| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "BREAST CANCER GENETICS": |
|
|
Breast Cancer and Genetics, 2001.
This paper discusses the relationship between the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and breast cancer.
1,875 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 18 sources, $ 59.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines how certain genes, specifically BRCA1 and BRCA2 can be used in diagnosing and treating breast cancer. It outlines the possible causes of breast cancer, its symptoms, and treatment. It also discusses the issue of genetic screening, as an ethical issue and how it can help to treat breast cancer.
From the paper:
"Breast cancer is a disease characterized by the growth of malignant cells in the mammary glands and can actually can strike both men and women, although women are about 100 times more likely to develop the disease than men. Most cancers in female breasts form shortly before, during, or after menopause, with three-quarters of all cases being diagnosed after age 50. Generally, the older a woman is, the greater is her likelihood of developing breast cancer. Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, and in North America and Western Europe, where life spans are longer, the incidence is highest."
| |
|
Breast Cancer and African-American Women, 2007.
This paper examines several issues concerning African-American women and breast cancer.
6,569 words (approx. 26.3 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 151.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This extensive paper examines a number of issues related to African-American women and breast cancer, with an emphasis on detection, treatment and survival. The paper gives a brief overview of cancer, the breast and types of breast cancers. The author then describes the purpose of this study, which was to determine the impact of racial disparity on breast cancer survival. The study also addresses socio-economic factors, such as lack of health insurance, and low incomes. The study attempts to identify the reasons why African-American women have a higher mortality rate than all other ethnic groups. Finally, the author questions whether education, community out-reach programs, resources would influence the probability of reducing breast cancer mortality rates among African-American women.
Outline:
Introduction and Problem Background
The Breast
Development of the Breast
What is Cancer?
What is Breast Cancer?
Major Types of Breast Cancers
Risk Factors for developing Breast Cancer
Purpose of Study
Research Objectives
Limitation
Assumptions
Definition of Terms
Scope of Study
Review of Related Literature
Historical and General Background
Possible Barriers to The African-American Women having Mammograms
Existing Studies
Another Study of Racial Disparities in Breast Carcinoma Survival Rates
Methodology
Instrumentation
Statistical Approach
Relevant Results and Significant Studies
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Findings
Association Between Socio-economic Status and Breast Cancer Survival
Relationship between racial difference in treatment, and breast cancer mortality among the African-American women and the Caucasian-women
Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
From the Paper
"The incidence of breast cancer among the African-American women is slightly lower than it is for the Caucasian women. In any given year, 95 out of 100,000 African-American women are diagnosed with breast cancer, compared to 112 out of every 100,000 the Caucasian women. However, the African-American women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer after age 50 (www.netwellness.org, 2004). Breast cancer is the cancer with the second highest death rate for both the African-American women and the Caucasian women. The overall lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is 10% for the African-American women and 14% for the Caucasian women. However, about 31 out of every 100,000 the African-American women died from the disease each year compared to just 27 out of every 10,000 the Caucasian women from 1989 to 1992, but the rate also rose by 2% for the African-American women during the same period."
| |
|
Nurses and Breast Cancer, 2007.
The paper presents a project that examines the benefits of nurse knowledge regarding breast cancer interventions for both nurse oncologists and breast cancer patients.
2,661 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper's study seeks to identify patient information needs, as well as these needs as perceived by the nurse. The paper also seeks to identify the informational needs of breast cancer patients regardless of cancer type, stage or treatment that is undergoing or is completed. The paper determines the informational needs for both groups by administration of the 75-item Information Needs Questionnaire-Breast Cancer (INQ-BC) while patient satisfaction and quality of life is measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy.
Outline:
Abstract
Project Description
Research Problem/Question
Outline of Methodology
Literature Review
From the Paper
"Nurses are an underutilized health care resource, especially in the care of breast cancer patients and survivors (Gray, Goel, Fitch, Franssen & Labrecque, 2002). Traditional practice has always placed specialists at the forefront, who provide most patient services, from consultation, assessment, diagnosis, treatment to maintenance and follow-up. It is also understandable that, with these numerous responsibilities placed on the shoulders of specialists, in addition to their busy work schedules, these specialists may not be always able to spend adequate and "quality time" with their patients. However, with the expansion of the nursing profession to cross-cover most of the roles of physicians, there is promise in exploring these new roles by the advance practice nurse."
| |
|
Breast Cancer Mortality, 2007.
This paper discusses female breast cancer mortality in New Jersey counties and looks at the relationship with certain environmental variables.
3,331 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that today, breast cancer remains the focus of a growing amount of research around the world and new, improved diagnostic techniques, drugs and treatment are constantly improving survival rates. Nevertheless, the writer points out that the incidence of female breast cancer remains unacceptably high in many regions of the country, especially New Jersey. To identify recent trends in the incidence of female breast cancer generally and in New Jersey specifically, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed literature and an analysis of the statistical rates by race for the state and its counties. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion. The writer concludes that the the research is clear in showing that virtually every county in New Jersey is considered high-risk for increased rates of breast cancer by virtue of their geographic proximity to nuclear reactors, as well as the potential environmental toxins that go hand in hand with high concentrations of humanity.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Environmental Factors
Table 1 - Breast Cancer Statistics - New Jersey
Table 2 - Female Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality by Race, New Jersey and the U.S. 1989-1993.
Table 3 - Cancer Death Statistics for the State of New Jersey by Race
Summary of Breast Cancer Trends Identified in New Jersey
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Other environmental factors may relate to socioeconomic conditions. While the National Cancer Institute and other medical organizations agree that women age 50 years and older should obtain a routine mammography every one to two years, estimates of breast cancer screening utilization show that participation in mammography screening is typically lowest among groups of women with whom social workers often work; that is, older, low-income, rural, and racially and culturally diverse women. Studies have investigated a variety of factors predictive of women's decisions about breast cancer screening, including socioeconomic factors, and to a lesser extent, psychological and cultural variables; the results of these studies generally indicate that older and ethnic minority women, women with inadequate insurance coverage and no regular source of medical care, women that are less educated, women that live in medically underserved areas, and women that report strong religious values, attitudes, and beliefs about breast cancer, are less likely to obtain breast cancer screening and are at greater risk of dying from breast cancer than are white women who are younger, educated, have health insurance and access to medical care, and that do not express strong beliefs about breast cancer."
| |
|
Male Breast Cancer, 2004.
A brief examination of the rare form of cancer known as male breast cancer.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper provides an informative research on male breast cancer. It gathers information from written articles, research, and studies. This paper includes causes and effects of breast cancer in men, types of male breast cancer, the risk factors, treatment procedures, and statistics of male breast cancer.
From the Paper
"The disease of breast cancer is known to the world as one of the diseases that tolls lives when not immediately diagnosed and properly cured. In the past years, breast cancer has caused thousands of deaths, specifically on women. The disease is mainly caused by diverse factors, which, in the present, are already known to many. To prevent more victims of breast cancer, medical authorities are active nowadays in disseminating information about the disease. Some even provide free consultation and lecture on the risks of breast cancer, as well as the proper procedures in examining one?s self."
| |
|
Breast Cancer, 2008.
This paper examines the social meanings and the enormous psychological impacts of breast cancer.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 43.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that, because society is obsessed with the body and attractiveness, breast cancer strikes at body image and the very meaning of what it is to be an ideal woman. The author of the paper points out that, whatever surgery the woman might have to remove the cancer, she can never be sure that the cancer is gone completely. The paper relates that hair loss is the most upsetting side effect of chemotherapy because, socially, women are told by the media about the importance of their hair and people always make comment about hair styles. The paper states that intimacy can be affected because sexuality is all about sharing the woman's body with her partner and she may be deeply afraid of rejection. The paper notes that greatest psychological effect on the husband is that he feels completely helpless.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Risks and Prevention of Breast Cancer
Effects of Breast Cancer Treatment
Psychological and Social Effects of Breast Cancer Treatment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is very important to prevent breast cancer because it causes many social and psychological problems. Early detection results in the highest possibility of successful treatment. Women need to have a screening mammogram to be sure they are free from breast cancer. For one thing, mammograms result in a 30 percent reduction of deaths from breast cancer. Women in Canada are at risk because a good standard of living or prosperity is a risk factor. The reason is that the woman's diet tends to be high in refined sugars and animal and saturated fats."
| |
|
Breast Cancer Risk Factors, 2007.
A discussion on breast cancer risk factors in Japanese-Americans.
7,696 words (approx. 30.8 pages), 21 sources, MLA, $ 167.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses how, when Japanese women move to the United States and adopt an American life-style, their risk of getting breast cancer almost doubles. The paper examines the importance of this fact in the search for better ways to prevent and cure the disease. The paper further examines how these factors suggest that the breast cancer rates among these groups may be due to behavioral factors that can be altered to lower breast cancer rates for all women, regardless of genetic make-up or exogenous factors.
Outline:
Introduction
The Study Population
Literature Review:
The Risk Factors
Clues from Other Ethnic Groups
Assessing the Risk in Japanese Americans
Meta-analysis of the Studies
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"One of the major problems found among this population is that they tend ignore activities leading to early diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, their cancer is in an advanced stage long before it is diagnosed. For instance, 48% of Filipino women fail to receive pap smears at the recommended time. Nearly 25% of Filipino women and 38% of Korean women do not get colorectal cancer screening at the recommended time (Maxwell, Bastani, and Warda, 2000). No information was found for the Japanese population. Approximately 79% of Asian-born Asian American women who develop breast cancer have greater proportion of tumors larger than 1 cm at the time of diagnosis (Hedeen, White, and Taylor, 1999). This indicates an absence of breast self-examinations among this population and mammography for early detection. This was confirmed by a study conducted by (Tang, Solomon, Yeh, and Worden, 1999)."
| |
|
Breast Cancer, 1999.
A study of breast cancer and its preventive methods.
1,345 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 45.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This research paper examines the medical and psychological aspects of breast cancer. It discusses the preventive methods of breast cancer through early detection by breast inspection and diagnostic mammograms. The paper describes the many psychological and physical problems associated with breast cancer as a result of the radical surgery.
From the Paper
"Breast Cancer usually begins in the duct of the milk glands or lobules of the breast. The first sign is a lump, which can occur anywhere in the breast, but the most common area is the upper quadrant of the breast. There is no pain in the early detection of Breast Cancer. If it goes undetected it causes pulling of the skin from within. The breast will flatten, and the nipple will sink. The primary treatment and prevention, of Breast Cancer are preventative measures such as biopsy, surgeries, and follow-up treatments."
| |
|
Breast Cancer, 2004.
A proposal for youth education on preventing and reducing the risk of pre-menopausal breast cancer.
718 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper presents a proposal with the aim to develop a workshop geared towards educating young adults about the risk factors associated with pre-menopausal breast cancer and educate the community about the importance of early detection. The author hypothesizes that by addressing and educating youths, the incidence of breast cancer and death associated with breast cancer may decrease over time.
From the Paper
"The incidence of pre-menopausal breast cancer is on the rise. In recent years many different factors have been identified that contribute to this increased risk. Among the more common include an earlier onset of menses, obesity or overweight in youth which pre-dispositions a person to breast cancer, use of hormonal replacement therapy and long term use of oral contraceptives (Claudio, 2000; Emanoil, 2000). Many studies have suggested that women are not taking adequate steps to assure early detection of breast cancer (Emanoil, 2000). "
| |
|
Breast Cancer and Obesity, 2007.
A study proposal and literature review to determine the relationship between obesity and the prevalence of breast cancer.
3,729 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 25 sources, MLA, $ 103.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper proposes a study to look at women with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 24 (clinical definition of obesity per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and see if their rate of breast cancer is higher than for those women with a breast cancer who are within normal weight standards. The study is to be done via a records review and personal interview when possible and it is hypothesized that those women who have a greater BMI will have a greater risk of breast cancer, regardless of tumor type, ethnicity and other lifestyle factors.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Review of Literature
Research Question/Hypothesis
Methods and Procedures
Exclusion Criteria
Selection
Summary
Appendix A: Informed Consent Form
From the Paper
"Breast cancer is a significant health issue for women world over. The older a woman gets, the more likely she is to develop breast cancer. When women are aware of the risk factors, they are able to reduce their risk of the disease. Women are often times unaware of issues surrounding absolute and relative risk factors. For example, smoking increases a woman's relative risk of breast cancer by 32%. All any woman must do to reduce this risk is to discontinue smoking. Yet many women are not aware that by losing weight, they may be able to reduce their risk of breast cancer. Better yet, most studies seem to support doing your best not to gain weight at all. "
| |
|
Breast Cancer, 2005.
An article review of three studies about breast cancer.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 23.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper summarizes three articles on breast cancer. The first article concerns the tumor suppressor gene maspin, the second is about a mutant HDL receptor that inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation, and the third is about CD47-mediated killing of breast cancer cells through a novel pathway.
| |
|
Funding for Breast Cancer Research, 2002.
This paper explores the theory of Jonathan Kingdon as it applies to raising funds for breast cancer research.
1,015 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines the recent increase in funding for breast cancer research as an example of the "political window theory" of Kingdon. The author points out that breast cancer research has benefited from the past few decades of the women?s movement, the more recent announcement by several famous women that they have it, and a strong grassroots movement supporting changes in policy and funding decisions. The paper concludes that Kingdon?s "political window theory" can be seen in the growing public understanding of the rising incidence of breast cancer and theories that it can be detected and stopped before it kills, increasing pressure to fund research for a cure.
From the Paper
"The pressure that was brought about in recent years by various actresses and politicians coming forth with the fact that they or someone they love had to battle breast cancer, brought the topic to the public eye. With that, momentum interest groups took hold and it began to snowball. Groups that decided to hold fund raising events and contests and place the winnings or proceeds with breast cancer research provided the foundation for that topic to gain strength. The strength that was gained coupled with the recent acceptance of the women?s movement?s permanence provided a political window by which the decision makers and the policy makers could place the importance of funding for breast cancer research on the agenda."
| |
|
Breast Cancer Prevention and Education, 2006.
This paper examines the progress and advancements in detecting and curing breast cancer, while stressing the importance of early detection as well as monthly self-breast exams.
1,082 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 37.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The writer of this paper contends that education and monthly self-breast exams are paramount in the early detection and successful treatment of breast cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 175,000 new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed each year and approximately 43,300 people die as a result of the disease. This paper details the eight components of self-breast examinations as well as the effectiveness and reliability of mammograms. This paper also contains statistical information regarding diagnosis and survival rates.
From the Paper
"One reason that education is so important is because there are several indications that something is going on with a woman's body that are simply not cancer. Therefore, a woman should be able to discern between those times when medical advice is truly needed and when problems are likely less serious. For examples, skin problems are generally not symptomatic of breast cancer. Indeed, any condition that might crop up on other areas can occur on breast skin as well. Some commonly seen issues include eczema, moles (which should be examined to make certain they're not skin cancer), and cysts resulting from clogged hair follicles. Additionally, nipple discharge can typically be caused by a benign papilloma or dilated milk ducts."
| |
|
Male Breast Cancer, 2003.
An overview of male breast cancer and its associated risk factors.
1,320 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of the incidence of breast cancer in males and explores its associated risk factors. Diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in males is examined in the paper. The paper provides a basic statistical overview of the types of cancers typically experienced by men.
From the Paper
"Breast cancer can affect both males and females, of course, although women are about 100 times more likely to develop the disease than men. Male breast cancer is extremely rare, and accounts for only about one percent of newly diagnosed cases each year. However, men tend to have larger tumors and more serious cases than women even though male cancer is more easily detected. Researchers are still uncertain whether that is because male breast cancer is more aggressive or because men simply go to the doctor later than women. While the precise causes of breast cancer are still largely unknown, researchers have determined that both environmental and genetic factors are involved; further, a family history of breast cancer increases risk."
| |
|
Strategies for the Prevention of Breast Cancer, 2002.
An examination of the risk factors associated with breast cancer and their role in the prevention of the disease.
1,098 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper looks at breast cancer which is a common condition accounting for one of every three cancers diagnosed in American women. The writer proposes that the risk factors associated with the disease need to be examined in order to identify possible mechanisms of causation. This would lead to effective prevention measures. The paper suggests a proposal and expected outcomes. The proposal looks at primary and secondary prevention. Primary prevention focuses on the initial occurrence of breast cancer and secondary prevention on the progression of the disease. In the conclusion the paper argues that knowledge in these areas will allow women to make informed choices about their health and lifestyle.
From the Paper
"Breast cancer is a common condition, which can, and often does, lead to death. According to the American Cancer Society (2001), breast cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer among women in the United States, and it accounts for one of every three cancers diagnosed in American women. In 2001, breast cancer killed an estimated 40,200 in the U.S., second only to lung cancer. Men, too, are occasionally diagnosed with breast cancer. There were an estimated 1500 diagnosed cases and 400 deaths due to breast cancer among American men in 2001".
|
|
|
