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Oklahoma City Federal Building Bombing: How Many Bombs?, 1995.
An in depth examination of the 1995 bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. Analyzes the evidence and expert claims concerning both the One Bomb Theory and the Multiple Bomb Theory.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 7 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"Purpose Statement
The purpose of this analysis is to present an alternative interpretation of what actually happened in Oklahoma City. This discussion draws together the evidence that two or more explosions took place in the Alfred P. Murrah federal building. If such evidence proves to be credible then the federal government's one-bomb theory is thrown into serious question, and this terrorist act would have to be completely re-examined.
On April, 19, 1995, powerful explosions destroyed the Alfred P. Murrah federal building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. One hundred sixty-eight people died as a result of this terrorist attack (Quayle, 1995). Within hours the FBI had captured a suspect named Timothy McVeigh and within days they arrested an army friend of his, named Terry Nichols, as an alleged accomplice. The FBI and ..."
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To Bomb or Not to Bomb, 2004.
Questions the necessity of dropping the atomic bomb on Japan at the end of the Second World War.
3,125 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
The question of whether or not it was necessary to drop the atomic bomb on Japan and the reasons for doing so is one of the most hotly contested historical issues today. This paper focuses on one of the many arguments against the necessity of the bomb, which deals with the policy of unconditional surrender. Many scholars argue that if Truman would have assured the Japanese leadership that Emperor Hirohito would not be dethroned after Japan's defeat, the atomic bomb would not have been necessary to end the war. The paper provides evidence to support this claim, but in the end, concludes that even the most ardent Japanese peace advocates harbored suicidal sentiments with regard to unconditional surrender and would still refuse to accept Truman's terms after both bombs were dropped.
From the Paper
"There were many advocates pushing for a change since the beginning of the war, but no real progress was made in this endeavor even after 1944 when high ranking military officials pushed for a policy change. They complained that losses would be increasingly heavy as fighting neared the Japanese homeland. Realizing that changing the terms would make the Japanese more willing to surrender, commanders began pushing Roosevelt to consider clarifying them. Early in 1945, Winston Churchill proposed at the Yalta Conference that clarifying the terms ?would be worthwhile if it led to the saving of a year and a half of a war in which so much blood and treasure would be poured out.? He proposed that after Germany was defeated the Allies ?issue an ultimatum to Japan, retaining the unconditional surrender wording, but defining it to allow retention of the emperor (Newman, 65).? Many others began coming to the realization that Japan was not going to surrender without assurances to its Emperor, and that this issue was a major obstacle to peace."
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Cluster Bombs, 2007.
This paper presents a persuasive argument for outlawing the use of the cluster bomb.
1,558 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Iraq conflict with regard to the issues surrounding cluster bombs and the humanitarian threat their legality poses. The paper explains that cluster bombs are not always discriminating in their targets, and once fallen, bomblets can remain inactive for some time before exploding. The paper contends that cluster bombs pose an unacceptable risk to civilians, especially children and discusses the lack of global legislation forbidding cluster bomb use. The paper looks at some nations' actions in improving the reliability of cluster munitions, but claims that this does not help when countries use old stockpiles. The paper strongly asserts that it is time for the cluster bomb to be made illegal on the international stage.
Outline:
Introduction
Cluster Bombs: The Facts At A Glance
Cluster Bombs: Position By Country
Are Cluster Bombs Illegal?
Why Cluster Bombs Should Be Made Illegal
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The cluster bomb and its legitimacy as a weapon of war has recently come under fire, hot on the tails of use during recent conflicts in Iraq, Kosovo and Afghanistan. Concerns over the power of the weapon have primarily been humanitarian, as cluster bombs - shells which release submunitions, or bomblets, from either air or land, with the intention of killing "soft" targets such as enemy soldiers - are unreliable, shedding highly explosive and volatile submunitions over a wide area, often failing to explode on immediate impact. As the target area related to the cluster bomb is wide, and as apparently faulty cluster bombs may be later activated by accidental interference, the threat to civilians lives from delayed detonation is high. Recent media attention on cluster bombs has focused on the loss of civilian life in Iraq, one of the most prominent armed conflicts of recent times."
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The Bombing of Japan.
This paper discusses the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on August 6 and Nagasaki on August 8, 1945, which led to the surrender of Japan and the end of WWII.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although more than half a century has passed since the atomic bombing of Japan, it is still arguable whether such actions by the Allied forces were justified. The author points out that the atomic bomb was used just like any other weapon war and that the United States military did not see the atomic bomb as anything other than an instrument of war; there is little difference between the conventional destruction of Tokyo by conventional American saturation bombing, which killed some 100,000 people, and the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, which also killed 100,000 people. The paper relates that former President Herbert Hoover had expressed that use of the bomb had besmirched America's reputation and that its potential disastrous effects should have been described in graphic terms before the United States decided to bomb Japan.
From the Paper
"President Harry S. Truman stated on August 9, 1945, "We have used it in order to shorten the agony of war, in order to save the lives of thousands and thousands of young Americans. We shall continue to use it until we completely destroy Japan's power to make war." The Allied forces believed that the use of the atomic bomb was justified due to Japan's relentless denial to surrender. Japan had demonstrated fanatical resistance by fighting to almost the last man on Pacific islands and committing mass suicide on Saipan. Moreover, by the summer of 1944, the Japanese had resorted to one major asset they still possessed, the willingness of their pilots to meet certain death, hence they developed the Kamikaze technique whereby a pilot would fly his plane directly into a ship or target."
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The Atomic Bomb, 2004.
This paper discuses the development of the atomic bomb and the effects of dropping it on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the scope of the effect the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki had on modern warfare and science technology is visible only when taking into account the intense scientific processes to create these weapons of mass destruction. The author points out that, at the dawn of World War II, Albert Einstein sent a letter to President Franklin. D. Roosevelt about Nazi Germany's efforts to purify uranium-235, which he warned could result in the building of an atomic bomb. The paper relates that, soon after this letter, the U.S. government started the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans. The author states that the bomb was tested successfully on July 1945 and, a month later, the first bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. The paper concludes that the atomic bomb was considered a "quick" and economical way to win the war; however, it was a cruel form of punishment for the Japanese citizens resulting in slow and painful deaths for many innocent Japanese. The paper includes graphs.
From the Paper
"The most difficult part of the Manhattan Project was how to produce enough enriched Uranium to uphold a chain reaction. Uranium-235 was hard to extract. Only about 1/500th of Uranium ore mined ends up as Uranium metal. Of this metal, the fissionable isotope of Uranium is rare. Fissionable Uranium occurs at a ration of 1 to 139. Separating one part of Uranium-235 from 139 parts of Uranium-238 is challenging. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate the two. Scientists at Columbia University first figured out how. A facility to separate Uranium-235 was set up in Oak Ridge, Tennessee."
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Terrorism -- World Trade Center Bombing (1993), 2001.
An analysis of the bombing - its causes, effects, and impact on U.S. terrorism policy.
765 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 5 sources, $ 27.95
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Abstract
A research essay on terrorism at its most terrifying. In a concise but thorough fashion, this paper explores: the destruction brought about by the bomb, the terrorists behind the bombing and key factors leading up to it, the aftermath of the bombing and what the U.S. is doing to prevent such future disasters.
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The Manhattan Project: The Building of the Atomic Bomb, 2002.
This research paper is a description of the progression of the Manhattan Project, the undercover name for the building of the first atomic bomb by scientists.
2,260 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This is a detailed study describing the progression of the Manhattan Project and the invention of the atomic bomb. The ?Manhattan Project? was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. The author sees two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man?s idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The author concludes that the building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century.
From the Paper
"We have too many men of science, too few men of God. We have grasped the mystery of the atom and rejected the Sermon of the Mount...The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. We know more about war than we know about peace, more about killing than we know about living...? stated General Omar N. Bradley, Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1948, voicing the opinion, shared by many of the time, towards the building of the atomic bomb. The ?Manhattan Project? was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. There were two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man?s idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The project lasted from 1942-1946 and cost approximately 1.8 billion dollars, which is comparable to 20 billion dollars today. The building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century."
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The Atomic Bomb, 2008.
This paper discusses the atomic bomb and provides an analysis of its
moral implications.
1,359 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the atomic bomb has dramatically changed the world we live in and will continue to strike fear into the every day lives of civilians. The paper asserts that the making of the atomic bomb was inevitable, but the use of the atomic bomb was a mistake that will never be forgotten. The paper goes on to say that the atomic bombings of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 ended the bloodiest war in human history, but Japan was on the verge of surrendering anyway, so there was no military justification for the use of these horrific weapons. The writer concludes that if humanity fails to break free from the vicious cycle of wars, atomic bombs will be used again, life on earth will end someday in one final conflagration and the final page of human history will never be written because no one will be left alive to write it.
From the Paper
"Despite the fact that most Americans in 1945 considered these atomic attacks fully justified and felt no remorse for the massive death and destruction inflicted upon Hiroshima and Nagasaki, most Americans today have very different attitudes about the atomic bombings, and feel regret, shame, and revulsion when they think about the atomic attacks. Most of them believe that although the making of the atomic bomb was inevitable, it was a mistake to use atomic bombs against Japan."
"The Manhattan Project was established early in World War II because it was learned that Nazi Germany was intent upon building an atomic bomb. This political factor, combined with the relentless advance of scientific discoveries, made the development of atomic weapons inevitable. Consequently, a race to develop atomic bombs began, for they would be the ultimate weapon and whichever nation possessed them would be impossible to defeat."
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The Atomic Bomb, 2002.
A study of the development of the atomic bomb.
1,280 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces and discusses the atomic bombs that were dropped on Japan to end World War II. It examines how the bombs were developed, the use of the bombs and what their effect has been on the world.
From the Paper
"Numerous scientists contributed to the development of the atomic bomb with discoveries in several areas, such as physics, mathematics, radium, and more. Albert Einstein's E=mc2 helped physicists discover the speed and mass of atoms, and Eve Curie's discovery of radium gave them the material to make the bomb. The discoveries went on and on for several decades, and eventually, scientists realized they could create a devastating weapon."
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Atomic Bombing of Japan, 2003.
Examines reactions to using atomic bombs in World War II.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
Discusses the bombing as a strategic military move, the response to the bombing by two American writers, and William L. Lawrence's view that President Truman's decision to drop the bombs was sound.
From the Paper
"During the summer of 1945 President Harry S. Truman ordered two atomic bombs to be dropped on Japan to end the war. There were those who praised and admired President Truman for taking a decisive step to end the long war. Others, however, questioned the..."
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The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 2008.
A analysis of the political, sociological and physical implications of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1,579 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the events prior to the explosion of the atomic bombs over Japan at the end of World War II. The paper discusses these events in political, sociological and physical terms and then describes the actual bombing of both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Lastly, the paper discusses the American public's thoughts about the bombing and briefly looks at today's world of nuclear warfare.
From the Paper
"In terms of peace, the United States forced Japan into more negotiations as we saw in the Potsdam Conference and brought about the end of the war. Had we not used the atomic bomb, the cost of the war, the numbers of deaths on both sides, and destruction could have been considerably worse if we tried to invade Japan. Therefore, this was the best possible solution once the U.S. warned Japan over and over again, through different means of communication what they would bring about if they did not end the war on our respectable terms. The atomic bomb was not essential to ending the war and keeping U.S. causalities to a minimum but was justifiable in terms of world peace. Many weapons of killing were brought into action during this time and few soldiers would deny that they would have to justify it. It was the mere fact that the U.S. physicists learned how to split the atom, and store the energy into a bomb. The Nazi's in Germany would use a bomb like this on us and more than likely so would the Japanese if they discovered these scientific advancements. We did not have a major motive to enter World War II until after Pearl Harbor. This heightened production in the economy, unity as a nation, mobilization and developments in science. Dropping the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were justifiable if they were strictly military targets. Japan declared war on the U.S. after the attack on Pearl Harbor which was not a formal declaration. If we were at war with Japan, we would have been prepared and ready for an attack, that however, was not their intent as they surprised our nation."
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The Aftermath of the Atomic Bomb, 2003.
This paper discuses the social and political aftermath of the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
2,210 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki had no way to prepare themselves for either the immediate or the lasting effects of the dropping of the atomic bombs. The author points out that the release of energy from this bomb caused massive, unprecedented destruction from the extreme heat, the overpowering blast and dangerous radiation. The paper relates that many people, who feared the complete destruction of mankind as a result of nuclear weaponry, concluded that the only way to avoid this unimaginable catastrophe would be to avoid all wars, even small conflicts that could escalate into an atomic fight. The author relates that the American approach to diplomatic relations with Russia during the Cold War was highly influenced by the existence of the atomic bomb.
From the Paper
"One Japanese Physician, Michihiko Hachiya, recalled in gruesome detail the moment the bomb destroyed his home. He and his wife suffered many injuries, and at several times he lost hope of surviving. He made it through the first day of chaotic post-bombing life. On the morning after the explosion, Hachiya wrote, "Everything was in a turmoil." Hachiya recovered and dedicated the next few months to helping other surviving victims of the explosion. Through the confusion of everything that was going on, he recalled, "One thing was for certain--Hiroshima was destroyed; and with it the army that had been quartered in Hiroshima.""
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Earl R. Beck's "Under the Bombs", 2005.
This paper is a very critical analysis of "Under the Bombs: The German Home Front, 1942-1945" by Earl R. Beck.
3,165 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 0 sources, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Earl R. Beck in his book "Under the Bombs: The German Home Front, 1942-1945" claims to be only telling the story of the bombing of German cities by the Allies in WWII without any analysis of the circumstance surrounding this action. The author states that Beck provides examples that much of the bombing was not done over harbors, bridges, factories or rail lines but in the center of the cities, where the most destruction was of private homes and the families that lived in them; Beck shows no consideration for the horrific actions of the Nazi's. The paper concludes that the book was poorly written and the ideas presented problematical; the author feels that Beck has a warped idea of justice and fairness, in peace as well as in war: To paraphrase George Santayana, those who forget history are condemned to repeat it.
From the Paper
"The reverses in the East made the Nazis more bloodthirsty. This included their own people, who were tried for everything from petty thievery to treason. The idea was to find everyone guilty. It seems there were still eleven guillotines operating in Germany, and the motto for those handling the trials was "liquidate and expropriate" The Nazis' fury at defeat outside their native land had now turned inward, and was aimed at those "defeatists" who did not want to see all the young German men slaughtered. (They obviously feared Russia much more than France or Britain.)"
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The Effects of the A-Bomb, 2002.
An analysis of the effects of the dropping of the atom bomb on Hiroshima as a way to end WWII.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper will be about the atomic bomb that was dropped on Japan at the end of World War Two. The elements of under estimation will be revealed when telling the objectives of the atom bomb and this will be analyzed here. By using the film "Fat Man and Little Boy" (1989) by Roland Joffe and the book "Hiroshima" by Jon Hersey, we can see how this way of looking at the atom bomb was an over exaggerated reaction to resolving the end of World War Two and was an immoral action taken by the United States.
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Culture and the Atomic Bomb, 2007.
This paper examines the effect of the atomic bomb on the U.S. with regards to politics and culture.
1,429 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of the atomic bomb in U.S. history. Specifically, the writer analyzes the impact of the atomic bomb on American politics and culture in the decade-and-a-half after the explosion of the first Atomic weapon over Hiroshima. The writer notes that it changed the status of the United States in global politics and that it helped create the Cold War with the Soviet Union. Further the writer points out that it changed American culture almost overnight. The writer maintains that American politics would never be the same after the bombs exploded over Japan and notes that the threat of nuclear war still hangs over the globe today.
From the Paper
"Magazines published graphic drawings of what to do in case of a nuclear attack, including the proper attire to protect from the "heat flash." While many things were changing in American culture, the roles of men and women were still quite distinct. Women had certain roles to fulfill in Civil Defense, such as hospital or medical work, driving cars, and childcare. Men, however, were more apt to serve as fire fighters, volunteer police, air-raid wardens, and rebuilding after an attack. As the country returned to normal after the war, women stayed home to raise the family, while men went off to work. It would take more than atomic bombs to change the acceptable roles women held in society, and it would not happen in the two decades following the bombing of Japan."
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