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Blood Libel and the Jews in the High Middle Ages, 2004.
The cause and implications of the emergence of Blood Libel on the Jews in the High Middle Ages
2,507 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview and background of how accusations of Blood Libel against Jews during the High Middle Ages in the European and Islamic worlds were used to persecute them. It also identifies what was the catalyst for charges of Blood Libel against the Jews in the High Middle Ages. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Throughout their history, the Jewish people have experienced periodic episodes of persecution based on the differences, both perceived and otherwise, between themselves and others, without the need to add any fuel to these cultural fires. When the Jews became implicated in the execution of Jesus Christ, however, they also assumed the unfortunate additional mantle of being responsible for the death of the Son of God, in what many Christians term "Christ-killers." This additional burden has been supplanted by the Jewish people's "blood libel," reflecting the Jews' alleged sacrifice of Christian children at Passover in order to obtain blood for unleavened bread. These charges, and others, were used at times during the High Middle Ages to justify Christian persecution of the Jews."
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Jews in the Middle Ages, 2007.
This paper analyzes the book "Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages" by Mark R. Cohen.
1,289 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper relates how throughout their long history, the Jewish people have often been the object of persecution and prejudice. The paper looks at how Cohen's book, "Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages", maintains that during the Middle Ages, Jews living in the Arab world were more tolerated and less persecuted than those living in the Christian world. The paper shows how Cohen proves his thesis with historical research and solid arguments, discussing his historical findings. The paper discusses the significance of this work in the field of Jewish studies.
From the Paper
"The author begins by "debunking" several myths on both sides of the debate, so he can level the playing field. He indicates there were misunderstanding and misinterpretations on both sides of the debate, and that Jews and Arabs have both helped perpetuate some of these misinterpretations. He then begins to compare life in the Christian world opposed to that in the Islamic world, and begin to sort out the information regarding Jews in both worlds. For example, he notes that in the Christian world in the Middle Ages, most Jews lived under the mantle of serfdom that decreed who they worked for, where they lived, while Jews in the Arab world did not serve and serfs, and could choose to live wherever they wanted (Cohen 46). Thus, Jews in the Arab world had better living arrangements, and were better off in that regard."
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Blood Feud in Middle Eastern Societies, 2004.
A look at the history of blood feuds and cultural elements that encourage the practice.
2,881 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a close look at the practice of blood feuds, as well as the reasons they have survived throughout so many centuries. The paper suggests that such an analysis is an integral part of finding a solution to the practice. A complete outline of the paper is included, as well as an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"Cultures which practice and teach their male generations the blood feud tradition define it as a "code of honour" (Weaver). Its supporters, or those who practice and believe in the ethics and morality of the blood feud tradition, view it as a form of absolute justice based on the right of the insulted or injured individual to obtain revenge from the person who injured or insulted him. In cases where injury leads to death, the blood feud system states that the murdered person's family must obtain justice through the killing of the murderer, or his next closest male relative ("Weaver). These definitions for the blood feud, and brief explanation of the system appear to demonstrate that it is based on revenge, not justice. Even more importantly, the practice of the blood feud, known as tacr in Arabic, begel in Ethiopia, and vendetta in Europe, defies laws and pushes societies into an ancient time of uncivilized and violent behaviour that does not respect human life, or even recognize the difference between guilt and innocence. As many Egyptians know, the blood feud tradition makes victims out of innocent people, and criminals out of young children. This is because, from a very young age, a male child whose family is involved in a blood feud is trained to hate the rival family, and to kill a member of it as soon as he is old enough to hold, and aim, a rifle. Upper Egyptians view this practice as an honorable one, thinking it an unacceptable sign of weakness, of lack of manhood, to wait for the law and the justice system to punish whomever has committed a crime against them. Urban Egyptians, however, take a more negative view of the practice, seeing it as an unacceptable disrespect of law and order, and for the rights of innocent people to live in safety and security without the constant fear of being murdered. Although it is easy to dismiss the blood feud system as a senseless and immoral one that has no place in modern or civilized society, the real problem is that its practicers do not view it in this negative way but as a matter of honour, pride and morality, further viewing the laws which make the practice illegal as illegitimate laws that must not be obeyed. As one Corsican saying says about the relationship between the blood feud, masculinity and the law, "Before the law made us citizens, great Nature made us men" (qtd. in Weaver). This saying truly summarizes the attitude towards the 'honorable' practice of blood feud in many societies that practice it, from Africa to Europe. An analysis of the blood feud system, the beliefs and traditions that are supporting it, and its consequence will demonstrate that it is a destructive practice that has to be eliminated for the protection of civilized society and the whole system of law and order. Although the blood feud system and tradition are deeply embedded in some cultures, it is necessary to achieve its elimination through laws and the re-education of males towards rejection of the practice, so as to save society and liberate its men."
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"Blood of My Blood:The Dilemma of the Italian Americans" by Richard Gambino, 2002.
A look at the themes of Richard Gambino's book on Italian Americans.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce and discuss the book " Blood of My Blood: The Dilemma of the Italian Americans," by Richard Gambino. Specifically it discusses several important themes in the book in which Gambino attempts to change the publics' perception of Italian-Americans and encourage more empathy with their problems and their culture.
From the Paper
"The book is partly a study of Gambino's own life, growing up in Red Hook, Brooklyn in a "typical" Italian-American family, and partly a study of Italian-Americans as a whole. Gambino speaks of how Italian-Americans tend to cluster together in their own sections of a city, called "Little Italies." Gambino gives us figures and numbers, but more than that, he gives us an intimate look at the family, the culture, and the strong ties to home that each Italian-American carry with them. "At least 85 percent of the total of Italians who immigrated to the United States, and perhaps 90 percent of those who came in the great flood of immigration from 1875 to 1920 were from areas south and east of Rome" (Gambino 3)."
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"The Jews Of Islam" (Bernard Lewis) and "The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam" (Bat Ye'or), 1992.
Compares these two books on non-Muslim peoples living in Muslim society.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The Dhimmi, Two Views
"Dhimmi" is a term applied to someone who lives in a Muslim society without being a Muslim (principally Jews and Christians). This paper compares and contrasts two books on the subject of the dhimmi--The Jews of Islam by Bernard Lewis and The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam by Bat Ye'or. This comparison and contrast centers on four points: (1) ways in which the authors express their views, (2) the subjects the authors choose to write about, (3) differences in subject matter, and (4) individual point of view.
As both works have a scholarly tone, neither one reveals particular emotions or views regarding the subject matter. Both are objective and factual, letting the ideas, facts, and interpretations speak for themselves. The formats and styles are ..."
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Canada and the Middle East, 2006.
This paper explores Canada's contributions towards the struggles in the Middle East and the Middle East peace process.
2,060 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Canada's involvement, past and present, in the conflicts in the Middle East relative to other nations. The paper details the numerous conflicts in the Middle East over the years. The paper explores the contributions of other nations towards the Middle East peace process and demonstrates how the contributions of Canada, unlike many other nations, are effective, but silent.
From the Paper
"Past and present, the Middle East has been in a constant state of chaos, involving nations worldwide. Progressing negatively with no major improvement, many third parties, alongside the Arab nations, have put forth constant efforts, despite many failures, in an attempt to restore the Middle East to its once peaceful state. The active contributions by many nations, including the United States of America, and the Soviet Union, have been witnessed and recognized worldwide. The contributions of Canada, unlike the many other nations, are effective, but silent."
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Expansion of the Black Middle Class, 2001.
This paper discusses the effects of the expansion of the black middle class.
1,528 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the phenomenal growth of the black middle class in the past twenty years has created a tremendous need for further in-depth study. The writer points out that essentially, the majority of studies on the black family have been about the underclass and how its persistence affects the family structure. The writer notes that associated with anyone considered a part of the middle class are a number of stresses. The writer then addresses the issues of some of the stresses that black middle class families in particular deal with and looks at how they are translated in respect to their relationships. In discussing these issues, it is also important to note whether or not the overall optimism felt for the growth of the black middle class is justified. The writer concludes that though the data on the economic situation of black middle class families continues to show that their standard of living is not comparable to white middle class families, one must admit the rise in numbers of such families (despite these odds) is encouraging.
Outline:
Introduction
Origins of the Black Middle Class
Psychological Consequences of Black Middle Class : Work Ethic
Psychological Consequences of Black Middle Class : Guilt
Psychological Consequences of Black Middle Class : Identity Confusion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"They have been able to access the resources necessary to attain middle class status through their own efforts or the efforts of their families. Yet generally they are very conscious of their status' instability and consider it temporary.
"The "descendant" category consists of those from established Black families with prominent histories. Meaning, their middle class status can be traced back many generations to the Civil War. Many come from families that were either free before the war or freed afterwards. Others are descendants of Blacks with blood ties to Whites who provided special privileges to them. These more established middle class families are known to have a stronger sense of self and belonging than the "nouveau" group. They are not worried about their status due to their profound sense of "having" and sense of "place"."
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Conflict in the Middle East, 2005.
A discussion on why the Middle East can be considered a conflict area.
26,575 words (approx. 106.3 pages), 40 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
Over the last hundred years, the Middle East has been one of the most troubled regions in the world. This paper attempts to define the attributes for success in the modern world that the Arab community lacks such as freedom, knowledge and woman power and how these impact the current political situation.
Outline
Islam Causes Conflict in the Middle East
Islam Does Not Cause Conflict in the Middle East
The Arab-Israeli Dispute Causes Conflict in the Middle East
Israeli Leadership Contributes to Conflict in the Middle East
Palestinian Leadership Contributes to Conflict in the Middle East
Lack of Democracy Contributes to Conflict in the Middle East
Oil Profits Cause Conflict in the Middle East
Water Scarcity Could Cause Conflict in the Middle East
From the Paper
"Sharon has spent years trying to erase the stain of the Lebanon War. Still, the legal defeat would seem to be the least of his troubles. After he won the premiership by promising to bring peace and security to Israel's citizens, Sharon has produced neither. The conflict with the Palestinians continues to escalate. The day of the court ruling, four Israelis died in Palestinian attacks; the following day, six soldiers died in a strike against an army roadblock. Sharon responded with a rare speech to the nation--in which he disappointed all expectations that he would announce a new policy direction. Among voters, confidence that he has a strategy is bleeding away. In one Israeli public-opinion poll, 29 percent of respondents said that Sharon had a clear plan, while 58 percent said he was simply reacting to events."
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Joel Beinin's "Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East", 2005.
This paper discuses Joel Beinin's "Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East", a modern history of the Middle East from the perspective of the changing peasant and urban artisan classes and the emerging modern working-classes.
1,880 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 0 sources, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Joel Beinin's "Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East" begins in 1750, which marks the start of modern history for the Middle East because of (1) the rise of autonomous provincial regimes, (2) the expansion of agricultural production and (3) the intensification of links between several parts of the Ottoman Empire and the world capitalist market. The author points out that Beinin argues that industrial manufacturing was introduced to the Middle East as part of a drive to establish modern armies and extend the power of the states. The paper relates that Beinin considers the period after the collapse of global oil prices in 1985-86, when states became unable to provide previously established levels of services, thus creating an economic and moral vacuum, as the beginning of the political Islamic movements of establishing a popular base by offering social services, including education, health care and child care.
From the Paper
"During the era of Fordism-Keynesianism many Middle Eastern states pursued policies of populism, nationalist anti-imperialism, state-led economic development, and import-substitution industrialization. Some examples of this post-World War II trend he cites were Muhammad Mossadegh's nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1951 and Egypt's nationalization of the Suez Canal Company in 1956. State-led development and import-substitution industrialization were key components of the social policies advanced by Gamal 'Abd al-Nasir in Egypt, the Ba'th in Syria and Iraq and the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) from the 1950s to the 1970s. The political and economic programs of these authoritarian-populist regimes were designated "Arab nationalism" and "Arab socialism" respectively."
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Modern Middle East, 2007.
An analysis of the Middle East according to two books entitled "The Modern Middle East: A History", one written by James Gelvin and the other by Sun Allah Ibrahim.
1,059 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses two books entitled "The Modern Middle East: A History," one written by James Gelvin and the other by Sun Allah Ibrahim. The paper discusses the differing views of the two authors on the same subject with Gelvin suggesting that the Middle East has remained tyrannical and economically stagnant, while Ibrahim suggests that Western ideology has penetrated the once supposedly pure nationalist governments of the Middle East.
From the Paper
"The young man's choice, that of a doctor who is famous for his works of global outreach and philanthropy, shows that the apparently noxious ideology of globalization has already penetrated even his consciousness. The reason the doctor is seen as evil in the book is because he is an international figure, and globalization is deemed to be harmful. The committee is afraid that if the young man selects this doctor, the regime's true ideology will be revealed, and the Westernized control of the Middle East will make itself known to the general population. The ideology of the supposed diversification of interests of modern economic life masks the real, controlling presence of the West that is manifest even on the Carter buses that run through the streets. This demonstrates that the nation is in the grips of a consumption ideology that only results the people consuming things against their own true nation's interests. Rather than Coca-Cola, Ibrahim suggests, better to drink in the ideology of true anti-capitalist nationalism."
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Middle Schools, 2007.
This paper discusses the problems facing middle schools and presents solutions.
837 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the problems that exist in today's middle schools. The paper relates that middle schools need to use strategies that will help the early adolescent adjust from elementary school to the middle schools, as well as teach strategies that will help the students be successful in high school.
Outline:
History of Junior High Schools and Middle Schools
Looking at Middle Schools
Changes Middle Schools Need to Be Successful
From the Paper
"Why were middle schools created? What are the problems in middle schools? Educators must address these important questions. Thomas Dickinson and Deborah Butler state that the basic concept of middle schools is that of "a school for young adolescents that was based on their developmental needs..." (7). Students who enter the sixth grade are more mature than elementary students; however, the reasoning was that they were not ready to enter high school. It is important to consider this concept of middle schools, as well as the problems that exist in today's middle schools, in the effort to find solutions that will make middle schools successful."
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Future Wars of the Middle East, 2006.
A research paper exploring the possibility of a future breakout of war in the Middle East and North Africa due to the scarcity of water throughout the region.
20,838 words (approx. 83.4 pages), 48 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This dissertation presents a case study of the possibility of future wars throughout the Middle East and North Africa due to water scarcity and limited water resources presently being experienced in that region. The paper starts by revealing the gravity of the situation by showing the present statistics surrounding the problem of water scarcity throughout the world. Thereafter, the paper highlights the importance of water in the national economy. From then on, the paper discusses the present situation of water scarcity in the Middle East by noting the present available resources of water in the Middle East. Lastly, the paper highlights the reason underlying possible future water wars in the Middle East and North Africa. The paper concludes by briefly analyzing the findings and assessing possible variables and alternative scenarios that might be adapted by the Middle East and North African states to avert war.
Table of Contents
Abstracts
Synopsis
Introduction
The Importance of the Availability of Water
Presently Available Water Resources in the Middle East
The Conflict in the Future
Hypothesis
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Collection of Data
Data Analysis and Search Tactics
Limitations of the Study
Findings
Geographic Location
Regional Tension, Disharmony and Centuries of Conflict
Vague International and National Laws
Population Explosion
Increase Demand and Decrease Supply
Pollution
Water Exploitation Methods
Economic Growth in the Middle East
Border Conflicts
The Domestic Situation and Regional Conflicts
Assessment of Expected Variables
Conclusion
From the Paper
"At present, as mentioned above, approximately 40% of the world's population is dealing with the scarcity of water. In fact, hundreds and thousands of humans travel all year long in search of water. They live their lives like nomads and remain in one place until they have utilized the water resources. While, this picture is very noticeable in the Middle East countries, more and more countries are joining the listing of such countries. Experts fear that if the present situation is not given the due attention, then by the middle of this century, almost 65% of the world's population will be confronting water scarcity and famine (Steve Lonergan, 1996). The gravity of the situation in the Middle East can be gauged from the fact that in the mid 1990's almost 8 countries from this region fell below the international standards of "absolute water scarcity," while many others had been on the brink of falling below the redline (Robert Engelman and Pamela LeRoy, 1993). This situation occurs when the yearly per capita fresh water accessibility of a nation drops below 500 cubic meters. These 8 countries in the Middle East faced inbuilt problems and difficulties of water scarcity that severely threatened the public healthcare structure, as well as, hindered the growth and development of the socio-economic system. To add to the difficulty, these regions have one of the highest population growth rates in the world. One does not have to be a rocket scientist to determine the fate of countries if their water resources come to a stand still while their population is rapidly growing at the rate of more than 3 percent (Ashok Swain, 1996)."
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Taxation and Middle-Class Americans, 2004.
Examines the effect of tax increases on middle-class families in America.
3,431 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
While middle-class families in America now enjoy higher incomes than they did a few decades ago, they also exhibit more symptoms of personal financial distress and a reduced willingness to support basic public services. An important cause of both changes is the fact that taxes are increasing for middle-class families at a steady rate. We are in the beginning stages of a technological revolution that promises to increase the income and wealth gaps, already very high, still further. As a result, middle-class families will find it still harder to save and still harder to come up with a down payment on a house in a good school district. Their commutes will continue to grow longer, along with their reluctance to support essential services. Savings rates will continue to decline. These problems merit serious attention from economists and America?s leaders. While there is no single solution to the woes of America?s middle class, this paper hypothesizes that a feasible tax cut is in order. Many people argue that a tax cut is not the answer, saying that tax cuts usually disproportionately benefit the rich and harm the middle class. This paper addresses how the American tax system is increasingly disadvantageous to the middle class and demonstrates why tax cuts are needed and how they could benefit the middle class.
From the Paper
"It has long been said by the political left that the tax cuts of President Reagan and current President George W. Bush have favored the rich at the expense of the poor (Frank, 2000). Critics claim the rich are not paying their fair share of the tax burden while middle and lower class citizens are struggling to pay for health care, education, and other basic necessities. The obvious solution for big government advocates to level the playing field is to raise taxes on the rich. However, despite the political rhetoric denouncing the Bush tax cuts as a windfall to the rich at the expense of the poor, recent empirical evidence finds the rich do actually pay a substantial amount of the federal tax burden."
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Middle Childhood, 2007.
This paper discusses middle childhood and the importance of applying theories on middle childhood in the classroom.
1,658 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer analyzes the importance of understanding the stages of human development in the classroom. Specifically, this work analyzes some of the problems that might result from a teacher's lack of such understanding. The focus of this paper is on middle childhood and includes a discussion of teacher behaviors that serve to promote students' thinking abilities, behaviors that would help students achieve greater success and behaviors that would promote the social and emotional well-being of the individual student, as well as improve the classroom environment for children in that stage. Finally this work includes classroom practices and materials that serve to promote diversity and equity within the educational experience.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Developmentally Appropriate Classroom Practice
Classroom Practices: Diversity and Equity in Education
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"At this stage of development the students are very conscious of what their peers think of them and it begins to be important to be accepted among their peers at this stage of development. It is important at this stage of development that the teacher motivates students to participate in classroom activities and discussions and that the students are rewarded for participation. The teacher must work towards the students feeling good about participation even when they give a wrong answer, therefore motivation and reward must be focused toward participation and not just giving the right answer. The teacher should be able to assess the social dynamics among the group of students and in doing so call upon those she has noted are 'leaders' in the group to assist her in motivating other student's participation. In motivating the natural leaders of the classroom group in participation of learning it will become socially acceptable for others in the group to actively participate in classroom activities."
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Jews in Contemporary Russia, 2006.
An analysis of the ongoing question of identity as it relates to Jews living in Russia and whether they see themselves first as Russians or first as Jews.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper refers to problem of 'who is a Russian?' and the special problems associated with a varied Russian Jewish community, anti-Semitism, and assumptions concerning Jewish versus Russian identity. Jews in tsarist and Soviet Russia, and in the present, are outlined to indicate similar thematic problems. High emigration has reduced the Russian Jewish community, but many remained uncounted, as some are determined to remain who view themselves as first and foremost Russian as opposed to Jewish.
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