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Bioterrorism, 2005.
An analysis of bioterrorism and its long lasting effects on the human body.
2,403 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses bioterrorism and the dangers it brings to living organisms. It examines the history of bioterrorism from ancient times to the twentieth century and explains that it wasn't until the 1930s that the real science of bioterrorism really began to blossom. The writer looks at the research done on biological warfare, with special reference to the anthrax and botulinum toxins. The writer also believes that the technical community has the greatest challenge in developing biological agent detection both for the battlefield, and for civilian use. The writer concludes that the more we search for answers to counter the effects of bioterrorism the worse is gets.
From the Paper
"Throughout history, warriors and terrorists have used a wide range of tactics and
techniques to help defeat their enemy on and off the battlefield. These weapons of war
have evolved from throwing rocks and sticks at each other to the unthinkable weapons of
mass destruction called bioterrorism. You may ask yourself, what is bioterrorism? The
Center for Disease Control defines bioterrorism as the intentional or threatened use of bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants and involves intimidation of nations or people to accomplish political or social ends. (CDC 2005) In ancient times, archers shot arrows at their enemies that were dipped in blood from dead and decomposing bodies, while others had the feces of animals smeared onto the tips to cause severe infection after entering the body."
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Bioterrorism, 2005.
This paper discusses the impact of bioterrorism upon the United States of America.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the impact of bioterrorism upon the United States of America is difficult to exaggerate. The author points out that bioterrorism has led to a more massive and unwieldy state apparatus, to unprecedented integration between various appendages of the state, to heightened fears and insecurities and to a new approach to immigration. The paper suggests that continued vigilance is essential to continued safety.
From the Paper
"Bioterrorism has emerged as one of the catch-phrases of the new millennium. Without question, how America grapples with this frightening reality of twentieth century warfare will go a long way towards determining the safety of everyday Americans in the years to come. This paper will outline how the persistent threat of bio-terrorism has changed the everyday lives of Americans, what steps are being taken by authorities to lessen the prospect of calamitous attacks on American civilians, and the manner in which disparate government agencies are working together to ensure that the biological or chemical equivalent of September 11 , 2001, never takes place. The effect of bioterrorism upon Americans has been significant."
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The Use of Anthrax in Bioterrorism, 2002.
An analysis of the use of Anthrax as a weapon of terrorism, and the efforts of anti-bioterrorism.
804 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the dangers of Anthrax as a weapon in chemical / biological warfare. The paper outlines different types of Anthrax and discusses the long term effects it could have in a war of bioterroism. The writer explains the different ways Anthrax enters and affects the body. The writer provides a brief history on bioterrorism and concludes the paper with assurances that bills have been passed allowing the U.S. government to spend billions on anti-bioterrorism.
From the Paper
"Bioterrorism is known to have been in effect as early as 6th century B. C. when the Assyrians attempted to poison the wells of their enemies using a substance known as "rye ergot" (History of Bioterrorism, PG, 2002). Throughout the years bioterrorism has been a constant threat, as armies have been known to hurl the bodies of diseased soldiers into enemy camps. Feces and even infected fleas have been used to spread plague and malaria into enemy quarters. As early as 1763 Native Americans were given blankets and cloths that had been infected with smallpox (History of Bioterrorism, PG, 2002)."
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Science in Bioterrorism, 2005.
This paper analyzes the capabilities we have in detecting the use of biological agents by terrorists.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the role science is playing in detecting the use of biological agents by terrorists and discusses how it is evident that its major task is to develop and improve scientific devices that can detect biological agents such as anthrax, ricin, botulinum, smallpox and others. The paper explains how these biological agents could inflict horrific casualties and there is little if any defense against them except to detect them as quickly as possible, isolate the area and quarantine anyone who may have been exposed to them. In order to fully understand the vital role of science in dealing with bioterrorism threats, the paper states that it is necessary to initially discuss the nature of bioterrorism attacks.
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Bioterrorism, 2005.
An examination of the use of biological weapons.
1,529 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the new and infinitely terrifying form of arsenal, biological weapons. The paper examines the efforts being done by governments to prepare against bioterrorism. The paper explores how exactly a virus works and why the effects of some infections are so devastating. The paper also highlights what makes humans susceptible to certain viruses and pathogens and why treatment doesn't always work.
From the Paper
"Despite vaulting bounds in medical health, many of us live with a nagging (although not completely irrational) fear of viruses, bacteria, and other nuisances. Since the anthrax hysteria that followed in the wake of the 9/11 tragedy, Americans have been on the alert for signs of bioterrorism. Some fear that the gas curling through our vents contains airborne microbes or that our water reservoirs are teeming with lethal spores. From religious militant to the merely unhinged, people have resorted to violence to wreak havoc - using handguns, bombs, and recently, jetliners."
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Bioterrorism, 2004.
An analysis of epidemic diseases and the threat of biological terrorism.
3,000 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses various historic epidemic diseases, such as the black plague and smallpox. The paper presents a brief history of the use of these diseases as weaponry. Modern-day biological threats, such as anthrax, botulism, tularemia, and Ebola are explored in the paper. The paper explains that the relatively small size of biologic weapons to their large-scale destructive capabilities make them a very real threat in modern warfare and terrorism.
From the Paper
"The Black Plague killed an estimated forty percent of the population of Europe between 1347 and 1427; with some cities and villages experiencing seventy or eighty percent mortality (Herlihy 2, 43). Out of its ashes rose a new understanding of medical science, the European renaissance, as well as a powerful respect for disease. Over five hundred years later Western scientists, armed with post World War II technology, seemed prepared to rid the world of any disease that could threaten humanity. Yet, despite the new weaponry on the side of humans and the heightened optimism of the time, new plagues seemed ready to meet the challenge medical science was the real underdog. During the twentieth century western medicine has gone through several phases, all as responses to immediate medical needs and pervading public worries of the time. Most recently, the threat of bioterrorism has stirred-up many fears that a new plague might ravage our world, and this mindset has demanded a response form the medical community."
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Smallpox, 2004.
An overview of the smallpox disease and vaccination in the wake of bioterrorism.
1,744 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
The recent concerns regarding bioterrorism have given rise to calls for a mass vaccination program against smallpox. The Bush Administration has floated plans to administer the smallpox vaccine to health care and military workers to protect against a smallpox outbreak in the United States. This paper examines the symptoms and morbidity rates of smallpox and studies the arguments both for and against a mass smallpox vaccination campaign.
From the Paper
"Gilmore (2003) further notes that past statistics show that the smallpox vaccine poses a much higher level of risk compared to other vaccinations. For every million people vaccinated in the past, 14 to 52 persons experienced severe reactions. Furthermore, 1-2 people out of every 1 million who received the smallpox vaccine died. Authorities in the United States are further studying the possibility of a causal relationship between smallpox vaccination and subsequent deaths due to previously undiagnosed cardiac disease."
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Danny Boyle's Film: ?28 Days Later?, 2004.
This paper discusses director Danny Boyle's 2003 movie, ?28 Days Later?, an insightful reflection of societal fears of bioterrorism, terrorism, and catastrophic warfare.
1,515 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, through his effective use of story structure, characterization, cinematography, and theme, Boyle creates the fictional post-apocalyptic world of ?28 Days Later?, which is characterized by brutality brought on by man's unthinking arrogance, playing out some of society's worst fears about warfare and terrorism. The author points out that the fear of "playing God" and the repercussions, which appear in the film, have been seen in literature and movies that trace back to Mary Shelly's ?Frankenstein? and to similar movies, such as ?12 Monkeys?. The paper relates that the juxtaposition of the post-apocalyptic emptiness of London, with many viewer?s recollections or projections of the familiarly busy bustle of London streets, provides one of the most shocking visual reminders of the impact of terrorism and catastrophic warfare.
From the Paper
"In recent years, the world has been rocked by the growth of fears over a diverse set of growing threats to global political and economic stability and world health. The tragedy of September 11th brought the world into a new era of fear over terrorist acts. Since then, public uneasiness has only been heightened by the train bombings in Madrid, the Bali bombings, and continued governmental appeals for constant vigilance against terrorism. The fear of bioterrorism has also grown in recent years, with the release of sarin nerve gas on a Tokyo subway, and the presence of anthrax in the US mail. Adding to this climate of fear was President Bush's assertion that Iraq possessed of weapons of mass destruction (including biological weapons), an assertion that provided a justification for the Bush administration's entry into Iraq. Today, societal fears of catastrophic warfare that took root during the Cold War era continue to escalate, as tensions in the Middle East deepen."
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Agro Terrorism, 2008.
This paper looks at the issue of homeland security and discusses agro terrorism.
1,655 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the terrorist attacks on the United States, September 11, 2001 lead to the development of the Homeland Security Act of 2002. The Homeland Security Agency was formed in 2002 to organize and manage collaboration efforts of local, state, and other federal agencies to develop bioterrorism-related food regulations. The writer points out that the federal agencies that are involved with developing and implementing bioterrorism-related food regulations include the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Food Safety and Inspection Services (FSIS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). In this project the writer analyzes the collaborating agencies and evaluates the effectiveness of the regulations and programs used to protect the food supply of the United States. The writer concludes that the Food and Drug Administration, The United States Department of Agriculture, and the Food Safety and Inspection Services along with the White House and other government agencies have collaborated and developed several comprehensive prevention and response programs to address the incident of a food-related bioterrorism attack on the United States.
Outline:
Introduction
Risk of Agro Terrorism
Types of Agro Terrorism
Historical Food-Related Bioterrorism
Food and Drug Administration Response
Food Safety and Inspection Services (FSIS) Response
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Food Safety and Inspection Service is an infrastructure of the United States Department of Agriculture. The Food Safety and Inspection Service and the United States Department of Agriculture work together with the White House and the Department of Homeland Security to coordinate food security in the United States. (Food Safety Inspection Service 2003) The Food Safety and Inspection Services ensure that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe and the United States Department of Agriculture ensures the safety of the remaining food products. Prior to September 11, 2001, the main focus of the FSIS was unintentional harm to eggs, meat and poultry, now the focus has shifted to intentional acts of harm to the food supply.
"The FSIS and the USDA along with the existing food safety framework in place, accomplishments by the agency have been swift and targeted. The following accomplishments have been documented for the collaborative efforts of the FSIS and the USDA."
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Biological Terrorism, 2007.
This paper looks at the potential threat of water contamination by terrorists.
3,997 words (approx. 16.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how preventing and responding to terrorism are two issues that are now critical aspects of the United States' security and political landscape. The paper attempts to investigate why the water systems of large cities are vulnerable to terrorists' attacks. The paper also evaluates why the water system in the city of Chicago is vulnerable to terrorist attacks. The paper discusses how such an attack would most likely be unsuccessful because of detection methods, dilution, chlorination and the filtration processes but there is still an element of danger. The paper looks at the theories of bioterrorism and bioterrorism defense.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Water Facilities in Large Metropolitan Areas
What Will Happen if Terror Attacks Do Occur?
Protecting These Systems
Chicago Water Systems Vulnerability
Theoretical Framework
Competing Hypothesis
From the Paper
"Biological and chemical warfare are particular concerns for the American government as it relates to protecting the citizenry. America has already experienced small scale biological attacks with the anthrax attacks that occurred following the terrorists attacks of September eleventh. Anthrax is a naturally occurring substance that causes severe respiratory problems and can result in death. The previous Anthrax attack affected only a few people; however a large scale attack using anthrax or some other biological agent could be catastrophic. The impact of such an attack could have devastating consequences as millions of Americans could be left dead or seriously ill."
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Information Systems and Security, 2008.
This paper critically examines the information systems of the United States with regards to the struggle against terrorism.
2,977 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and looks at how the United States' information systems fail to meet the tests of universality and of platform and operating systems compatibility. The paper then looks at how border security and the war against bioterrorism have been facilitated by cutting-edge technologies that are compromised by the same interoperability issues. The paper concludes that the failings of the DHS is proof that a more streamlined, centralized data-gathering and data-exchange process is needed.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Information Systems and Standards Universality, Oversight and Compatibility: the Case of the United States Government
Federal Information Systems and the Border
A brief Look at Federal information Systems and Bioterrorism
Future Vision
Conclusions/Summary
From the Paper
"A Government Accountability Office Study conducted in June of 2005 found many problems with the information system in place at the Department of Homeland Security - problems that clearly reveal logistical and planning problems that must be overcome both in the public and in the private realms if the terrorist threat is to be appreciably reduced. To begin with, if the DHS is to be held up as an example, the United States government has done a desultory job of putting in place universal information security practices and controls. Things like a proper risk assessment, security plan, a regime of security tests and evaluations, remedial action plans, and a structure for the continuity of operations have (in one way or another) fallen short of expectations or have simply been absent (Government Accountability Office, 2005)."
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Anthrax: A Public Health Concern, 2007.
A look at the transmission, symptoms and treatment of anthrax.
2,946 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
Anthrax, which is caused by a spore-forming bacterium called Bacillus anthracis, actually occurs as an acute and infectious disease, and is generally found in animals, both wild and domestic. This paper examines how the disease spreads, its different forms, its symptoms and its prevention. In particular, it looks at how it is used as part of bioterrorism.
From the Paper
"Anthrax is termed a zoonotic disease (meaning that it is acquired by people from animals) (Brachman & Friedlander, 1994). The earliest accounts of humans getting this disease are thought to be caused by anthrax dating from the Fifth Egyptian Plague, which was 3500 years ago (Brachman & Friedlander, 1994). During the Middle Ages, anthrax, which was then called "The Black Bane," actually killed very large numbers of people and animals over in Europe. At that time, there was no understanding of the disease, and there was no vaccine (Brachman & Friedlander, 1994). Much like the bubonic plague, people simply did not seem to understand how the disease worked or how they should prevent it."
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The Pros and Cons of Technology, 2002.
A discussion of the benefits gained from improved technology, as well as the problems it creates.
1,740 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the positive impact technology has had in many areas of life, such as the environment, transportation, business, communication and health. Associated problems, such as pollution and the threat of bioterrorism are also discussed.
From the Paper
"Technology has made a positive impact on the environment. Advances have made it easier to build buildings that are stronger and last longer. These buildings also do not put deadly pollutants in the air as some constructions did as little as 50 years ago. Buildings in the United States have climate control and make working more comfortable for people. The buildings also have weigh rooms so those employees can exercise at their work place. The digitized systems allow employees to count calories as they work out."
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September, 11th, 2006.
An in-depth discussion regarding the September, 11th terrorist attacks.
3,158 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at September, 11th 2001, when two planes crashed into the World Trade Center. According to the paper, intelligence agencies report that Al Qaeda and Osama Bin Laden were responsible for this barbaric act, which killed thousands and affected millions. The paper goes on to review the '9/11 Commission' set up to investigate this horrific event.
Outline:
Introduction
Disaster
Responsibilities
Motives
Reactions
International and Public
International Reaction
Local Public Response
Aftermath Strategy
Domestic Front
International Front
Federal Response
Government Account Office Response
Imminent Threats
Modification of Building Codes
Psychological Impact of 9/11 and Bioterrorism
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The economic activity of Lower Manhattan, which is considered to be the third largest business district of U.S, was damaged considerably because of terrorist attacks. Thirty percent (28.7 million sq. ft) of Lower Manhattan office space was either damaged or destroyed. The 41-story Deutsche Bank Building, neighboring the World Trade Center, was damaged extensively; the building was considered to be unfit for habitation and was subjected to demolition."
"North American airspace was sealed for several days after the attack. The air travel reduced significantly after it's reopening, as the threat of terrorist activities still prevailed and people were much under psychological impact. The attacks led to nearly a 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and severely aggravated financial problems in the struggling U.S. Airline Industry."
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Anthrax, 2004.
A brief overview of the highly lethal bacterium, anthrax.
774 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses anthrax, an acute infectious disease that came into the limelight recently due to the anthrax attacks in the United States in the weeks following the September 2001 terror attacks, causing widespread panic. The paper includes information on how the disease is caused, types of anthrax, symptoms of the disease and its treatment. The paper also presents information on the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States and examines what makes anthrax a good bioterrorism agent.
Outline
Introduction
How is Anthrax Caused?
Bacillus Anthracis
Types of Anthrax and Ways in Which it can Infect Humans
Treatment
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
The 2001 Anthrax Attacks
From the Paper
"Anthrax is caused by the bacterium 'Bacillus anthracis' that is highly lethal in its virulent form. Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic animals, but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals, tissue from infected animals, or high concentrations of anthrax spores. Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium which causes anthrax, is rod-shaped and about 1 by 6 micrometres in size. It was the first bacterium ever to be shown to cause disease by Robert Koch in 1877. The bacteria normally rest in spore form in the soil, and can survive for decades in this state. When ingested by a plant eating animal, the bacteria starts to multiply and eventually kills the animal. They even continue to reproduce in the carcass but eventually revert back to the dormant spore state when they run out of nutrients. ("Bacillus anthracis.")"
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