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Bias of the Death Penalty, 2005.
This paper examines the inherent bias in the death penalty and attempts to establish the root of this bias which has seen an unequal proportion of minorities and blacks executed compared to whites.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
Laws are established according to the prevailing norms and customs existing in society. Thus, the law is merely a codified edict of social conformity. However, when building consensus, there is rarely, if ever, unanimous decision-making. Bias is always prevalent. Even though every citizen is equal before the law, not every citizen may be judged equally before the law. This paper illustrates this principle by using the death penalty as an example, and showing that it is racially biased and disproportionately handed down in cases involving racial minorities. It shows this through the use of statistics and by illustrating factors that lead to the discrepancy between the proportion of minorities in the population and the proportion of minorities sentenced to death in the judicial system.
From the Paper
"Since its inception, the death penalty has encountered constant opposition, and has been embroiled in court cases challenging its constitutionality. Opponents of the death penalty challenge it under the eighth amendment of the constitution, which prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. One of these most notable cases is that of Furman v. Georgia (1972). In this case, Justice Marshall, who wrote the majority opinion, explored the roots and different facets of the death penalty, and ultimately "arrived at the conclusion that the death penalty violates the Eighth Amendment..." (Furman v. Georgia, 1972). One key point of evidence was his contention that the death penalty is discriminative, and in presenting supporting evidence, he believed "that the following facts would serve even the most hesitant of citizens to condemn death as a sanction..." (Furman v. Georgia, 1972). He states that out of 3,859 people who have been executed since 1930, 1,751 were white, and 2,066 were black. 3,334 of the executions were for murder, of which 1,664 were white, and 1,630 were black."
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Is The Death Penalty Biased?, 2008.
This paper explores whether there are biases in the application of the death penalty in the United States.
1,636 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the problem of racial bias, gender bias, juveniles and capital punishment and the link between poverty and the death penalty. The paper contends that overall, the death penalty may be a necessary evil in our society, however, until we can be one hundred percent sure it is meted out fairly, a moratorium on the act may be in order.
Outline:
Introduction
Racial Bias and Capital Punishment
Gender as a Factor in Death Penalty Sentencing
Capital Punishment and Juveniles
Poverty and the Death Penalty
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Capital punishment has been administered and accepted in this country for over 200 years, however, some states have now abolished the practice, while others continue with sanctioned executions. In 2000, Governor George Ryan of Illinois suspended executions in that state and "commuted the death sentences of all Illinois death row inmates in 2003" (Wolfers 791). Following Ryan's lead, in 2004, New York's highest court ruled that the state's death penalty statute was unconstitutional. Although prisoners still sit on California's death row, executions in that state are virtually nonexistent, however, executions in Texas continue at an even pace (791). "
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Cultural Bias In Classroom, 1999.
Examines biases in teaching, curriculum, books and testing as well as the roles of teachers and parents in eliminating bias.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 9 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"Recent trends in multiculturalism notwithstanding, education in the United States remains culturally biased, which leads to bias in curriculum and in school testing. Most approaches to multiculturalism merely involve adding on discussions of marginalized racial and ethnic groups to the chiefly Eurocentric point of view. Even well-meaning educators fail to eliminate cultural bias in the classroom, which often results in negative educational outcomes for African-American youth. Culture plays a role in the ability of students to understand curriculum materials and therefore score well on tests. Information may be unknowingly presented in the classroom that is so culturally biased minority students unconsciously or consciously reject it. Rose Mary Scott gives an example of a book about Native Americans (written by a non-Native American)..."
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Gender Bias in Canada, 2002.
Shows that the greatest barrier to equity and social justice in Canada is gender bias, particularly the unequal treatement of women.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 15 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
Both quantitatively (in terms of numbers affected) and qualitatively (in terms of the changes required), gender bias remains a profound Canadian crisis. Women are disadvantaged in marriage and in the workplace and underrepresented in the political arena. The roots of this bias are deeply ingrained in Canadian society. Further, overcoming this bias demands fundamental changes in the type of government intervention designed to address it.
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Perceptual Biases, 2008.
This paper discusses and compares the issue of bias in the cases of 'Affirmative Action at the University of Selkirk' and 'Portrait of a Canadian Advisor'.
2,380 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the perceptual biases in the cases of 'Affirmative Action at the University of Selkirk' and 'Portrait of a Canadian Advisor' are different in that the contexts are radically distinct. Further, the writer points out that they are similar in that the perceptual biases in both cases are based heavily upon stereotypes. The writer concludes that in this analysis, one can see how and why the Selkirk and Canadian advisors' cases differ significantly. The writer notes the implications of this for programs to address biases in both contexts.
From the Paper
"A similar perceptual bias based upon stereotypes can be seen in the case of the Canadian advisors. The difference between the biases in this case and the Selkirk case is largely one of context, with the biases being racially/culturally-based with respect to the Canadian advisors while they are gender-based in the case of Affirmative Action at Selkirk."
"This being said, the interesting thing about the Canadian advisor case is how it is similar to the Selkirk case in being not an obvious or overt stereotyping but a more complex and subtle form of bias. The Canadian advisor case consists of two distinct models of the Canadian advisor: one based upon surveys of the advisors themselves and the other based upon field surveys of advisors from their spouses and colleagues. A key difference between these two models illustrates the perceptual biases that these advisors show towards the host countries in which they work."
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Cultural Bias in Testing, 2004.
An assessment of cultural bias in standardized testing.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the subtle cultural biases contained in standardized tests, including IQ tests. The paper asks whether this bias unfairly penalizes those who are not white and middle-class. The paper presents counter-arguments that while significant cultural differences might distort test findings in general, IQ tests are not biased in this way. The paper concludes that IQ tests in particular are constructed so that they can fairly assess intelligence of anyone who has grown up in the United States and can read English.
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Bias in the Media, 2005.
An analysis of the extent of ideological bias in the media.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper examines bias in the media. The paper investigates media ownership, the content of news and entertainment broadcasts, and the relationship between media influence and public opinion, in order to assess the extent of the ideological bias in the media. The paper then analyzes which factors have contributed to media bias in the United States and its effects.
From the Paper
"Ideological Bias in the Media: An Analysis Accurately assessing the extent of ideological bias in the media requires investigating media ownership, the content of news and entertainment broadcasts, and the relationship between media influence and public opinion. In recent years, corporate media conglomeration, deregulation, and declining journalistic standards have significantly increased ideological media bias in the United States, which has had a devastating effect on participatory democracy. Media ownership is more concentrated than ever before and serious coverage and debate of public issues such as war, taxes, corporate crime, education, political corruption, and pollution is disappearing right before our eyes."
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Challenging Race and Gender Bias in Three Works of Children's Literature, 2002.
An analysis of bias in three children's books, Paula Fox's "The Slave Dancer", Lynne Reid Banks' "The Indian in the Cupboard" and Rudyard Kipling's "How the Leopard Got his Spots".
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This essay will construct a challenge to three novels for children with respect to their inherent biases: Paula Fox's "The Slave Dancer", Lynne Reid Banks' "The Indian in the Cupboard", and Rudyard Kipling's "How the Leopard Got his Spots". In constructing this challenge, I believe that it is important that I explain my own biases and how they influence my challenge. I would argue that it would be arrogant for educators or parents today to consider that we are without biases.
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Media Bias, 2004.
A discussion on bias in the media focusing on the United States and the United Kingdom.
4,370 words (approx. 17.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the myriad of ways in which media bias in the United States and the United Kingdom can affect the manner in which specific news events are conveyed. The author uses the Israeli fence as an example of this bias, with news stories from the US and UK cited throughout.
From the Paper
"The oft-cited special relationship that exists between the United States and the United Kingdom infers an ideological common bond, a cultural cohesiveness and a political partnership that is supposed to transcend petty misunderstandings and trans-Atlantic ..."
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Media Bias, 2005.
This paper examines media bias in Newsweek and the Washington Post.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 23.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explores the issue of media bias in Newsweek magazine and the Washington Post newspaper. The writer focuses on two different articles on the same media event. The writer then discusses how both Newsweek and the Washington Post reflect bias based on the quotations chosen for the story.
From the Paper
"The United States has long prided itself on having a free press. The journalism field conversely has long purported to be non partisan and fair in its reporting practices. However, close analysis of media outlets often reveals bias in the way certain topics are handled. Reporters are human and often their particular bias creeps into their story and is not eliminated by the editorial staff. This paper will analyze two articles by different media outlets on the same political event and demonstrate liberal and conservative biases in the reporting ... "
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History of Religion and Bias, 2007.
A discussion of religious studies and the problem of researcher bias.
1,101 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the problems associated with researcher bias when the history of religion is studied at an academic level. The author further explores how religion is studied within a Western academic paradigm and its implications for understanding non-Western cultures. Islam is used as an example of a subject that may require a new approach. The author concludes that minimizing bias therefore remains a core challenge for the historian of religion. To achieve this, historians must exercise responsible scholarship by clearly defining terms at the outset of their research, adopting a lexicon and semantic framework relevant for the study, and by acknowledging and expressing the ideological standpoint from which the research is conducted.
From the Paper
"Tapper (1995) points out that the anthropology of Islam presumes a Western perspective, rooted in an "application of the methods of cultural/social anthropology to the study of Islam as a world religion," (p. 185). Breaking down this statement makes apparent the challenges to the historian of religion. The history of religion or of any particular religion, like the anthropology of religion, attempts to be scientific in its approach in order to be accepted into the canon of Western academic literature. Thus, the "application of the methods of cultural/social anthropology" infers the application of accepted methodologies, which may include participant/observation in the field of anthropology as Tapper (1995) points out. Historians' methods differ, favoring instead the examination of artifacts or explication of validated primary source texts. Already the historian of religion has a problem, for what constitutes an "artifact" or a "primary source" depends on several intervening factors. Interpretation of historical texts can be especially problematic because not all texts can or should be taken literally; many of the allegories or metaphors within them have lost their original meaning over time; and linguistic or cultural barriers may prevent a complete understanding of the value, import, or impact of those texts on the people under scrutiny. Varisco's (1995) exploration of the tribal lineage of Muhammad emphasizes the importance of adopting the frame of reference most conducive to unbiased understanding. The term "tribe" connotes different things for Muslim and non-Muslim people, and the only way to effectively understand Muslim social structure is to grapple with the Muslim meaning of tribe."
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Eyewitness Recall and Familiarity Biases in Memory, 2006.
A look at familiarity biases and its implications for eyewitness recall.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In many facets of life particularly in the justice system people are called upon to assess the likelihood of events and their complements. Probability theory assumes that belief ordering over events and their complements should mirror each other. This paper examines how, in court cases, it often doesn't happen exactly this way, particularly when people are asked to retrieve information about familiar and unfamiliar events. This is known as the familiarity bias, a common component of eyewitness recall. This paper examines familiarity bias and what it means for eyewitness recall.
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Racial Bias in the U.S. Criminal Justice System, 2008.
An analysis of the existence of racial bias and its impact on the outcome of cases in the United States criminal justice system.
2,751 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses racial bias in the United States criminal justice system. It specifically questions whether the race of an individual suspected of a crime impacts his or her experience and the outcome in the criminal justice system. The paper discusses the history of related laws in the United States and discusses skin color ethics.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
In the U.S. Criminal Justice System...
Challenging Past and Contemporary Contentions
Research Purports
Confessions
Skin Color Ethics
Countering the Cycling Racial Bias Challenge
From the Paper
"Federal sentencing guidelines sternly constrain judges' discretion for determining whether an individual being charged will be sentenced to prison or receive probation. Guidelines are also currently in place to "guide" a judge in allocating the length of the sentence. Guidelines, albeit only contain minimal restrictions on the judges' and prosecutors' abilities to reduce sentences "for substantial assistance or acceptance of responsibility." Spohnhttp (2000:482)"
"Ultimately, Spohnhttp (2000:481 - 482) concludes that the reason for the unbalanced number of racial minorities currently incarcerated in the U.S. did not merely evolve from a racially neutral efforts to protect citizens and/or control crime. Earlier refutations of racial discrimination in the U.S. criminal justice system, according to Spohnhttp (2000:482) do not pass the test of time."
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Media Bias and the Crisis Between Palestine and Israel, 2002.
Examines five different articles on the Middle East Crisis in an effort to demonstrate how media bias influences reporting and news sources.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The conflict between Palestine and Israel has created an interesting study of the media within the past decade, where the reporting of the conflict demonstrates the presence of favoritism in many respects. Through examining five articles on mass communications referring to Palestine and Israel, this paper demonstrates how the presence of a media bias impacts reporting and news sources.
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Bias during the 2008 Presidential Campaign, 2008.
A measure of partisan bias in articles in the New York Times during the 2008 presidential campaign.
1,734 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper aims to measure partisan bias in the New York Times relating to the 2008 presidential campaign through content analysis of articles concerning the presidential and vice-presidential candidates from the two major parties. It also details the writer's reviews of his own influences, the research methods he used, analysis that was done and the results that he came to.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Reviews
Methodology
Results
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These conclusions are not what I expected to come to at the beginning of my work. I had anticipated finding that the New York Times would have significant liberal leanings. That always seems to be the popular theory. For the study, I needed to overcome my own personal biases. In addition to being a staunch liberal, I had held the belief that there is no such thing as a neutral news source, and that every media outlets was slanted in one direction or the other. While the research gave me reason to reconsider the New York Times having a heavy-handed liberal bias and all news sources being biased, it added new views of anti-authority bias to my outlook."
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