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Bio-Ethics: Rape and Abortion, 2007.
A discussion of ethics on whether a teenage rape victim should have an abortion.
2,014 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the question of whether or not a 15-year old girl, pregnant courtesy a rape committed by an unknown assailant, should abort the fetus or not. The paper also looks at whether or not the parents of the girl have an ethical obligation to counsel her against the abortion, an ethical obligation to counsel her to have the abortion, or whether they should simply stand aside and let the girl make up her own mind. The paper explains that in addressing this problematic subject, it is essential that some philosophical theories be introduced so as to offer an intellectual framework for the discussion and the paper then examines Kant's deontology (with its emphasis upon the categorical imperative) and the theory of utilitarianism espoused by Jeremy Bentham, John Stewart Mills and others (with its concomitant emphasis upon "proportionality"). In conclusion, the paper shows that a deontological approach to this problem is too inflexible and unyielding and that a better resolution is to apply a proportionality test which recognizes that the harm which would be done to the young girl if the child was brought to term outweighs the argument by others that abortion is unethical.
From the Paper
"In the view of Erin Soros, the fetus arising from a rape becomes, at least for the woman or child who must bear it, a manifestation and reminder of the illegitimate desire of another. Additionally, the fetus is "a physical replacement for the part of herself that was lost through the trauma" (Soros, 1998, p.153). From an ethical stand-point, the woman's body has been violated by another and, to the extent that an abortion can heal the psychic wounds inflicted by rape, a woman is entirely within her prerogatives to demand that the product of sexual violence be excised from her being. For the young girl whose story lies at the heart of this paper, there is a utilitarian component to all of this; to wit, the suffering she would endure, and the displacement within her life which would result, from bringing the child to term outweighs whatever loss might be associated with aborting the fetus - at least that is Erin Soros' view."
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Bio Ethics & Globalization, 2006.
A discussion regarding the contentious issue of stem cell research.
1,428 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at stem cell research and the possibilities it holds for human development. The paper reviews the issues surrounding stem cell research and discusses both arguments for and against this science. The paper further discusses the impact that globalization has and will have on scientific development.
From the Paper
"This debate has been taken to a higher level as President Bush was required to take a stand in the matter. However, due to the fact that the debate became political, it demanded a wider approach and therefore the attention focused on the issue of abortion and the presidential opinion on the problem. Practical issues such as vote numbers make a clear position to be highly improbable. The issue of federal funding of the research was somewhat dealt with by Bush who in the end, after a thorough analysis of the different points of view, decided that "Embryonic stem cell research offers both great promise and great peril. (...)This year, your government will spend $250 million on this important research. I will also name a President's council to monitor stem cell research, to recommend appropriate guidelines and regulations, and to consider all of the medical and ethical ramifications of biomedical innovation." (The White House, 2001)"
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Organ Trade: Exploring a Problem of Bio- Ethic, 2002.
Explores the ethical and philosophical nature of trading in human organs.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 20 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
The issue of trade in human organs is a loaded gun in the health care industry, where profit generated from the sale of human organs is substantial yet the ethical concerns are almost beyond measure. This paper explores the ethical and the philosophical nature of trading in human organs with the intention of demonstrating why organ trade is so highly controversial that a great deal more investigation is needed before wholesale organ trade is permitted
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The Issue of Abortion and Abortion Law, 2001.
This paper examines the issues of abortion and abortion law
6,015 words (approx. 24.1 pages), 20 sources, $ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper examines various aspects of abortion and abortion law such as social and ethical concerns as well as the law, and more specifically concerned to that of women's rights.
From the paper:
"While medical science is making abortion much safer for the woman, the debates and the legal battles continue unabated. In the United States, the battles rage in the courts, the Congress and state legislatures. There have even been violent confrontations in the clinics where abortions are performed. There are people in favor of giving the woman the right to abort, and people who are not prepared to allow abortion except when it puts the life of the mother in danger. In between these two extreme positions, we have people taking intermediate positions."
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Abortion, 2004.
A discussion of whether abortion after rape or of a baby with suspected defects is still considered 'murder'.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This discussion ascertains whether or not women who become pregnant as a result of rape should have abortions. It also discusses whether pregnant women should have abortions if there is a strong chance of serious birth defect in the baby.
From the Paper
"According to the Elliot Institute women should and do choose not to have abortions when they have been raped. However, there are a percentage of women who choose to terminate pregnancies that have occurred as a result of rape. In these cases most women and advocates argue that they opted to terminate their pregnancies because carrying the child to term is too painful. Some rape victims also fear that they may reject the children after they are born which will cause the child to have deep emotional scars. In any case it seems that rape victims should have the choice of how to handle the unexpected pregnancy."
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The Morals of Abortion, 2004.
A discussion of the justification of abortion in the case of rape or ill health.
1,039 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how, as years go by, the debate over the ethics and morality of abortion rages on. There are those against it and those for it if certain circumstances apply. It attempts to answer the question of when abortion is morally acceptable or whether it should be considered immoral all the time. It puts forward the author's view that abortion is morally acceptable only in circumstances where the woman was raped or her health is at risk, whether it be her life or her fertility.
From the Paper
"In the case of rape, anti-abortionists argue that it is wrong to have an abortion as well. They use the right to life argument again and state that a fetus has just as much right to life as the woman does and it would be unfair to consider the woman more of a person than the fetus, considering a person's right to life is protected by the constitution. I will grant them the fact that a fetus is a person and I will still prove their argument to be weak. Regarding rape, a woman didn't ask to be violated and raped. Abortion is not wrong here because she did not give the fetus consent to use her body. This abortion should not be considered unjust because it initially violated the woman's rights and should not have happened in the first place."
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A Rational Consideration of the Permissibility of Abortion, 2008.
A discussion of the permissibility of abortion based on a comparative analysis of Dan Marquis' essay "An Argument that Abortion is Wrong" and Judith Thomson's essay "A Defense of Abortion".
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes two essays from Julian Cole's "Readings on the Ethics of Abortion" regarding the controversy over the permissibility of abortion. The first is Dan Marquis' "An Argument that Abortion is Wrong",
which attempts to make a unique argument against abortion which removes the prickly, and in many ways impossible to settle, contrast between those who view it as morally wrong and those who believe that it is a right protected by natural law. The second is Judith Thomson's "A Defense of Abortion", which, according to the paper, helps to discern the flaws in Marquis' approach while providing a justification for proliferation of abortion rights. Contrary to Marquis, Thomson attacks head-on the fundamental question at the heart of the debate, which is the definition of life. In both articles, there is a shared attempt to remove the difficult and prejudicial moral elements of the abortion controversy. To conclude, the paper maintains that, in more cases than not, a responsible societal administration of abortion rights must be seen as a permissible exercise of human rights.
From the Paper
"In his article, "An Argument that Abortion is Wrong," Dan Marquis crafts a case which he claims has no basis in religion. (Cole, 6) It is upon this claim that he attempts to make a unique argument against abortion which removes the prickly, and in many ways impossible to settle, contrast between those who view it as morally wrong and those who believe that it is a right protected by natural law. The reason for his claimed withdrawal from the traditionally religious notion of abortion as being a violation of the universal right to life is its inherently divisive nature. Here, we find that the pro-life advocate is seeking to enter the argument without falling prey to its usually impenetrable morass of subjective ideas."
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Post-Abortion, 2005.
This paper discusses abortion, especially the post abortion period, from the aspects of the Christian church.
2,035 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in the view of the church, abortion is possibly one of the most vivid instances of a circumstance where something is legitimate in this contemporary period but is viewed as committing a sin against God. The author points out that the Church declares that the victims of abortion are both the woman and her child because the demise of a child is one of the severest moments of strain a person can bear in life; therefore post-abortion syndrome is the emotional trauma of not lamenting and not allowing oneself to experience the agony and suffering that goes with the bereavement. The paper states that the Law of God divulges the sin of both partners and they feel at fault and immense grief, the church controls individuals who persistently experience the saddle of the sin of abortion by repeatedly indicating them to the cross of their Lord Jesus.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Church on Abortion
Church on Psychological and Physical Post-Abortion Sequelae
Conclusion
From the Paper
"However, in case of some women, the strain post-abortion is linked with eating problems like overindulgence in eating, bulimia, and anorexia nervosa. Abortion is connected with greater depression, aggressive conduct, alcohol and drug abuse, and surrogate pregnancies, and lower maternal linkage with children who are born thereafter. These causes are strongly linked with child abuse and will seem to corroborate stray clinical evaluations connecting post-abortion pain with subsequent child abuse. It has been seen that post-abortion couples have increased chances of divorcing or undergoing separation. Several post-abortion women develop an increased problem forming long-term relationships with a male partner."
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Ethics and Abortion, 2002.
An indepth exploration of both sides of the abortion debate.
2,646 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
Almost three decades after the landmark 1973 Roe vs. Wade case legalizing abortion in America, the issue remains the greatest moral flashpoint facing America today. This paper examines the underlying ethical arguments of both sides of the abortion debate, using Ronald Dworkin's "sanctity of life" principles. By "abortion," this paper includes all forms of abortion, from early fetal abortion through the RU46 drug to late-term abortions, from abortions out of "convenience" to abortions in cases of rape and incest. It evaluates how the anti-abortion crusade has framed their campaign on the personhood and the rights of the fetus. The second part looks at the pro-abortion movement, which has framed their issue as a campaign for women's reproductive rights. Finally, the paper examines the approach of a minority of women, activists from both camps who are working to bridge the gap between pro- and anti-abortion factions.
By presenting both sides, this paper argues that because of current societal structures that make unwanted pregnancy more likely to happen and its consequences more difficult to assume, abortion must remain an option, a "necessary evil." Both pro- and anti-abortion factions, however, must work towards their common ground - a society where abortions are no longer necessary.
From the Paper
"Despite the legality of abortion and its importance to women's rights, anti-abortion activists have successfully curtailed several pro-choice gains. More important, the "pro-life" camp's appeals to a higher moral law have successfully placed pro-choice advocates on the defensive.
However, pro-choice advocates also frame their stand on morality. Forcing a woman to continue and unwelcome pregnancy is ultimately harmful to the mother and the child. The creation of unwanted and uncared-for children has a two-fold effect of limiting a woman's potential for both the present and future motherhood. As Roiphe states, becoming a mother is a crucial choice and its imposition makes women into "slaves of their biology" (142)."
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Abortion and Ethics, 2007.
This paper discusses both sides of the abortion debate.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the underlying ethical arguments of both sides of the abortion debate, using Ronald Dworkin's "sanctity of life" principles. In this article, the writer includes all forms of abortion, from early fetal abortion through the RU46 drug to late-term abortions, from abortions out of "convenience" to abortions in cases of rape and incest. The essay evaluates how the anti-abortion crusade has framed its campaign on the personhood and the rights of the unborn fetus. The second part looks at the pro-abortion movement, which has framed its issue as a campaign for women's rights to privacy and reproductive freedom. The writer concludes that both pro- and anti-abortion factions have a common interest in seeing a society with no abortion, where the stigma and economic concerns attached to unwanted pregnancies no longer apply.
Outline:
Abortion and Ethics
Anti-Abortion Arguments
Pro-Abortion Arguments
Works Cited
From the Paper
"All these scientific arguments about fetal heart rates and brainwaves serve to tie abortion to a greater and more clear-cut moral issue - murder. At issue is what Ronald Dworkin terms people's belief in "the sanctity of life," a multidimensional value measured in several factors. First, life itself has an instrumental value, because everyone's life can contribute to the interests and well being of society as a whole. Second, life has a personal value, a good or personal worth to the living individual. Finally, beyond the instrumental and personal, life also has an intrinsic value. This intrinsic value exists independently of other people's valuation, regardless of the beliefs of its possessor or other observers."
"By proving that a fetus has a heartbeat, distinct DNA and brainwaves, through graphic films showing how a fetus reacts to shock and pain, the anti-abortion camp is focusing on what Dworkin identifies as the intrinsic value of life."
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Abortion Rights, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis of the sociology of abortion and looks at abortion rights among women.
2,269 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that the subject of abortion requires exploration into multiple moral, social and religious values. The writer points out that some may argue that abortion also requires an exploration of political views and legal perspectives, as the concept and subject is often shaped by multiple dynamics including those in the political realm. This paper reviews the subject of abortion from a sociological standpoint, arguing that women should be allowed the right to an abortion. The writer concludes that a woman's right to an abortion should be upheld and that women should be afforded the opportunity to make the decision they feel is best for them and their family when it comes to their body and their privacy.
Outline:
Introduction
History of the Problem
Discussion Present Situation
Opinion
Conclusions and Summary
References
From the Paper
"The subject of abortion is one that has long been argued among politicians, sociologists, humanists and citizens. Controversial because it involves one's definitions of life and values as a human, the subject of abortion is one that legal analysts have reviewed over decades. Ultimately however, the subject of abortion is one that rests on a woman's right to privacy. As a woman's "right" to privacy is a right upheld by the law, one can only assume that a woman should be guaranteed that right under the law. Because abortion involves one's personal decisions affecting their bodies, it is important that sociologists, psychologists and legal analysts avoid applying political idealisms to the subject of abortion, and rather consider the subject of abortion based on value systems and beliefs."
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The Ethics of Abortion, 2007.
A comparison of the arguments of Judith Thomson in "A Defense of Abortion," with those of Don Marquis in "Why Abortion is Immoral".
1,340 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the respective arguments of Judith Thomson in "A Defense of Abortion," with those of Don Marquis in "Why Abortion is Immoral." The paper argues that while the two approaches to the question of abortion are distinct in their fundamental assumptions, in general both arguments are based on the same methodological premise that the complex ethical issues surrounding abortion can be understood through what may be termed a "property-rights" approach. The paper concludes that Marquis' argument is marginally stronger than Thomson's in this regard.
From the Paper
"Thomson's analogy that for a mother to be compelled to carry a person she does not want for nine months - with the possibility of years of support following - is analogous to someone using one's property without permission is clearly very strong. It suggests that the self-defense argument is particularly strong, to the point of being almost unchallengeable. After all, if we defend the right of a person to defend his own life to the point of killing another if necessary, then why cannot the same rule apply to a mother. More broadly, why should a mother be forced to allow another person use of their property should they not wish this? In contrast, Marquis seems to emphasize the value of the property in this analysis. For the mother to terminate a fetus would be, in effect, the elimination of decades of life-value for the unborn fetus."
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Abortion, 2003.
An overview of abortion, followed by a discussion of abortion in the U.S., France and China.
1,269 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issues concerning abortion including the stance of pro-life and pro-choice supporters. It looks at the debate over whether induced abortions should be permitted, encouraged, or severely repressed and how it has been a social issue that has divided theologians, philosophers and legislators for centuries. It analyzes the laws, practices and attitudes towards abortion in three different cultures, in the U.S., France and China.
From the Paper
"The debate over abortion in the United States has largely been a focus on the morality of the practice; in many developing nations of the world, though, the debate centers on the mother's right to survive in a harsh environment herself. For instance, the United Nations Population Fund reported in 2000 that worldwide, 350 million couples do not have access to safe and effective contraceptive methods, and millions of couples lack even the most basic information about birth control. That report stated that about 175 million unwanted pregnancies occur each year, about 20 percent of those end up in unsafe abortions, and more than half a million women per year die as a consequence (The Global War for Public Health, 2002, p. 24)."
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The Abortion Clinic Shootings, 2002.
An analysis of the article "The Abortion Clinic Shootings: Why?" by Randall Terry discussing the underlying reasons behind people being shot at abortion clinics.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper explains Terry's views that "Abortion is Murder" and how he sympathizes with the lawless anti-abortion activists. The paper details the author's suggestions for reducing violence against abortion providers and his assertion that abortion should be outlawed. The paper then explains both the pro-abortion and anti-abortion arguments and analyzes the article. The paper explains that Terry's article is an example of a "blame the victim" strategy, for he finds those who are the target of violence to be at fault for what happens to them. The paper shows how the author's stance is anti-democratic.
From the Paper
"Terry's logic in effect gives those who commit violence precisely what they want. They commit violence to end abortions, and Terry would stop the violence by ending abortions. It is clear that he sympathizes fully with those who commit violence even though at one point he does give lip-service to some criticism of them as taking the law into their own hands. Yet, his argument suggests that he does not believe this and that he believes the law is simply wrong. He points to the law allowing abortions as wrong and so as a law that should be thwarted, and he points to the law enforcement community as supporting an unjust law and so as a force that can also be opposed."
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Abortion Is Not a Legal Issue, 2006.
This paper focuses strictly on the physical standpoint of abortion, as opposed to the moral and legal aspects, in which the writer proves why abortion should not be allowed to exist.
1,830 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper does not dwell on the moral, religious or legal platform of abortion, yet focuses on the debatable issue from a strictly physical standpoint. This paper defines abortion as the knowing destruction of the life of an unborn child or the intentional expulsion or removal of an unborn child from the womb. This paper discusses the pros and cons regarding the availability of the RU-486 abortion pill as well as other abortion procedures. The RU-486 pill, which can be used within the first eight weeks of pregnancy, is a milestone to the abortion coalition. This paper examines the argument surrounding the viability of an unborn fetus in which the generally accepted rule for viability is around 28 weeks.
From the Paper
"Cases have been reported of babies born four months premature, and weighing only one pound, nine ounces, surviving. If the abortion advocates could see what was being murdered they may not take it so lightly. For example, Cheryl Kondroski was 21 weeks pregnant when it was discovered that her baby had a very serious heart problem. After further testing showed that there was absolutely no chance of the baby even surviving the pregnancy, the decision was made to terminate the pregnancy. Labor was induced, and the little boy was born. Cheryl and the father were allowed to hold the baby. He was approximately 8 ? inches long and weighed a little over 1? pounds. Cheryl said, "His ears were still glued to his head. His eyes were shut, but his mouth was open. Everything, even fingernails and hair on his face, was there." Can anyone see this experience and still say that because this child could not survive on its own it was not a real child? Absolutely not."
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