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British Policy, 2002.
A look at the changing British policy style.
3,432 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper supports the hypothesis, through the examination of extent sources and examples, that British policy has undergone a paradigm shift from one of rigid tradition to a more malleable policy style. Through a literature review, it attempts to define British policy as being steeped in tradition and rigid in nature. It also discusses how negotiation has not always been its greatest asset and many conflicts have gone unresolved as a result of this. However, it shows how British policy remains based on events of the past and it holds to its iconic public image of order and equality.
Outline
Introduction
Defining Traditional British Policy Style
When Traditional Mechanisms Break Down
The Effects of the EU on Individual Policies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A prime example of a change in policy is the recent policies regarding the Coal and Steel industries. The 1951 Treaty of Paris establishes the market structure of this industry. This treaty formed a basis for maintaining market stability among the treaty countries (Dudley and Richardson 1999). The Treaty of Paris provided a frame work for outside intervention into the industry by the concerned parties in order to regulate prices and assure stability of supply and demand. Recently there has been a shift from this conservative prospective and a trend towards a more open market environment. As a result there is now a movement to move away from the ideals in the Treaty of Paris. This reflects a trend in the world at large, but in this same respect, Britain must now make a decision of whether to abandon its rigid traditional rules, in which it may distance itself from other countries, or whether to re-examine its own policies and gain the benefits afforded by the global marketplace."
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British Foreign Policy, 2002.
An in-depth study of British foreign policy throughout modern history.
3,100 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper examines at length the history of Great Britain's international foreign policy, and its current state of affairs. It discusses England's global interest as the great prior colonial ruler, as opposed to being more Euro-centered. The paper describes that England's foreign policy strategy goal is to prevent a single global power from world dominance. The paper also discusses the emotive and bad-tempered way Britain debates its policy.
Table of Contents:
Overview
Post World War II
The End of the Cold War Era
Tony Blair and Current British Foreign Policy
The European Community
Conclusion
Endnotes
From the Paper
"Throughout modern history, Great Britain has never defined its? primary geopolitical role as a European power, preferring instead, to focus on its? global interests. In advancing this worldview, British foreign policy strategy has traditionally sought to prevent a single power - or group of powers - from dominating the continent by maintaining equilibrium of forces on the continent.
This emphasis upon maintaining a ?balance of power? in Europe has led Great Britain to frequently shift allegiances in favor of the weaker power bloc and to a policy where British interests were consistently pursued from the sideline of Europe. This policy continued during the Cold War as concern focused on the threat posed by the Soviet Union. The one significant difference from the British perspective was the use of an external power - United States - to guarantee the power."
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British Foreign Policy (1918-1945), 2006.
An analysis of the rise and fall of the power of Britain through its foreign policy between the years 1918 to 1945.
24,483 words (approx. 97.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Britain's foreign policy from the end of World War I until the end of World War II - specifically 1918 to 1945. It particularly focuses on the rise and fall of their power in the political world. The paper looks at Britain's relationship with various other powers in the world through this period of history and discusses how its policies affected their position within the international community.
Table of Contents:
The Locarno Era (1918-1931).
Advantages and Drawbacks of a Victory
Peace as a National Mood
Peace as an Electoral Necessity
The Foreign Policy of British Governments Between 1918 and 1931
The Emergence of Perils (1931-1937).
The Perils
Toying with Rearmament
The Obstacles to an Alternative Policy
Facing New Perils
Chamberlain in Office: Appeasement at its Peak? (May 1937-March 1939)
Appeasement: Some Problems of Terminology and Interpretations
The Motives of the appeasers
The Events in Europe from February 1938 to March 1939
The March to War
The Invasion of Czechoslovakia
The Mood of the Government and the Nation Changes
The Quest for Allies in Eastern Europe and the Balkans
From the Paper
"Their main preoccupation was what was going to happen in Czechoslovakia, which could be attacked from the north and the West as well as from the South. There was a mounting crisis in Czechoslovakia between the Germans and the Czechs because of the plight of a numerous group of people known as the Sudeten Germans. They were Germans living in Czechoslovakia, in the Sudeten land which was the hilly region which forms the border between Germany and Czechoslovakia. This part was till 1919 part of Austria and the Sudeten had been Austrian citizens in 1919. Czechoslovakia was politically dominated by the Czechs, 75 million, but it was ethnically speaking extremely heterogeneous, (in spite of the principle of self-government). Besides the Czechs, there were also several ethnic minorities, in particular 2.5 million Slovaks, half a million Hungarians, half a million Ruthinians, today Northern Ukrainians, 80,000 Poles, and above all 3.2 million Germans."
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British Social Welfare Policy, 2004.
An analysis of the British social welfare policy through a review of a "Journal of Allied Health" article, "Developing Health and Social Care," written by Iain Graham.
741 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the British social welfare policy by presenting an articled by Iain Graham that appeared in the "Journal of Allied Health," "Developing Health and Social Care under the Reforms of Tony Blair and Clement Attlee, Prime Ministers of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". The paper explains that the British social welfare policy was heavily dependent on the structure introduced for welfare by Elizabethan Poor Laws in 16th century. This structure continued to influence British social welfare policy until the early 20th century when it was reformed and restructured to meet the increasing population of urban poor after industrialization. As the population migration from rural to urban areas increased in the 16th century, numerous social and policy problems were encountered by British government of the time. This gave rise to the Poor Laws of 1601 that provided a clear definition of 'poor' and explained who was to benefit from welfare.
From the Paper
"British social welfare policy had undergone some massive changes in recent times. It was completely overhauled in 1970s after which amendments and reforms have regularly been introduced to meet the demands of increasing unemployment, healthcare, child issues and other social problems. In an important article by Iain Graham, the author focused on healthcare reform of Blair government and compared it to those of Clement Attlee's at the end of World War II. The article presents some interesting facts which explain the formation of National Health Service and the key health tasks facing the Blair government. The article also explains how Blair government is altering and reforming health and social services."
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British Health and Welfare Policy, 2003.
A discussion on how health and welfare policies are influenced by political agendas in Britain.
2,502 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper analyses how Britain is considered to be a liberal-democracy, whereby individuals select to vote for a candidate whose beliefs and values reflect their own and who is expected to lead the government forward and to develop policy in accordance with the values set out in their manifesto and in the interests of the public. It examines a selection of health and welfare policies that appear to have political motivations such as the 1906 Education Act and the 1948 NHS Act in order to establish the extent to which politics influences policy.
From the Paper
"In post-war Britain health care was diverse. It was supplied on a private basis to those who could afford to pay for it and by voluntary organisations for those who couldn?t. There was private insurance, state insurance (for workers) and free care for those with no insurance. There was a wide variety in the quality of care received. The same could be said for the knowledge of the doctors. Their geographical distribution posed further problems due to the fact that most doctors worked in affluent areas as there was money to be made there however, it was in the poor areas that they were needed most. Hospitals were forced to borrow money from the state, as there was an increased demand for their services following the war. As a result, the hospitals were facing the threat of closure."
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Models of Policy Implementation, 2003.
A discussion on the main assumptions of models of policy implementation.
1,807 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how once a decision is made with regard to a policy, a method of putting it into effect is required. It examines how implementation is a complex process whereby the means must make the goals achievable and how the process of implementation can be approached in two ways ? the ?top-down? (also known as ?the rational model? or ?forward mapping?) or ?bottom-up? (also known as ?backward mapping?. It shows how British policy is stuck with with the ?top-down? approach and how in order to make the best of it, each policy needs to come with clearly defined objectives, an implementation plan, sufficient support and resources and a system of communication and monitoring to ensure minimal deviation.
From the Paper
"The way things are interpreted by each individual can affect the implementation process. For example, a hospital manager may tell a G.P. that he needs to reduce waiting times for operations. The G.P. may interpret from that that he should perform some of the more minor operations at his surgery as he is qualified to do so. Alternatively, he could interpret that he simply needs to put people off operations if they are not an absolute emergency. The first interpretation would mean patients who have minor operations will be seen sooner and by reducing the number of people he is sending to hospital he is reducing the waiting times for those who are having operations there."
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Pre and Post 9/11 Foreign Policy, 2006.
This in-depth paper analyzes whether or not there has been a marked difference in America's foreign policy since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
3,310 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 23 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper examines the long history of America's foreign policy, which initially began in dealings with the British when America was a colony. It was then the contention that Americans should not have to bear the burden of England's on-going wars with France through the heavy taxation being levied by the British. This paper lists the various wars up until WWI, which America reluctantly entered, preferring to isolate itself from the constant turmoil in the world. However, as Germany and Italy pursued their policies of expansion, the U.S. supplied arms and munitions to the countries that would eventually become its allies. This paper also details the reasons for America's involvement in the Korean war. The writer of this well-researched paper delves into the massive programs of American foreign aid which have become an integral part of U.S. foreign policy. The writer of this paper attempts to uncover the real reasons behind the current administration's active involvement in the Middle East, primarily in Iraq. This paper also examines the popular sentiment that contends America goes to war in order to relieve internal pressures within its own administration.
From the Paper
"From this point, America managed to stay out of conflict until WWI which it entered reluctantly. After WWI, America, again, tried to isolate itself from the constant turmoil in the world. However, as Germany and Italy pursued their policies of expansion, the US was supplying arms and munitions to the countries who would eventually become its allies. It could be supposed that the policy of supplying arms was seen by Germany and Italy as a measure of engagement. At any rate, once Pearl Harbor was bombed, there no was no longer a question as to whether or not the US would go to war. It isn't clearly obvious in the reading what the theories are for our involvement in Korea other than concern with the spread of Communism. This fear or propaganda or motivation, whatever one wishes to label the mindset, would control American foreign policy for the next 50 years. Communism took over from Nazi Germany as the "Great Satan" and the new threat to democracy."
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Free Trade and Imperialism, 2002.
A look at nineteenth century British imperialist policy.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper examines British imperial policy in the nineteenth century. Specifically, it assesses the role of free trade and the conflict between free trade and territorial expansion of the Empire.
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Irish Home Rule, 2003.
A discussion on Irish home rule and British imperial policy.
4,140 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 143.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the effect of British imperial policy on home rule for Ireland. It analyzes the Home Rule question in 1886 and the broader issue of the structure and character of the British Empire. The paper explores dissension and conflict on the issue. It explains how the Irish form of government is modeled on the British parliamentary system. The author offers background of the formation of the British Empire and England's resistance to home rule for Ireland.
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Nuclear Energy Policies, 2006.
This paper discusses the production of electricity using nuclear energy and analyzes the policy approaches of England and France.
4,140 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the variables that must be considered in the decision to develop nuclear power capability such as (1) the actual location of a nuclear power plant, (2) the question of security and (3) the compatibility of entering into a nuclear program within the context of the country's long-range energy plans, international policies and aspirations and their level of scientific and technical education. The author points out that the critical gap in plans to expand British civil nuclear programs, which is widely recognized both by promoters and opposers of nuclear power, is the problem of managing radioactive wastes. The paper relates that the French policy differs from from the British policy in that it has gone beyond the concept of "nuclear substitution", designed to diversify and stabilize energy-producing capacity, into a policy of "nuclear electrification" under which the growth of electricity consumption has been deliberately encouraged.
From the Paper
"The lack of progress in the British industry reflects a number of fundamental differences between the two nations. One is relatively energy-rich while the other is energy-poor, and the insecurity experienced by the French has been much less marked on the other side of the Channel. On the contrary, the British have enjoyed a flexibility in energy options that is enviable. But beyond commercial questions, and beyond questions of energy supply and demand, lie the differences in institutional power and control and differences in political planning processes that expose the actions of the British industry to far more democratic scrutiny. The anti-nuclear lobby, though less volatile than its French equivalent, is stronger and more consistent. Faced with the luxury of choice, the decision-making process slows to the point of meandering and energy planning wallows in incoherence. This has two, sometimes, conflicting, consequences. Precipitate action on a major scale is checked, but the price of these checks may be slackening technical impetus and loss of commercial advantage."
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Ideological Assumptions of the British Welfare Regime -1945 to Present, 2003.
A discussion of how the British welfare regime has been profoundly shaped by ideological assumptions about family, work and nation in British society.
2,219 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how since the implementation of the modern British welfare state in 1945, the various regimes have been organised around an ideological triangle of family, work and nation. It looks at how this concept draws attention to the way in which welfare policies and practices are the product of a society characterised by normative representations of class, race and gender, which in turn determine the constitution of welfare citizenship. It shows how since 1945, ideological assumptions underpinning the social settlement have altered along with the changing political, economic and social landscape of Britain. It maps these changes, demonstrating the consequences for the development of successive welfare regimes. It also gives a chronological account of the way in which assumptions about class, race and gender influence welfare policy and practice.
From the Paper
"During the immediate post-war years there was a significant labour shortage and so the British government began a deliberate policy of encouraging immigration from Commonwealth countries. The British Nationality Act 1948 enshrined in law the right of Commonwealth citizens and their families to work and settle in Britain. However, many migrants found that despite Commonwealth citizenship, their immediate welfare needs were not being met (Clarke et al, 2001). For example, the eligibility criteria for provision of public housing, with regards to length of residence, served to exclude the newly arrived migrants."
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British Film Industry, 2008.
This paper provides a critique of the processes of British film in
respect to the influence of American film.
1,783 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that the British film industry often frames itself in respect to its counterpart, the American film industry. The writer notes that movies made in the United States typically gross larger sums than British films, a point that has long motivated the British film industry to identify American movie-making as a more profitable model. The writer argues, however, that the emulation of American films by British studios has typically fallen short of projections: the British film-going audience, which hungrily devours American blockbusters, is surprisingly hesitant to engage in films that are made in Britain and utilize American-style plots, cinematography, acting, and special effects.
Outline:
Introduction
British Film Media
Issues of Consideration in British Film
British Film and American Film
Summary
From the Paper
"When this process occurs, the value of a film made by a British film studio is challenged. The outcome is problematic, as the film itself may contribute to the British film industry as a composition with significant artistic merit, but the lack of financial incentives indicates that there is a strong potential for the film to get "lost" in the cinematic archives. Films that have permanency within an audience are not necessarily those with the greatest intrinsic merit but are instead those that have had backing through a strong studio and have created a market identity through advertising, widespread distribution, and so on. A film that communicates a strong message or has profound artistic composition will not necessarily become a permanent achievement in the film industry, and for most investors and studios an obscure picture might as well have never been made."
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British Involvement in the West Indies and India, 2006.
An examination of the economic, political and social influence on Britain of the West Indies and India.
2,255 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the influence of British involvement in the West Indies and India on the development of a sense of the British 'national' identity and politics over the period 1750-1860. In particular, the paper discusses the influence in the areas of material and economic wealth of Britain, Britain's social and cultural views of themselves and the 'others' they were in domination over and Britain's foreign policy and general political policy towards the West Indies and India.
From the Paper
"Finally, involvement in India, especially by the East India Company, directly influenced the notion of national identity and the politics of the period. As the East India company changed its very nature across the period, from a 'simple' trading company into an organisation which encompassed military, political and administrative roles, so did the role of the British state in India. Because the East India Company became more and more in control of the Indian subcontinent having to, successfully or not, manage administrative functions, the British crown became increasingly involved in altering the nature of the East India Company, thus 'Company' rule in India directly affected the politics of the period. It can be seen that Pitt motioned for Parliamentary reform in 1782, changing the nature of British politics, because of the influence the empire. Pitt stated that, 'some members of our Senate are at the command of a distant tyrant; that our Senators are no longer the representatives of British virtue but of the vices and pollutions of the East.' Pre-reform it had been seen that some seats of Parliament could literally be bought by foreign princes, and that educated representatives were sitting on behalf of rulers in India. The fact that Pitt's motion for Parliamentary reform exists shows the extent of the influence that India had on British high politics."
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The British Influence on the Indian Army, 2002.
Review of the British involvement in India and its influence on the creation of the Indian Army.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
The military history of British involvement in India began, fully, in 1857 when Indian forces staged a revolt against the British East India Company. The Indian army began as an indigenous force run by British officers. The British role in India, far surpassed the history of British Imperialism anywhere else in the world.
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The Decline of the British Empire, 2008.
An examination of the economic and cultural imperatives which caused the decline of the British empire.
3,240 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the fall of the British empire, beginning in the year 1870. After an era of exponential technological growth with unprecedented rates of economic growth, in 1870, the British economy began a gradual transformation into a sluggish and competitively disabled entity. Due to its unwillingness to evolve according to the apparent precepts of the Industrial Revolution, which implied a vast array of social, political and cultural revelations beyond its economic underpinnings, Great Britain would never truly recover from this descent. By the twentieth century, the combination of its costly involvement in two World Wars and its concession of almost all major colonial holdings would render Britain a nation among many nations. Its days as an empire had come to a distinct end. The paper concludes that, in the wake of this change, a reflection on the economic policies, political priorities and cultural proclivities of the British during the years of the Industrial Revolution reveal a nation whose defiance of a burgeoning social and economic reality would cost it its empire.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Hypothesis
Economic Model
Evidence
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Industrial Revolution caused a transition for Great Britain from an agriculturally based, feudalist economy into one where productivity and export would become of central importance. This would be true not just in Britain, but throughout the developed world, and increasingly throughout the colonially occupied sectors of the Third World. For Britain, this meant the organization of a manufacturing economy. "The logic of a manufacturing economy," one theory dictates "is a surplus economy. In a manufacturing economy, a person's productive labour needs to produce more than they need to keep life going." (Hughes, 2) Though this would initially occur in Great Britain, the dependency of such an economy on effectively competitive export practices would cause England eventual disadvantage."
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