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"Bridge at Argenteuil", 2008.
A look at the Impressionistic innovations of Claude Monet in the "Bridge at Argenteuil".
733 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the facets of the impressionistic style in the "Bridge at Argenteuil" by Claude Monet. The paper describes how the "Bridge at Argenteuil" is an innovative landscape that creates new ways to interpret color and light through the stylistics of Monet's impressionist approach.
From the Paper
"Claude Monet painted The Bridge at Argenteuil in 1874, further innovating new insights into how impressionism would evolve in light of the classical realism as a dominant art style of his era. The clarity of form through Realist objectivity (the major influence of scientific thought) in many European works--especially those in Great Britain--was a major cultural opponent of Monet's painting style and unorthodox use of color and lighting. In the painting, Monet applies a series of short brushstrokes that result in a choppy formation of various colors, such as green, browns, and blue that build upon the reflection of the bridge, the sky, and the boat on the water."
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Bridge Management, 2004.
This paper is an extensive discussion of a systems approach to decision- making in bridge management systems worldwide, especially in the UK.
19,945 words (approx. 79.8 pages), 43 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, inevitably, bridges deteriorate over time at different rates: Timely maintenance activities, which are well-planned and carried out with minimal disruption to road users can present substantial savings in terms of both time and money for both bridge owners and road users. The author ponts out that, to tackle the complicated issues regarding bridge management, research activities in the UK as well as other countries in continental Europe concentrate largely on the bridge management process, with attention given to improving the use of limited finances to maximize the returns from the maintenance and repair of the bridge stock as well as reduce additional costs due to traffic delays and lane closures for these activities. The paper includes a critical review of other BMSs used worldwide, development of models to predict bridge condition over time, analysis of the various road user costs and using different optimizing techniques to best allocate finances and optimize bridge performance. 39 tables. 40 figures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Objective
Bridge Conditions in the U.K.
Introduction
Maintenance and Upgrading
Expenditure
Department of Transport (DoT) Programme
What is a Bridge Management System (BMS)?
Introduction
Department of Transport Structure
Maintenance Agents
BMS in the U.K. and Other Countries
Introduction
Bridge Condition
Other Information in BMS's
Condition Prediction
Cost Models
Decision for Maintenance and Repair
Prioritization
BMS in the U.S.A.
BRIDGIT System
PONTIS System
SMIS System
Inventory
Inspection and Assessment
National Structures Programmes (NSPs)
Prioritization
Project Creation
Whole Life Assessment and Costing
Activities Schedule
Data Accuracy
Design Specifications
Access
Integration with External Systems
Bridge Inspection and Assessment
Bridge Inspection Types
Defects
Bridge Scoring
Introduction
Definitions
Bridge Condition Score (BCS)
Bridge Condition Index (BCI)
Bridge Stock Condition Index (BSCI)
Multi Span Bridges
Bridge Scoring Example
Interpreting BCS's
BCS Results
Histograms for Bridge Stock
Interpreting BCI's
BCI Results
Interpreting BSCI's
Predicting Bridge Condition with Time
Introduction
Markov Chain Approach
Example Calculation
Bridge Condition Example
Bridge Condition Results
Bridge Aggregation Example
Bridge Aggregation Results
Bridge Stock Example
Bridge Stock Results
Traffic Costs
Introduction
Traffic Count Example
Traffic Count Results
Traffic Delay Cost Examples
Delay Costs Results (1st Example)
Delay Costs Results (2nd Example)
Accident Cost Example
Accident Costs Results
Environmental Impact
Introduction
Emissions Example
Emissions Results
Decision-Making and Prioritization
Decision-making
Introduction
Prioritization
Introduction
Dynamic Programming
Budget Allocation Approach
Budget Allocation Results (1st Example)
Budget Allocation Results( 2nd Example)
Budget Allocation Results ( 3rd Example)
Improvements to Budget Allocation Approach
Introduction to BCI optimization approach
Service Potential (BCI) Examples
BCI Optimization Results (1st Example)
BCI Optimization Results (2nd Example)
BCI Optimization Results (3rd Example)
Maintenance Costs Examples
BCI Optimization Results (4th Example)
BCI Optimization Results (5th Example)
BCI Optimization Results (6th Example)
Conclusion
Future Research
From the Paper
"It is proposed that the transition probabilities to be used are the Bridge Condition Index (BCI), which operates on a linear scale of 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The degree of severity of bridges is linearly distributed over this range (i.e. BCI of 50 to 51 is the same as 90 to 91), except that costs are expected not to have a linear distribution. This is a useful approach as the BCI (average) is interpreted as 'service potential' and is used as a performance indicator.
Using the example for multi span bridges earlier on, the transition probabilities for a three-state Markov chain model with limiting stage value of 3 is proposed. The probabilities are in accordance to the BCI values for the 'good' bridge arranged in order of descending magnitude (i.e. P(1) = 0.9845 and P(2) = 0.9246). For the purposes of comparison, the other two bridges ('medium' and 'bad') are also modelled and the three are plotted together."
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Peace Bridge, 2007.
The paper discusses the Peace bridge and looks at the proposal of a new additional bridge.
2,152 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the Peace Bridge spans the Niagara River and links the cities of Fort Erie, Ontario and Buffalo, New York. The writer points out that this bridge is considered a critical link for cross-border commercial traffic with considerable economic significance for the region. The paper explains that the bridge was built in 1927, has three traffic lanes and sidewalks, and has been well-maintained so it is in excellent condition. The writer points out that the proposal to construct a new bridge that would cross the river is not due to damage to the existing bridge but to the limited capacity of the roadways on the bridge.
From the Paper
"Someone designed the highway, while no one designed the space under the bridge. Such extra spaces are often created with such large-scale projects. This space is not likely to be useful in the current project to add three lanes of traffic to the existing bridge, though a more useful design for this space could be included at the same time to improve the area."
"The current bridge is a 3,600-foot steel truss built in 1927. The bridge is made up of five arched spans crossing the Niagara River, with an added through-truss span crossing the Black Rock Canal on the American side. The bridge was built of tons of steelwork and concrete abutments to hold it. The bridge was built to relieve traffic on the International Railway Bridge erected in 1873. The construction had to overcome the swift river current in that area, running at about twelve miles per hour. It is hoped that an addition to the bridge can increase traffic by one-third."
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Corrosion in Concrete Bridge Girders, 2008.
A critical examination concerning the problem of corrosion in concrete bridge girders with recommendations to resolve the issue.
5,442 words (approx. 21.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 133.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the fact that roads invariably require bridges to cross over roads and rivers, and as strong as the bridges may seem to be at the time of their construction, engineers have not been able to build corrosion-proof bridges. The paper highlights the problems associated with corrosion of steel reinforced concrete bridge girders as they are vitally important to travelers and to engineers. The paper also reviews the numerous studies that have been conducted, and provides recommendations for better predictability vis-a-vis when a bridge is due to be replaced.
Outline:
Table of Contents
List of Figures, Nomenclature, Introduction
Hypothesis of Theoretical Considerations
Procedure
Results
Discussion of Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
From the Paper
"This paper provides a strong engineering and safety background into the problems associated with corrosion and bridges. The procedure used in this paper is presented through the careful examination of the existing literature. Some of the literature may be a few years old but the past is prologue; what went before is as relevant as what is going on today. Other literature presented is quite contemporary, and all of the materials presented in this paper are relevant. Especially relevant are studies that have been conducted six, seven, eight and more years ago; compared and contrasted with what engineers and scientists are saying in the latest bulletins and research documents. For example, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) offered standard specifications for highway bridges in the 1990s that seem to be practical and yet have clearly not provided a workable solution to the ongoing problems of corrosion.
In the article titled "Reliability of Reinforced Concrete Girders Under Corrosion Attack," the authors (Frangopol, et al, 1997) embrace the AASHTO strategy; first, the effects of corrosion "on both moment and shear reliabilities" are carefully investigated; second, a "reliability-based design approach" that is based on minimization of "total material cost including corrosion effects" is taken into consideration. This article suggests that taking into consideration the environmental stressors on concrete (due to corrosion), along with the AASHTO standards, can then be plugged into "reliability-based optimization software." That software is a product of the combining of general-purpose optimization software and a Monte Carlo simulation-based evaluation program.
Hence, the procedure for coming up with reliable estimates of the life expectancy of concrete girders comes in two phases, according to this research. Phase one spans the time from construction to corrosion initiation; phase two, from corrosion initiation to time when "unacceptable levels of section loss have occurred." But is this procedure proactive or reactive? The answer - it is indeed reactive, and it is also outdated. But nevertheless it should be researched and understood because it is part of the literature. Science cannot predict future conditions and dynamics based on models and hypotheses alone. A foundation for the projections of the future is based on evidence from the past. "
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London Bridge, 1999.
A historical, cultural and architectural analysis of the bridge and its evolution, fate and succeeding structures.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, $ 55.95
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Abstract
"When people in the United States today hear the term "London Bridge," they are most likely to think of one of the most peculiar sights anywhere within the United States that of the London Bridge in Lake Havasu City, Arizona.
From the Paper
"When people in the United States today hear the term "London Bridge," they are most likely to think of one of the most peculiar sights anywhere within the United States that of the London Bridge in Lake Havasu City, Arizona. Surrounded by faked-up Tudor buildings and busloads of tourists, the large bridge is dwarfed by the majesty of the desert Southwest. The entire enterprise stands as a monument to a deep human appreciation for irony, for what else could explain the immense cost and energy that went into transporting such an immense structure such a long way for so very little purpose.
But this peculiar structure in the desert is in fact not the real London Bridge at all (if any bridge can in fact lay claim to that title, which seems unlikely), but the New London Bridge, designed in 1831 by the Scottish engineer John Rennie ..."
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?The Bridge of San Luis Rey?, 2004.
A review of the novel, ?The Bridge of San Luis Rey? by Thornton Wilder.
811 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, in "The Bridge of San Luis Rey", Thornton Wilder is trying to explore, with the reader, the meaning of life. It looks at how Wilder explores the theme of his novel through the point of view of a third person, Brother Juniper, who witnesses the collapse of the bridge of San Luis Rey and the death of five people. It also examines how the use of sunlight is symbolic of enlightenment and the message that the meaning of life is found among the living.
From the Paper
"Just as the reader begins to feel that the purpose of life is to discover the meaning of love and the importance of expressing it unreservedly, Wilder raises another complication. The Marquesa is never given a chance to begin anew as she dies on the Bridge of San Luis Rey a few days later. The conflict begins again. What is the meaning of life? If the narrative is taken at face value, it all seems rather senseless, for after all, where is the point in achieving self-realization literally at the point of death? Unless, Wilder intended the reader to derive the meaning through evoking a sense of sympathy for the character of the Marquesa or even a sense of outrage at the waste."
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Bridge Design, 2004.
A discussion of different types of bridges, their advantages, and disadvantages.
2,785 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper talks about the three most commonly constructed types of bridges in use today. The paper provides historical information about the bridges types, looks at their cost and the availability of materials for each of the bridges, as well as the complexity of engineering of each bridge. It goes on to explain how all of these factors, including a bridge's length capabilities and its artistic and aesthetic qualities, all go into the decisions that an engineer, designer, or contractor must consider when choosing the appropriate bridge for each necessary location and use.
From the Paper
"Bridges are an integral but often overlooked part of today?s commuting society. Most drivers feel completely secure and grounded when on any well-designed bridge, even though they may in fact be hundreds of feet in the air above a large gap or body of water. Bridges are not only functional for travel, but may be the key to growth and survival of many areas that would otherwise remain in isolation. Bridges also have a way of becoming important historical and artistic landmarks, and many bridges receive engineering and even artistic awards. Many cities like San Francisco, for example, are as recognizable by the their bridges as by any other city landmark. There are many different kinds of bridges used today. Three of the more common and interesting types of bridge in common usage today is the suspension bridge, the cable stayed bridge, and the reinforced concrete bridge."
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Joseph Stella?s ?Old Brooklyn Bridge?.
This paper discusses, based on John Berger?s book, ?Ways of Seeing?, the experience of seeing Joseph Stella?s painting, ?Old Brooklyn Bridge?.
2,020 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the ?Old Brooklyn Bridge? is positively aglow with color and light; the painting is alive and active, its linear composition is stellar, and the palate reminiscent of the industrial age in which it was born. The author points out that she sees the painting with increasing awareness and a deeper understanding of the artist?s intent, now understanding, in Berger?s words, that art becomes "a record of how X had seen Y.? The paper reveals that the clearest structure the author could discern in the background was a strategically placed depiction of the bridge?s recognizable towers.
From the Paper
"Reflecting further on Berger?s ?Ways of Seeing,? I recalled his section on perspective. One of the most remarkable aspects of Stella?s painting is its linear perspective. The lines representing the suspension cables of the bridge converge in space. The most notable conversion occurs at the very top of the canvas, where at least two of these beams intersect. Had I not known they were suspension cables I might have thought they were beams of light or just abstract lines. Yet although Stella approaches an abstract rendition of the Brooklyn Bridge, this painting is not what I would call abstract."
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Bridge Rehabilitation and other important things, 2005.
A look at the rehabilitation of bridges.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 10 sources, $ 142.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the rehabilitation of bridges. The paper begins by examining what bridges are from a structural and engineering standpoint, as well as how they may be evaluated and inspected. The paper then proceeds to examine what techniques can be implemented to rehabilitate bridges. The modernization of bridges is also discussed. The paper provides an overview of how bridges can be protected and society's financial and commercial investment in them well-rewarded.
From the Paper
"The succeeding paper will review the rehabilitation of bridges by examining what bridges are from a structural and engineering standpoint as well as how they may be evaluated and inspected. The paper will then proceed to examine what techniques can be implemented to "rehabilitate" bridges as well as how the modernization of bridges can be permitted to unfold. This is a fairly complex topic and it is not possible to do it justice inside of twenty pages. Nonetheless, this paper will provide an overview of how bridges can be protected and society's financial and commercial investment in them well-rewarded."
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"A View From the Bridge", 2006.
A detailed review of the Arthur Miller play "A View From the Bridge".
15,850 words (approx. 63.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a scene-by-scene analysis of the play "A View from the Bridge" by acclaimed American playwright Arthur Miller. The first several page of this paper are devoted to an assessment of Miller's ideas about play-writing and the drama genre, as well as his attitude toward his characters and the audience's interpretation of them. Then, the paper offers an extremely detailed discussion and analysis of this family drama and its eleven characters. The author studies the characters' actions, dialogue and emotions throughout the play.
From the Paper
"Events are drawn together in a drama. As the selection of events becomes less and less dominated by the question of their natural maturation the style of the play moves further away from realism. Miller says that the events in the drama which covers a period of time generally tends to become unrealistic otherwise the drama would tend to become boring and cannot be completed in a time span. The underlying poem of the play has always to be depicted so that the correct essence of the play is brought out to the viewing audience. Hence his dramas are generally poetic."
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"Bridge to Terabithia", 2005.
This paper discusses pre-pubescent coping with loss in Katherine Paterson's "Bridge to Terabithia".
1,820 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Katherine Paterson's young adult fiction "Bridge to Terabithia" (1978) provides an outlet for students to explore the death of a friend before it happens in their own existences. The author points out that, by creating a realistic fictional world about two prepubescent children who are weaving a fantasy community of their own called Terabithia, Paterson creates identifiable characters that are confronting death too soon. The paper stresses that, by refusing to frame the girl's death as a morality tale or as something that occurs with a great deal of narrative foreshadowing, the book teaches that death is not a punishment but is a sadness, which occurs without blame.
Table of Contents
Introduction: The Use of 'Realism' and 'Realistic' Characters in a Young Adult Text about Death
Definition and Purpose of the Genre of Realism
Statement of Importance: How it Enhances the Text
Explanation of Literary Element and Author's Use
Appropriate Examples
Analysis and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Ultimately, the children's everyday problems do not stop at the castle walls of Terabithia, and real life soon invades the imaginary kingdom even before Leslie's death. Leslie is mocked because her family does not have a television set at home. She becomes jealous of Jess' increasingly close relationship with his music teacher Miss Edmunds. She feels abandoned, as she did before when Leslie's family relocated against her wishes to Appalachia. At first, she missed her old, more urban environment and its greater cultural opportunities, before she met Jess. Now, these are opportunities that Jess accesses in a visit to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City with one of his teachers."
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" An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge", 2006.
A review of " An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" by Ambrose Bierce.
883 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses Ambrose Bierce's " An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge". According to the paper, in the work Bierce takes his readers on an ironic journey through a brutal death and the possibilities of heaven and hell. The paper further reports that this horror story takes a poignant, ironic look of the process of death and possesses an eerie tone.
From the Paper
"This story, a poignant, ironic look of the process of death, possesses an eerie tone, as well, as evidenced by its appearance as a Twilight Zone episode. I believe that Bierce created a horror story to impress his readers with the finality and futility of war and the gruesome misery it entails. Rather than simply write another war story, Bierce captivates his readers with a supernatural cliffhanger that shifts in and out of the realm of possibility and leaves us affected and caring about Peyton Farquhar."
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Bierce's Owl Creek Bridge, 2005.
This paper offers a literary analysis of the short story "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" by Ambrose Bierce.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Ambrose Bierce's short story "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge." The paper looks at the author's style of lyric realism and the use of irony. The paper reviews the main character and the plot.
From the Paper
"Ambrose Bierce wrote "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" in order to crawl inside the minds of her audience and psychologically play with their brains just to find out what might happen at the other end. The detailed characterization of the unlucky protagonist, as well as the elegantly crafted style of the narrative work together produce the irony that so often characterizes Bierce's writing and causes us to marvel at its composition."
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"The Bridge Over the Drina", 2002.
A look at the concept of devotion to a people in the book "The Bridge Over the Drina" by Ivo Andric.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of "nationalism" in Ivo Andric's Nobel Prize winning novel, "The Bridge Over the Drina". As the book itself comes in several seemingly- independent sections, the concept of nationalism is expressed in many different ways.
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"Bridge Over the River Kwai", 2002.
THis paper offers a technical review of the film "Bridge Over the River Kwai".
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the lighting, sound and camera aspects of the filming of the "Bridge Over the River Kwai". By demonstrating the nature of filming direction that was given, the writer shows the ways that all of these factors play into the making of this movie. The techniques of the film play a great part in understanding the value of good direction. Further, this film shows the many ways that a good action film can be made.
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