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British Parliament and a Written Constitution, 2005.
This paper explores why a written constitution and parliamentary sovereignty are mutually exclusive.
2,049 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the assertion that the British government has tried, in recent years, to introduce a kind of written constitution at the expense of parliamentary sovereignty. The paper defines a constitution and parliamentary sovereignty and shows why they are not compatible. The paper discusses the decisions of the British government and offers examples of legal cases to determine whether parliamentary sovereignty is indeed threatened. The paper includes descriptions of famous UK and EU cases.
From the Paper
"A written constitution seems indeed to be "the very antithesis" of Parliamentary Sovereignty in various aspects."
"Firstly, a written constitution is a constitution written in a single document. This formal document is a set of rules that defines the nation's fundamental political principles. It seeks to regulate the relationship between the institutions of the state - the executive, the legislative and the judiciary- and to define the relationship between the State and the individuals, establishing the powers and duties of the government and guaranteeing certain rights to the citizens. Most states in the world have a written constitution. The fact that it is coherent and easy to understand represents its most obvious advantage."
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British Parliament, 2006.
A paper discussing the influence that special interests groups and lobbyists have on British Parliament.
2,472 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the workings of the British Parliament with particular focus on the role and influence that special interests and lobbyists have on that process. The paper explains that these groups have a great deal of influence on the legislation passed in the Parliament and that, often, special interest groups and lobbyists are the only ones that can affect the outcome of legislation. The paper further points out that access to Parliament is far from equal, which creates an advantage for some interests and a disadvantage for others.
From the Paper
"It is often said that pressure groups, unlike parties, do not seek to govern. What does this actually mean? The usual interpretation is that pressure groups do not put forward candidates for parliamentary elections in a serious attempt to win seats and form a government. Although this is generally true, one should be aware that occasionally pressure groups do get involved in electoral politics. A number of them seek to influence the selection of candidates themselves within the parties in an attempt to ensure, for example, that they are pro-Europe, unilateralist, anti-abortion, pro-hunting, and so on. At election time some groups campaign on behalf of candidates supporting their aims. Others monitor the views of election candidates and circulate this information to members and in some cases to the wider public. There have been cases where pressure groups have put up their own candidates at elections. Also, pressure groups often seek to build close links both with prospective candidates and sitting Members of Parliament (MP) in an effort to create a significant bloc in Parliament. The trade unions, for instance, seek to achieve this through the sponsorship of candidates, while many industrial lobbies attempt to build bridges with MPs who have relevant consistency and financial interests."
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British Parliament In 15th Cent, 1993.
Examined in terms of political turmoil, background, functions, processes, privileges, powers, sessions, membership, relations with King, petitions and Lords & Commons.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
" The history of the British parliament is a very long history compared to that of most public institutions. This fact is a testimony both to how early in history this body was created and to the degree to which there has been some consistency and sense of continuity in British governmental history. The fifteenth century was a period of political ferment and particular turmoil for Parliament, which was cancelled in 1402 and which did not meet during several other years in the course of the century as changes were wrought in the institution. The procedures and privileges of Parliament in the fifteenth century had a particular character that casts light on the development of the institution, the nature of Parliament before the fifteenth century, and points to some of the developments that would come after."
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Is the Australian Constitution in Need of Reform?, 2006.
An examination of the need for transformation of the Australian Constitution.
2,173 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the inconsistencies within the Australian Constitution can be most effectively addressed through the process of reform. The paper begins with a discussion of the history and content of the Constitution. It then explains the ambiguities in the application of conventions, and the structure and roles of the Federal Parliament. The writer advocates that Australia's political, economic, cultural and social development need to be reflected in the Australian Constitution. The writer concludes that reforms are needed to bring the Constitution into a modern context, so that it is truly representative of the society that Australia is today.
From the Paper
"Many have argued that the Australian Constitution no longer performs this function effectively, and for this reason should be reformed. There are many ambiguities and inconsistencies in the role of the Constitution in today's society. These are apparent in the application of conventions, and the structure and roles of the Federal Parliament. The methods available to change the Constitution are limited, comprising mainly of referenda and High Court interpretations. Suggested areas of reform to bring the Constitution into the modern times include the implementation of a 'bill of rights' and a re-writing of the Constitution preamble. It is argued that the inconsistencies within the Australian Constitution can be most effectively addressed through the process of reform."
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Why the British Lost the Revolutionary War, 2003.
Examines the reasons why Britain lost the American War of Independence (Revolutionary War) against weaker American troops.
2,741 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the reasons why the British, from Parliament to the Expeditionary Forces, were defeated by a less trained and weaker American army. The main causes brought forth are the lack of communications between the British at home and in America, the growth of British debt, the ineffectiveness of Royal Navy and the placement of the war at a secondary priority to other affairs. These basic causes, combined with primary sources and historical quotes, create the paper. In essence, this paper analyzes the British strategy and states that they lost the war by their own misgivings, rather than by American out management.
From the Paper
"For over 200 years, from the late 16th century to the end of the 18th century, Great Britain was arguably the most powerful nation on earth. Encompassing within its control more than one half of the earth at its prime, it sought to spread its culture, language, and military across the globe. Speculation had reached as far as India, Africa, and Australia. One vital asset was the American colonies, where British policies of mercantilism and imperialism intimately revealed their true aspirations of a daughter nation. Apart from close ties to English money and government, the Americans were personally linked with their counterparts across the sea in language, culture, and their quest for freedom. Late in the 17th century, the Glorious Revolution paved the way for change in England. Then, nearly a hundred years later, the Americans took their own leap towards freedom by declaring themselves ?Free and Independent States? from the tyrannical king of England, George III. After the American Declaration of Independence, the stage was set for a new type of war: a battle between an oppressed, under-represented people and a giant empire, which was stretched beyond its means. ?The Revolution was effected before the war commenced,? remarked John Adams. It was a transformation ?in the minds and hearts of the people? (Wood 3). The America colonies would enter a war in which they were fighting not only for the United States, but also for their own rights to ?life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness? (Dec. of Ind.). Never truly realizing the extent of American rebelliousness, the English at no time completely directed their full effort or armaments towards the war. Shortly after the Seven Years? War with France, the British were deeply in debt, the largest in history to that date, and unwilling to devote themselves to another war. French and Spanish retaliatory attacks for prior defeats were a constant threat, and the British had no intention of spreading themselves thin. Despite seemingly having enormous advantages, the British were unable to quickly quell the uprising, mainly due to poor commanders and cautious strategies. Their involvement in the Revolutionary War was a halfhearted effort, due to an unwillingness to commit themselves financially when they were so much in debt. The Americans were able to successfully defeat the Britons because of a lack of adequate communications between the commanders actually in battle, and those back in Great Britain, where the war was considered a secondary priority by the government."
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The British and the American War of Independence, 2002.
Examines the reasons why Britain lost the American War of Independence.
600 words (approx. 2.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 21.95
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Abstract
The seeds of eventual American independence were sown long before the event actually took place. This paper shows that a series of events and acts of the British themselves, including their military generals, the King and the British Parliament ensured their own defeat rather than the Americans having had to win it. This essay examines the political, social, and economic reasons behind Britain's defeat.
From the Paper
"Economics was not the only reason behind the promulgation of the Stamp Act. The British Parliament also wanted to assert its sovereignty over its American colonies by the Act. It was a politically unwise step since the Americans felt that they were not represented in the British Parliament; hence it had no right to tax them under the philosophy of ?no taxation without representation.? The Parliament further exacerbated the situation when instead of compromising, introduced further punitive measures, including a wider range of custom duties in 1767."
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U.S. and British Political System, 2004.
This paper compares the structure of the national governments of both the United States and Great Britain, focusing on the executive and legislative levels.
1,425 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The first part of this paper examines the workings of the presidential system of government in the United States. The next part then looks at the corresponding system in Great Britain, focusing on the structure of the British Houses of Parliament. The final part of this paper then compares the two systems, examining how the two countries rely on their different political systems to serve the needs of their constituents.
From the Paper
"The Constitution of the United States designates three main structures of government. The judiciary is charged with the country?s legal system, interpreting and upholding the country?s laws. The legislature, composed of the Lower House and the Senate, is composed of representatives who write the laws of the country. Finally, the executive branch runs the country?s administrative needs."
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Boston Tea Party, 1991.
This paper discusses the Boston Tea Party of 1773: Background, Colonist-British differences, taxation, Tea Act, purpose of protest, reaction of British Parliament, and its role in pre-Revolutionary American.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the events and issues surrounding the Boston Tea Party. The plan of the research will be to set forth the overall chronology of issues that emerged and established the political context in which the Tea Party could take place, and then to discuss the impact of the incident on the colonies, in particular the British responses that ultimately led to the Revolutionary War.
An appropriate understanding of the importance of the Boston Tea Party cannot be obtained without an understanding of the issues and events that preceded it. The Party, which occurred in 1773, actually had its origins several years earlier, in the wake of the French and Indian War, which ended in 1763. In 1766, Parliament passed the Quartering Act, which provided for "billeting, provisioning and discipline of British forces . . ."
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Constitutional Law in the United Kingdom.
This paper examines the constitution of the United Kingdom, specifically the "conventions" of law, their ability to be enforced, and the superior rule of law.
1,665 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the United Kingdom (UK), or Great Britain, is considered a democracy, which operates under a parliamentary system in which the supreme authority is held by the legislature under a figurehead sovereign, who, for all intents and purposes, does not rule but does reign. The author points out that, due to conventions, the Queen generally will not act against the advice of her ministers, but her participation is a requirement, as is her approval. The paper relates that the sources of constitutional conventions are those things that are acceptable and have been acceptable for a long time, things that society finds acceptable within the realm of its morals, beliefs, or principles, based on many years of compatibility and agreeability among the majority of society.
Table of Contents
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Government of the UK and Great Britain
Parliament
The Legislature
The Executive
The Judiciary
The Crown
The House of Lords
The House of Commons
Political Parties
The Ministry and Cabinet
County Courts
Constitutional Conventions
Functions of Constitutional Conventions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"An act of Parliament can make changes in the constitution or a new convention being established through usage and acceptance in general. An appointed committee released a report in 1973 which makes recommendation for revisions that were major in nature. These recommended revisions would permit the constituent parts within the United Kingdom to take the reins of control of their own affairs to a much greater extent. The government is composed of the Parliament which governs in the name of the Crown or Monarchy and is considered to be supreme. The three branches of the Parliament are the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary branches."
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British Film Industry, 2008.
This paper provides a critique of the processes of British film in
respect to the influence of American film.
1,783 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that the British film industry often frames itself in respect to its counterpart, the American film industry. The writer notes that movies made in the United States typically gross larger sums than British films, a point that has long motivated the British film industry to identify American movie-making as a more profitable model. The writer argues, however, that the emulation of American films by British studios has typically fallen short of projections: the British film-going audience, which hungrily devours American blockbusters, is surprisingly hesitant to engage in films that are made in Britain and utilize American-style plots, cinematography, acting, and special effects.
Outline:
Introduction
British Film Media
Issues of Consideration in British Film
British Film and American Film
Summary
From the Paper
"When this process occurs, the value of a film made by a British film studio is challenged. The outcome is problematic, as the film itself may contribute to the British film industry as a composition with significant artistic merit, but the lack of financial incentives indicates that there is a strong potential for the film to get "lost" in the cinematic archives. Films that have permanency within an audience are not necessarily those with the greatest intrinsic merit but are instead those that have had backing through a strong studio and have created a market identity through advertising, widespread distribution, and so on. A film that communicates a strong message or has profound artistic composition will not necessarily become a permanent achievement in the film industry, and for most investors and studios an obscure picture might as well have never been made."
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The British Influence on the Indian Army, 2002.
Review of the British involvement in India and its influence on the creation of the Indian Army.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
The military history of British involvement in India began, fully, in 1857 when Indian forces staged a revolt against the British East India Company. The Indian army began as an indigenous force run by British officers. The British role in India, far surpassed the history of British Imperialism anywhere else in the world.
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Ideological Assumptions of the British Welfare Regime -1945 to Present, 2003.
A discussion of how the British welfare regime has been profoundly shaped by ideological assumptions about family, work and nation in British society.
2,219 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how since the implementation of the modern British welfare state in 1945, the various regimes have been organised around an ideological triangle of family, work and nation. It looks at how this concept draws attention to the way in which welfare policies and practices are the product of a society characterised by normative representations of class, race and gender, which in turn determine the constitution of welfare citizenship. It shows how since 1945, ideological assumptions underpinning the social settlement have altered along with the changing political, economic and social landscape of Britain. It maps these changes, demonstrating the consequences for the development of successive welfare regimes. It also gives a chronological account of the way in which assumptions about class, race and gender influence welfare policy and practice.
From the Paper
"During the immediate post-war years there was a significant labour shortage and so the British government began a deliberate policy of encouraging immigration from Commonwealth countries. The British Nationality Act 1948 enshrined in law the right of Commonwealth citizens and their families to work and settle in Britain. However, many migrants found that despite Commonwealth citizenship, their immediate welfare needs were not being met (Clarke et al, 2001). For example, the eligibility criteria for provision of public housing, with regards to length of residence, served to exclude the newly arrived migrants."
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?British Cinema and John Schlesinger?, 2004.
This paper discusses film director John Schlesinger who, in the 1960s, was part of a new social realism in British films and a revivification of the British film industry.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the social realism of the early 1960s was an accidental movement in film in which numerous films were produced for and about the working class, depicting working class life in realistic and dramatic terms, rather than comic terms. The paper points out that Schlesinger depicts characters facing a crisis in their lives when forced to confront the reality of their existence in films like ?Midnight Cowboy?, for which he won an Oscar, and ?The Falcon and the Snowman?. The paper relates that Schlesinger is known for films with a careful mixture of social commentary and entertainment value, as he makes his social observations entertaining to audiences.
From the Paper
"In the 1960s, film director John Schlesinger was part of a new social realism in British films and a revivification of the British film industry. Schlesinger came out of television and broke through to the world cinema with films like A Kind of Loving (1962), Billy Liar (1963), and Darling (1965), after which he began making most of his films in the United States beginning with the major success of Midnight Cowboy (1969). In his early work, Schlesinger made 26 films for the BBC, worked as second unit director on several television series, and eventually managed to make his first feature with A Kind of Loving."
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David Gillborn on British Education, 2005.
An analysis of British academic David Gillborn's research on the failure of the British education system, focusing on the unsuccessful mixture of social groups.
2,358 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the way Gillborn views Britain's school system. It points out that Gillborn concludes that, as a result of political neglect, students of racial and ethnic diversity remain a marginal concern at the national level in schools and are still systematically excluded from their own schools. The paper discusses how Gillborn gives a hopeless forecast for the future, ultimately, implying that the increasing concern among teachers about social justice and equality issues are still at popular odds with the social concerns of the people. The paper concludes that the real question Gillborn leaves remaining is to the nature of his address and at whom it is focused; ultimately, policy makers, educators, academics and students should be well-versed in it, if any of the systematic failure he addresses should change.
From the Paper
"The refusal of the British government to directly address policy to the ethnic and racial discrimination occurring in the school systems worsened not only the system, but also the lives of millions of children, Gillborn concludes. Unlike the direct and explicit policy of American schools to address these demographic discrepancies, the British system, instead, amorphously moved around the issue, approaching it with a meta-interest that extended no further than a special group appointed to address multicultural education in the National Curriculum. This work, however, was never published. (Tomlinson 1991.) Gillborn critiques the government for its construction of not only its system but its attainment of education reforms as well, which he says that, without ever actually addressing race, clearly construct a particular version of a nation, its heritage ,and traditions, excluding any real debate over the treatment and forecast for specific groups. (Gillborn, 1999, pg. 14.)"
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Youthful Offenders Under British Law, 2006.
A research into how youthful offenders are handled by British Law.
2,108 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper researches the British legal system with regards to youthful offenders and the sentencing of juvenile offenders in British Courts. This research shows that more studies are necessary in order to develop a program to better assist young offenders in the British legal system.
Contents:
Research Proposal Objective
Statement of the Problem
Introduction
Methodology of the Research
Age of Juvenile Offender According to General British Law
Alternative Sentencing Solutions Available in British Courtrooms
Youthful Offenders: Custodial Sentence
Argument Both For and Against Custodial Sentencing of Young Offenders
Findings
From the Paper
"The age of 'responsibility' or 'accountability' in the criminal justice court in England and Wales is the age of 10. Juveniles in the age range between 10 and 17 years old must appear before a youth court upon receiving a criminal charge A National Institute of Justice report states that "the sanctions available to youth courts are more restricted than those for adult courts, the major differences being that fines can be imposed which parents must pay and supervision or attendance center orders may be imposed." (NIJ Report) Options exist that may be pursued in lieu of typical trial on the case the defendant is charged under. For example, the following options are available in the British Court/Legal System. Alternatives to trials exist, according to the National Institute of Justice Report due to the possibility of a "formal caution administered by the police, used disproportionately for young offenders...." Stated is that a caution of a formal nature makes as a requirement that specific conditions be met. Inclusive in these requirements is that the offender: (1) admit to the offense; and (2) The offender and their guardian must be willing to "proceed as the police wish".
The following is stated in relation to Youth Courts which are one within the division of various Special Courts: Courts. Youth courts are specialized magistrates' courts that adjudicate cases involving defendants less than 18 years of age. There are restrictions on the access of the public and press to such courts. The defendant and any other witnesses under 18 years old must not be identified. "
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