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How a Bill Becomes Law, 2007.
This describes how a bill becomes a law in the United States.
1,089 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of U.S. government and political science. Specifically, it describes the process of how a bill becomes a law in the United States. It further discusses the complicated process, in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, of creating and passing legislation. The writer also presents variables which affect bills becoming laws, such as elections.
From the Paper
"Any member of the Senate or House can introduce legislation. In the House, the bill first goes to the Clerk of the House, and if the Clerk is not there, the bill goes into the "hopper," a box on the Clerk's desk specifically to hold new legislation. In the Senate, the Senator must wait until the "morning hour," a 90-minute session on Mondays and Tuesdays reserved for member speeches and bill introduction. If another Senator objects, the bill introduction must wait until the next day. Once the bill is introduced, it is called the "First Reading" of the bill. In the House and the Senate, more than one representative can sponsor a bill. After the bill is introduced, it is assigned a number and identifier (in the House HR is used, in the Senate it is simply S). The bill also gets the sponsor's name. It then travels to the Government Printing Office, where they make copies of the bill."
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"Lessons From The Hill" ( Janet Martin ), 1999.
Reviews book on the complex reality of how a bill becomes a law, as opposed to the simple ideal taught in school, focusing on the 1990 School Dropout Assistance Act.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 1 source, $ 55.95
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Abstract
Every high school civics textbook has a version of a diagram entitled something like "How a bill becomes law." The diagram outlines the formal stages through which a piece of legislation is enacted, as prescribed by the Constitution and the rules of the two houses of Congress.
From the Paper
"How a Bill Really Becomes Law
Every high school civics textbook has a version of a diagram entitled something like "How a bill becomes law." The diagram outlines the formal stages through which a piece of legislation is enacted, as prescribed by the Constitution and the rules of the two houses of Congress.
A measure is introduced, in one house or the other (subject to constitutional restrictions, such as that a spending bill must originate in the House). It is referred to the appropriate committee in the house where it is introduced, and then to a subcommittee. Hearings are held, amendments are voted on, and eventually the measure as amended is voted out of the subcommittee and then the full committee, with a recommendation in favor or opposed to its passage by the full body. If the committee ..."
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War on Terrorism vs. the Bill of Rights, 2002.
Argues that America's new laws to counter terrorism are a breach of the Fourth Amendment.
1,223 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the U.S. Department of Defense and other branches of the federal government capitalized on the fear of another terrorist attack, by erecting a series of security measures since September 11. The most notable of these is the USA PATRIOT Act (HR-3162), passed in October of 2001 which stands for ?Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism.? The paper explains that the USA PATRIOT Act permits wiretapping without judicial orders, deportation of legal residents of the United States based on suspicion, secret searches of citizens? offices and homes and measures. The paper argues that many of the permissible acts included in the USA PATRIOT Act are discriminatory and that there is nothing ?patriotic? about violating Fourth Amendment rights or stripping ordinary citizens from their basic civil liberties. The paper shows that these bills and laws offer a lot of power to the FBI, the police and to other governmental bodies. millions of Americans are still willingly surrendering their personal rights and freedoms in favor of a false sense of security. Finally, the paper argues that the aura of paranoia that currently pervades the United States fuels the fascist-like measures supported by Attorney General Ashcroft, measures which have far-reaching implications for American citizens.
From the Paper
"The problem with this approach is that the civil rights of American citizens, legal residents, and visitors is violated. Most Americans would be willing to undergo enhanced security checks at airports. In fact, Gore Vidal, in his article ?The New War on Freedom,? cites a CNN/Times poll conducted a few days after the terrorist attacks of September 11 which showed that 74% of people believe ?it would be necessary for Americans to give up some of their personal freedoms,? (Vidal). However, in the wake of the terrorist attacks, the federal government was able to sneak the USA PATRIOT act by Congress and the American people. Without protest, Americans are giving up their power to law enforcement agencies, under the assumption that some loss of freedom is necessary."
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A Bill of Rights for Australia, 2003.
Questions whether Australia needs a Bill of Rights to protect the country from the new anti-terror laws.
1,472 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the new anti-terror laws in Australia and how these impact Australian human rights. It examines what these new laws involve, what entrenching a Bill of Rights would involve and the possible outcomes of an entrenchment of the Australian Constitution. The author of the paper ultimately argues that a Bill of Rights is not necessary to protect the fundamental rights of the Australian people.
From the Paper
"If a Bill of Rights were introduced into Australia, judges would have ultimate power in deciding what actually constitutes human rights (Kerby 1995). Instead of the parliament and the elected politicians deciding on the rights of the people, this would be left to judges (Kerby, 1995). Some argue that this is giving them too much power. It is said that middle aged, upper class and predominantly white males cannot possibly know what is best for all demographics of the Australian nation and have no way in determining the will of the people (Kerby, 1995). Others also believe that judiciary?s are unreliable as the sole determiners of human rights as a Constitutional Bill of Rights would enable them to establish their own political agendas (Gibbs, 2000). In addition, their decisions would no doubt be made on personal morals, views and beliefs (Gibbs, 2000). Also there would be an increase of power for those with wealth. By this it is meant that it would be the wealthy who could afford the legal action to achieve their agendas in how the bill was interpreted (Malcolm ,1998)."
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Telecommunications: An Analysis of the Law, 2002.
A paper about the new laws on telecommunications and the types of bills passed in court.
1,950 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the federal legislation around telecommunications with focus on the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The author examines the history and formation of the bill, the people behind its enactment and how this law effects telecommunications. A look at laws pertaining to use of the Internet.
From the Paper
"Few pieces of federal legislation enacted during last decade have been as important or as controversial as the Telecommunications Act of 1996, for in addition to bringing federal laws in line with 21st-century telecommunications technology and 21st-century communications habits, the law also sought to set a levy of accountability on the Internet that many people believed was tantamount to a violation of the First Amendment and to censorship ? a charge that the U.S. Supreme Court would later side with when it struck down the ?decency? provisions of the law. This paper explores the legislative history of the bill, the interest groups that were in involved in lobbying on either side and an evaluation of the law. "
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Illinois House Bill 60, 2004.
An overview of the debate regarding how House Bill 60 grants Illinois's undocumented immigrants the right to pay in-state tuition rates at the state's public colleges and universities.
2,551 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how, on May 18, 2003, Illinois became the fifth state in the country to offer in-state tuition rates to illegal residents. It examines the legal basis of this controversial law and looks at its possible economic, social, and political and economic effects on the state of Illinois. The first part of the paper is a history and overview of House Bill 60. The next part then details the law?s objectives and the number of students who stand to benefit in Illinois. It shows how, despite its objectives, this controversial law has generated spirited criticism, and it examines the various objections, which include debates regarding the legality of the law and the economic effects of this law on Illinois taxpayers.
Outline
History of House Bill 60
Overview and Objectives
Critics of the Measure
Benefits of House Bill 60
Beyond House Bill 60
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Much of the opposition centers how these laws will limit opportunities for United States citizens and legal residents. For many low-income American families, state universities present the only option for higher education. Because many state universities are already limiting enrollment, groups like the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) contend that ?when public universities admit an illegal immigrant and provide subsidized tuition, some other student who is also deserving is denied an opportunity? (FAIR Issue Brief). These alien students, in effect, will gain an education at the expense of legal American residents or citizens."
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Catholic Schools and 'Bill 30', 2002.
Examines the Roman Catholic education within the context of the state funding bill, 'Bill 30'.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly explores the history of the Roman Catholic schools in respect to the recently proposed 'Bill 30', which provides full state funding to select Roman Catholic schools.
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The Ninth Article of Bill of Rights, 2005.
This paper discusses the Ninth Article of the Bill of Rights, commonly known as the seventh amendment, which grants citizens a right to jury trial in civil cases according to common law procedures.
1,440 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the biggest issue concerning the Seventh Amendment is the division of powers between the jury and the judge; the Court has declared it constitutionally correct for a judge to express his opinion on the facts presented during the case with the condition that these facts are eventually referred to the jury. The author points out that an indirect change to the article was made during Colgrove vs. Battin, when the Court decided that it was permissible to have a jury consisting of six persons instead of twelve. The paper relates that the re-examination or review clause is not restricted to federal courts only but covers state as well as Supreme Court; however, it also is stated that in cases where the Court finds violation of constitutional rights, facts can be reviewed and re-examined.
From the Paper
"The right can be waived by the parties themselves. The parties may submit the case to the jury and ask for waiver of their right to a jury. This can be done by presenting a statement of facts to the court. Congress had provided for waiver of right before Federal rules were adopted and had allowed "for the trial of issues of fact in civil cases by the court without the intervention of a jury, only when the parties waive their right to a jury by a stipulation in writing.'' Even after the adoption of Federal Rules, this right is still granted but there is a specific procedure to follow."
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The Patients' Bill of Rights, 2007.
This paper discusses the the history and future of The Patients' Bill of Rights.
5,770 words (approx. 23.1 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 138.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the present state of the Patients' Bill of Rights, as well as its history and future possibilities. Also explored are the issues of political support, arguments for and against, and major pitfalls in getting this legislation passed into law. The paper attempts to further explain general intentions of the Patients' Bill of Rights. The most pertinent bills specific to the Patients' Bill of Rights are presented and analyzed.
Outline:
Introduction
Arguments For and Against Patients' Bill of Rights
History of the Patients' Bill of Rights
Why the Patients' Bill of Rights has Failed
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Before exploring the more complex issues involved, it is necessary to understand the general intentions of the Patients' Bill of Rights. Numerous bills involving patients' rights have been presented to the House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. Discussed in this paper are the most pertinent bills specific to the Patients' Bill of Rights: the 1998 Patients' Bill of Rights, H.R. 3605 and S. 1890; the Bipartisan Patient Protection Act of 2001, S. 1052, S. 872, and H.R. 526; and the 2005 Patients' Bill of Rights, H.R. 2259, H.R. 2650, and S. 1012. In general, federal legislation that safeguards patients' rights is supported by both major political parties and the President, and also has considerable public appeal (Chavez, 2001, 606; Chaddock, 2001, 1)."
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Minimum Wage Bill, 2007.
An analysis on bill H.R.5970, based on a USA Today article, "Senate Rejects GOP Estate Tax, Minimum Wage Bill."
958 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the Senate recently voted down a bill that would have raised minimum wage but would have also lowered estate taxes. The paper examines how, by linking two oppositional tax-related issues, the bill, H.R.5970, polarized the Senate along party lines. The paper explores how an estate tax cut favors the wealthiest Americans who own multi-million dollar estates, whereas the minimum wage hike would directly affect the working poor. The paper concludes that most of the Senate's Republicans favored the bill because of the estate tax cut implications, whereas most Democrats would have favored the bill only if it focused exclusively on raising the minimum wage.
From the Paper
"Democrats oppose an estate tax cut in part for the same reasons they favor a minimum wage increase. Estate tax revenues can potentially be huge: capital gains taxes currently run about 15%. Yet only the wealthiest Americans benefit from estate tax cuts and Americans who would qualify are in the vast minority. The vast majority of Americans, on the other hand, might benefit from an increase in minimum wages. Only the tiniest percentage of Americans own multi-million dollar estates while a substantial portion of Americans earn close to the minimum wage."
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United Kingdom Mental Health Law, 2004.
This extensive research paper analyzes U.K. case law regarding mental health to develop a set of recommendations to be used as a guideline for creating an improved legal system for mental health.
24,780 words (approx. 99.1 pages), 39 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the history of mental health law in the U.K., identifying a number of key principles of health care economics and ethics, with a focus on the particular incentives and trade-offs that are raised by these principles at three levels of the mental health system: government and society; purchasers and providers; and users and caretakers. The author points out that self-determination theory (SDT) is based on the belief that innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are important bases for human motivation. The paper suggests that there is a need to move towards a more open, accountable, and evidence-based mental health care system, which would be fully supported by U.K. law.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Literature Review
History of UK Case Law
Draft Mental Incapacity Bill
The Fundamental Principle Behind Medical Law in the UK
Capacity Law
Problems in Mental Health Systems in the UK
A Right to Health Care: The Libertarian Objection
Whom to Sacrifice
The Struggle Between Ethics and Economics in Mental Health Care
Four Principles of Health Care Economics
Four Principles of Health Care Ethics
Tensions in Health Care Decision-Making
Government and Society
Purchasers and Providers
Economic Incentives
Ethical Trade-offs
Users and Caretakers
Linking the Past to the Present
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions and Hypothesis
Methodology
Results
Discussion, Recommendations and Conclusion
Explicitness
Evaluation
Accountability
Recommendations
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In a perfectly competitive market, the supply and demand for a particular good achieves equilibrium, and no more and no less of the good is produced or consumed than is necessary. In reality, markets are not perfectly competitive, resulting in failures due to unfair competition, uncertainty and externality effects. The market for mental healthcare is no exception. These failures are so common that some form of government intervention is necessary. The extent of government involvement is influenced by both economic and political considerations and by the existing model of social choice. In the United Kingdom, a careful balance of both individualistic (autonomy and consumer sovereignty) and collective (justice and welfare maximization) principles must be considered."
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Fundamental Health Law in the United Kingdom, 2004.
In-depth analysis of United Kingdom case law regarding mental health.
24,888 words (approx. 99.6 pages), 39 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the history of mental health law in the UK, identifying a number of key principles of health care economics and ethics, with a focus on the particular incentives and trade-offs that are raised by these principles at three levels of the mental health system: government and society; purchasers and providers; and users and caretakers. The paper then suggests that there is a need to move towards a more open, accountable, and evidence-based mental health care system, which would be fully supported by UK law.
Table of Contents
History of UK Case Law
Draft Mental Incapacity Bill
The Fundamental Principle Behind Medical Law in the UK
Capacity Law
Problems in Mental Health Systems in the UK
A Right to Health Care: The Libertarian Objection
Whom to Sacrifice
The Struggle Between Ethics and Economics in Mental Healthcare
Four Principles of Healthcare Economics
Four Principles of Healthcare Ethics
Tensions in Healthcare Decision-Making
Government and Society
Purchasers and Providers
Economic Incentives
Ethical Trade-offs
Users and Caretakers
Linking the Past to the Present
From the Paper
"In the United Kingdom, a debate has surfaced in recent years regarding existing mental health laws . This debate raises important questions about human rights, duty of care, individual responsibility, the nature of mental illness and the purpose of mental health services. The focus of this debate revolves around the libertarian principles of autonomy and self-determination. In basic terms, stakeholders in the debate, including mental health professionals, insurance companies, patients and family members, have varying ideas regarding whether or not we can justify the legalized use of force by mental health services on individuals diagnosed with a mental disorder who have not committed a crime."
History of UK Case Law
Draft Mental Incapacity Bill
The Fundamental Principle Behind Medical Law in the UK
Capacity Law
Problems in Mental Health Systems in the UK
A Right to Health Care: The Libertarian Objection
Whom to Sacrifice
The Struggle Between Ethics and Economics in Mental Healthcare
Four Principles of Healthcare Economics
Four Principles of Healthcare Ethics
Tensions in Healthcare Decision-Making
Government and Society
Purchasers and Providers
Economic Incentives
Ethical Trade-offs
Users and Caretakers
Linking the Past to the Present
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A Bill of Rights in the Australian Legal System, 2002.
Closely examines whether or not Australia should adapt a Bill of Rights in their Constitution, looking at current protection of human rights in the legal system.
2,386 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the current ability of the Australian legal system in protection of human rights. It includes an examination of the Constitution, High Court, Implied Rights, Common Law, The HREOC (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission), international law, and federal and state laws in Australia. The paper questions whether or not current protection is adequate, and whether a bill of rights is needed.
From the Paper
"Human rights refers to those rights described as "basic and essential to the existence of human beings". These include a range of rights such as the right to life, freedom and security of person; the right to free speech; the right to a fair trial. Pressure for a bill of rights in Australia has been considerable over the last 10 years due to increased awareness of existing laws and to their inability to protect human rights, uncertainty about the High Court and interpretations of implied rights, and embarrassing challenges to the existing Australian laws. The Australian legal system has to be examined closely in order to conclude whether human rights are adequately protected. There are many means of protection in the Australian legal system, yet the actual effectiveness has to be examined as to what extent "little protection" is offered. There are many arguments in favor of the introduction of a bill of rights, however, if this would actually be appropriate for Australia in protection of human rights, and if the need is warranted, needs to be looked at in greater detail."
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The New Overtime Laws, 2004.
An analysis of the new overtime laws issued by the U.S. Department of Labor.
1,567 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the changes to overtime legislation in the United States. The paper discusses the guidelines presented by the Department of Labor, explaining the new terminology employed. The paper analyzes the "Working Families Flexibility Act" (Ballenger's bill) and the "Family Friendly Workplace Act" (Ashcroft's bill). The paper contends that these titles are misleading as the changes in the overtime laws seem to benefit only the corporations and not the employees.
From the Paper
"In the winter of 2004, The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) issued what it called "guidance" about President Bush's overtime legislation. Along with the guidance, they invented new obfuscatory language. When they discussed "payroll adjustment," a relatively benign-sounding term, they were really referring to "cutting base worker salaries so the additional overtime payments would bring their total pay to their old salaries, or raising salaries just to the $22,100 threshold so workers do not qualify for overtime" (Economic Opportunity Report). On the face of it, guidelines such as those, which advocated diminishing compensation for the work being done, might have been issued by a government department called the Department of Corporation Welfare, if we had one. Clearly, the suggested changes would benefit no one except the employer."
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Bill Gates: His Life in the Computer World, 2001.
This paper outlines the influence Bill Gates has had in computers, technology, and business.
1,285 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the life of Bill Gates, founder and chairman of Microsoft. It details his young adult life and how he came to create a new computer operating system. Further, how he built the Microsoft empire and changed technology, business, and society. It also briefly examines a few of the legal cases against Microsoft.
From the paper:
"William or ?Bill? H. Gates III is chief executive and co-founder of the largest software company in the world, the Microsoft Corporation. Last year, Microsoft made a $953 million dollar profit on sales of $3.75 billion dollars. As Microsoft's largest stockholder, Bill Gates is worth nearly $6.1 billion, making him this country's second wealthiest man. He is at thirty-eight years old, America?s youngest self-made billionaire. Microsoft's $25 billion market value tops that of Ford, General Motors, 3M, Boeing, RJR Nabisco, General Mills, Anheuser-Busch or Eastman Kodak. (Resin ?The Bill Gates Interview?) This paper will attempt to analyze the character of Bill Gates, explain the nature of the corporation he created, and explicate some of the difficulties he and his corporation have faced economically and personally. It will suggest that although Gates has done many controversial things throughout his life as both a man and as chief executive of Microsoft, the overall effects he has had upon the country and upon the computer industry have been positive ones."
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