the real estate industry and many homeowners are taking the option to refinance their homes. The paper shows that banks and financial institutions are not in favor of this procedure as a homeowner who refinances his house may lower his monthly payments several hundred dollars - banks are making significantly less money on the lowered monthly payments through refinances. The purpose of the essay is to discuss how the lowered interest rates are affecting the housing industry.
From the Paper
"House sales are running a record high this year, according to Reaser, chief economist of Bank of America. The refinancing of mortgages is supporting a major portion of the economy that is surviving and thriving. At the present time, refinancing is showing no signs of slowing down; in fact it is steadily increasing. People are putting the extra money into home improvements and buying new cars, another low interest financing option."
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