| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "BLACK GOLD OIL OPEC COUNTER": |
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Black Gold: Oil and OPEC as a Counter-Hegemonic Movement, 2001.
This paper examines OPEC and its effects on the Western World.
5,305 words (approx. 21.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 131.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the OPEC organization in the 1970s, and its effects, which are examined through a neo-realist framework, and therefore show how the examination of utility-maximizing states both explains and provides meaning to the OPEC issue. OPEC's actions are presented as an example of a counter-hegemonic movement, which, rather than undermining the hegemonic control of the West, was unsuccessful and resulted in OPEC's incorporation into the global economic system.
From the Paper
"Starting in the 1970s, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel managed to achieve an unprecedented level of control over the economies of the developed Western world, extracting billions of dollars of wealth and damaging the macro-economies of these nations."
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OPEC and Oil Buyers, 1995.
This paper discusses the evolution of mutual dependence between oil exporters OPEC and the industrialized nations: Oil crisis, politics, supply and demand and future.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 9 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"Different epochs of human history have been designated by the key material in use at the time. The stone age, the age of bronze, the age of iron all come readily to mind. In the same spirit, our time could be called the age of oil. Petroleum products and petroleum-produced energy are essential to virtually every aspect of our daily life, from workers' commute to the fabrics and cosmetics that adorn the persons in every city of the world. Although the share of the other parts of the world is projected to increase in the near future, the major oil markets in the world remain the industrialized nations of Western Europe, East Asia, and North America.1 However, the major, readily accessible oil reserves are for the most part located in the undeveloped parts of the world.2 The largest oil reserves are in the Middle East.3 This relationship between the undeveloped ... "
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OPEC Use of Oil as a Weapon, 2003.
Investigates whether OPEC nations would curtail crude oil exports.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 14 sources, $ 103.95
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Abstract
Discusses possible reasons for the use of the oil weapon, including the foreign policy of the U.S. toward Middle East countries and treatment of people of Middle Eastern heritage in the U.S. after 9/11.
From the Paper
"The purpose of this study was to assess the probability that Middle East member countries of OPEC would use the oil weapon against the United States. The posited motivation for use of the oil weapon was dissatisfaction with the foreign policy of..."
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Crude Oil in Canada, 2004.
A look at the effects of OPEC crude oil production on the price and consumption of crude oil in Canada.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the relationships between OPEC crude oil production levels, Canadian crude oil prices, and Canadian crude oil consumption. The paper includes a regression analyses applied to relevant data to assess the effects of OPEC production.
From the Paper
"Poor discipline among the member states of OPEC together with increased production in non-OPEC oil exporting states compromised OPEC's ability to dictate world crude oil prices. The organization, however, continues to play a highly important role in the world crude oil market..."
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OPEC and the United States, 2004.
An analysis of America's dependence on the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
2,037 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the topic of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Specifically, it examines how the United States deals with OPEC and oil prices. The paper also explores how the United States has failed to create a viable energy policy that will allow the country not to depend on OPEC's control of the oil market. The paper contends that the United States heavily depends on oil from the OPEC nations, which is one reason that the country's oil prices have risen so dramatically in the past year or so.
From the Paper
"OPEC was formed in 1960 by the oil-producing countries primarily in the Middle East as a reaction to fluctuating oil prices by oil manufacturers, which were predominantly owned and operated by American and British firms. The first group of nations to initiate and form the consortium were Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq and Iran (Reuda). Forming OPEC was a reaction to foreign oil interests, and they felt they would have more control over the development and management of their own oil reserves. As time went on, membership grew to include Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. However, Ecuador and Gabon suspended their memberships; Ecuador in 1992 and Gabon in 1994. Headquartered in Vienna, Austria, the group has historically been dominated by Saudi Arabia, because it has the largest oil reserves of any of the member nations. OPEC has dominated world oil prices almost since its inception, and has caused inflation in oil-importing countries like the United States."
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The Oil Crisis of 1973, 2002.
A discussion of the embargo of oil exports to the U.S. by Arab members of OPEC as a protest of U.S. support for Israel in 1973.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 5 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
Discusses embargo of oil exports to the U.S. by Arab members of OPEC as a protest of U.S. support for Israel in 1973. Arab-Israeli War. Differing views of the embargo in Islamic World, Third World and industrialized West. Oil prices. Formation of OPEC. Effectiveness of OPEC. Consequences of the oil embargo.
From the Paper
"1973: The Great Oil Shock
I Introduction
Last spring, as U.S. gasoline prices rose above $2 per gallon, and California braced for a possible summer of brownouts, American politicians and commentators often referred back to the "Energy Crisis" of the 1970s, and television news shows replayed grainy old footage of cars waiting lined up ten or twenty deep at gas station pumps. One generation of Americans were reminded of an event they had perhaps half-forgotten, and another perhaps heard of it for the first time.
In 1973, as a protest of US support for Israel in the 1973..."
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Analysis of OPEC, 2002.
Examines the effectiveness of the organization as an international regime and its impact on oil prices throughout the world through its policies.
6,417 words (approx. 25.7 pages), 21 sources, MLA, $ 148.95
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Abstract
The effectiveness of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) as an oil cartel is subjected to critical analysis and assessment during the period of 1973-1999. Issues addressed in this analysis and assessment include the identification and assessment of the political factors that influenced the determination of the (1) political dynamics of the organization, (2) the economic dynamics of OPEC, (3) the international role of the organization, and (4) structural changes in OPEC, with consideration for (a) why and how these changes occurred, (b) the effects of these changes on OPEC?s functioning as a cartel, and (c) the source, internal or international, of these changes.
Introduction
OPEC: Formation, Purpose, Objectives, and Policies
Effects of OPEC Policies in the 1970s and 1980s
Crucial Factors Affecting Decisions by OPEC Member States to Disregard OPEC Production and Price Stabilization Policies
Actions by Non-OPEC Oil Exporters
Discovery of New Energy Reserves
Assessment of OPEC?s Effectiveness OPEC As An International Regime
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"In its first dozen years, OPEC concentrated on gaining control by its member states of their petroleum resources from the multinational oil companies. As this goal was pursued, crude oil prices were raised gradually and at moderate levels. In 1973, however, OPEC imposed its first crude oil boycott, one result of which was a tripling of crude oil prices from 1970 price levels. Following this show of power, crude oil price increases again slowed for several years. Then, in 1979, OPEC instigated a second crude oil price/supply crisis, which resulted in, among other things, a doubling of crude oil prices from 1974 levels."
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The Oil Industry, 2006.
This paper analyzes the various effects to the oil industry due to increased consumption by competing economies around the world.
3,699 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This well-researched paper examines the oil industry, which currently produces and supplies the world's number one energy source. This paper delves into the high swings in terms of price when there are shortages or excesses in supply, which are determined by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). This paper details the 7 companies that control the oil market throughout the world which include 5 U.S. companies. This paper analyzes the importance of OPEC and its negotiation tactics with the various oil companies regarding petroleum production, prices and future rights of concession of the oil companies in the different countries. The writer of this paper details the history of the oil industry by discussing various events such as the 1973 oil embargo and the events that took place in the 1960s in which the U.S. and Europe restricted the import of oil from Russia. This paper details how world events, primarily those in the middle east, affect the price of oil. The writer explores China and India's demand for oil and how it affects global inflation in general. The government of India is now trying to reduce the prices of oil based items over the immediate future so that inflation can be reduced from the current 8% a year. This in-depth paper also analyzes the effects of America's economy on the world's oil prices.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
International Oil Regime
Major Producers
OPEC
Wars and Inflation
Oil Embargo
1973 October War
Inflation
Economic Growth
Asian Giants: India and China
Increased Demand for Oil by Both Nations
Increased Prices Equal Less Economic Growth
Stagflation
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"It is seen that China is one of the fastest growing nations in economic terms and that has taken up the consumption of oil by the country from 2 million tons a year to over 10 million tons now. Even in last year, the growth is over 35 percent and according to analysis of ban credits, it is estimated that Chin will account for over 40 percent of the growth in oil demand. There is also a large increase in demand for oil in United States and this is boosting oil demand internationally. The demand for imports has now reached the limit of supply at about 80 million barrels a day, as already mentioned earlier. At the same time, there are doubts as to whether the massive imports by China are real annual demand or are for building up strategic stocks. According to JP Morgan, the stocks with china are now about 285 million barrels, and even as per statements from China, there is a stockpile being built which will be completed by the end of this year."
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The Gold Rush, 2004.
This paper looks at similarities between the California Gold Rush and the Gold Rush in South Africa.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer discusses the similarities between the California Gold Rush and the Gold Rush in South Africa. The paper focuses on the racial tensions that arose because of these Gold Rush periods in both countries.
From the Paper
"The California gold rush began with the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill on the American River in northern California. When word reached San Francisco, thousands from that city and other parts of California flocked to the region. Much of the early gold rush involved surface diggings and shallow streams and operated at a low technological level. The gold was gathered in a pan full of sand and grave land washed out with water leaving the heavier gold in the ... "
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The Future of OPEC, 2002.
A complete and in-depth study about the current state of OPEC, the contribution of its member states and the future direction it will be taking.
8,125 words (approx. 32.5 pages), 23 sources, MLA, $ 174.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a thorough look OPEC and examines factors such as whether the internal problems that beset OPEC will continue to reduce the effectiveness of the cartel?s price-setting objectives for crude oil and lead to the self-liquidation of the cartel. It also asks if the development of alternative crude oil sources, the development of alternative fuels, technological innovations that reduce the demand for energy consumption, and political developments such as the creation of the WTO, would lead to a reduction in the effectiveness of the cartel?s price-setting objectives for crude oil. The paper finally addresses whether these factors will lead to the self-liquidation of the cartel.
The study assesses the likelihood that OPEC will be able to function efficiently as a cartel in the future, as well as the likelihood that the cartel will continue to exist through the next decade. It explains that both the effectiveness of OPEC as a price-setting export cartel and the continued existence of the cartel are significant for not only the member states of OPEC but also for all crude oil importing states.
From the Paper
"The Organization of Petroleum Exporting countries (OPEC) was founded in Iraq in 1960. The founder members of the organization were Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. The purpose of the organization was (1) to unify and coordinate the petroleum policies of the member states, and (2) safeguard the general interests of the member states. Eventually, 13 countries joined OPEC. The eight additional member states are Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (Hunter, 1999).
OPEC functions as a cartel. Conflicting objectives among member states of the organizations, rivalries among these states, and changing global economic conditions, however, frequently have led to the inefficient functioning of the OPEC cartel (Crainer, 1996). These same conditions frequently have led to strains within the OPEC cartel that have threatened the both the organization?s continued effectiveness and its very existence (Amuzegar, 1997)."
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U.S. Policies Concerning OPEC, 2002.
A comprehensive analysis of the role of economic sanctions in U.S. foreign policy.
10,420 words (approx. 41.7 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 208.95
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Abstract
This paper describes how U.S. foreign policy has developed as the result of American efforts to influence the price and supply of oil in OPEC countries. Also examined are the impact of variations in the supply and price of oil on the U.S. economy, the 1970 oil crisis, the impact of the Persian Gulf War, and the current unrest in the Middle East in this context. A summary of the research is presented in the conclusion.
Outline
Major Players and Events Influencing U.S. Foreign Policy
Overview of Issues Related to Economic Sanctions
Overview of the Persian Gulf
Impact of the Persian Gulf War of U.S. Foreign Policy
U.S. Foreign Policy and the Strategic Petroleum Reserve
From the Paper
"Since the 1973 OPEC oil embargo, U.S. dependence on oil imports has risen to record levels, from 28 percent in 1973 to 48 percent in 1997 (?The 1973 Oil Embargo: What Have We Learned In the Last 25 Years?,? n. pag.). Through 1972, Americans had become accustomed to expanding energy consumption with minimal concerns about the constancy of supply or sharp price escalations. In 1973, however, expectations about energy supply changed dramatically. The turmoil started early in 1973, as customers experienced the first symptoms of something being wrong with electricity brown outs and rapidly rising prices for fuels and other necessities. Price controls and allocation systems not only failed to resolve these problems, they seemed to aggravate them. Most memorably, October brought an oil embargo by members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, cutting further into the supply of oil and elevating prices to levels previously thought impossible. Customers experienced lines and sometimes no fuel at gasoline stations. A year of bad news was punctuated in December, when the President announced that because of the energy crisis the lights on the national Christmas tree would not be turned on. Throughout the year, energy stayed at the forefront of public attention. Interruptions in energy supplies were also closely related to other issues of national importance-a weakening of the economy and a reassessment of America's strategic position in the world. From 1973 to the mid-1980's, prices continued at very high levels, in part because of a second oil shock in 1979-80. During this period, rapid progress was made in raising American oil production, reducing dependence on oil imports, and improving end-use efficiency. After the oil price collapse of the mid-1980's, however, prices retreated to more moderate levels, the pace of efficiency gains slowed, American oil production fell, and the share of imports rose. Other, more violent events in the Middle East, however, would soon create a new political situation in which the U.S. was to be forced to create foreign policy directly as a result of America?s need for oil."
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High Oil Prices, 2006.
This paper analyzes the reasons for high oil prices in the international oil market and the future of this situation.
3,940 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper demonstrates that the oil prices are not only closely linked to the policies and capacity utilization of OPEC but also are a consequence of Iraq war, increasing demand, reduced supply and speculation such as oil futures. The author concludes that oil prices are likely to stay relatively high in the coming years because of capacity constraints due to low investments made in the late 1990s, lack of a healthy investment climate, greater competition among consuming countries to secure flows and geopolitical risks. The paper stresses that the world has to learn to live with the increased prices of oil by (1) improving the investment climate for capacity enhancement in oil-rich countries and (2) reducing oil intensity by means of shifting away from oil to some alternative fuels especially because the oil reserves are not likely to last longer than 40 years. Many figures and charts.
Table of Contents
The Iraq War
Demand
Supply
Speculation
(3) Is the Price-Rise Going to Stay?
Demand Factors
Effects on Global Economy
OECD Countries
Developing Countries
Supply Side Factors
Conclusions
From the Paper
"In August 2004, International Energy Agency reported that world oil demand was increasing faster than any other point in the last 16 years. It attributes the increase in demand due to rapid economic expansion in various countries, particularly China and India in Asia. China was only second largest consumer of petroleum products behind USA. The demand for oil is increasing sharply led by US, China and India, and in absence of corresponding increase in supply, price of oil is bound to rise. In the last decade, the consumption of oil and gas has increased by over 70% in Asia-Pacific Region vis-a-vis 15% in the rest of the world. During 2003-04, China consumed more oil than expected. There was more than 40% increase in the consumption by China over the previous year. Similarly, USA's import increased from 4.22 billion barrels in 2002 to 4.49 barrels in 2003. India's import of oil has increased from 1.1 million barrels per day in 2000 to 1.4 million barrels per day in 2003 (27% increase)."
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Nigerian Oil Spills, 2002.
Examines the vast environmental damage in Nigeria due to oil spills and other factors connected to mismanagement in the oil industry.
1,964 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
Oil has been an important part of the Nigerian economy since vast reserves of petroleum were discovered in the 1950s. In 1997, Nigeria earned over 95 percent of its foreign exchange from the sale of oil on the global market. Foreign oil companies dominated oil
exploration, drilling and shipping in Nigeria, with Shell Oil controlling approximately 60 percent of the country?s domestic oil market. This paper examines the huge environmental damage in Nigeria caused by oil spills, gas-flaring and oil waste dumping. The paper looks at the destruction to the biodiversity of the affected regions, loss of wildlife and soil fertility and health problems. It looks, in particular, at the problems which affect the Ogoni people of the Delta region and the compensation Shell was forced to pay. Finally, the paper discusses the future of Nigeria's oil industry and Shell's promise to improve environmental concerns in the region.
From the Paper
"Critics note that such low-tech security operations can surely be significantly improved, especially when hundreds of millions of dollars are spent in developing technologies to discover oil under the ground. There are many oil pipeline surveillance technologies currently on the market, including a host of fiber optic sensors that detect stress in the pipelines and drilling equipment through subtle shifts in the optic wavelength. Researches at the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio have developed harmonic sensors that can be placed inside of pipes via the flow of oil and then attach themselves to the interior to measure outside force. And over the last two years, ChevronTexaco has invested tens of millions of dollars in startup companies that design pipeline sensor networks (ibid)."
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The United States Oil and Gas Industry, 2004.
This paper is an industry analysis of the United States oil and gas industry, excluding the industry-related exploration and production pre-refining activities.
1,710 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains, using Porter Five Forces Model, that there is a limited threat of new entrants cutting into Shell, Mobil, Texaco, Gulf, and Exxon?s market share because the industry is fairly oligopolistic, with only a few giant firms controlling the majority of the industry even on the global scale. The author points out that the world's oil-producing nations are very influential in the supply and demand factors associated with oil production and consumption through the Organization of Oil Producing Countries (OPEC). The paper stresses that, as globalization increases the world?s demand for oil, it will be critical for the oil-producing nations to maintain a steady cost per barrel, while, at the same time, meeting the high production demands because there are few new technological advances or regulatory controls available to overshadow the basic economic formula of supply and demand. OPEC promises to control pricing for the industry. Tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Industry Overview
Five Forces Model
Major Competitors and Strategic Group Mapping
Future Trends
Opportunities and Threats
Conclusion
Appendix A: Oil Industry
From the Paper
"The oil and gas industry are driven by the price of crude oil. The industry was shaped in the late 1990?s when the price of oil lagged around $10 a barrel forcing many smaller independent companies into seeking bankruptcy protection and the larger oil companies like Shell, Mobil, Texaco, Gulf and Exxon to look for partners through acquisition or merger. This entailed reduced refining and exploration activities and less gas production. However, today, the industry must contend with a new global economy that has increased demand for energy to record levels, which has allowed a robust rebound in the oil and gas industry. ?Oil prices advanced closer to $50 a barrel Monday as domestic and foreign supply concerns persist amid strong global demand.? "
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